1. What are the different communication techniques?

Give two (2) examples for

each?

1. Active listening

 In active listening, the listener should listen attentively to the message of the

speaker. While doing active listening, sit facing the client or patient, lean forward,

make eye contact. Your client should think that you are completely listening to

what he or she is speaking.

 Examples:

Brief verbal affirmation: “I understand that you'd like more

frequent feedback about your condition.”

Asking specific questions: “How long do you expect your

healing process to last?”

2. Sharing observations

 Make an observation of each other. You can provide a compliment if another

person is wearing something good or new. You can also talk about similar eating

habits.

 Examples:

“You look gorgeous on that dress”

“I haven't seen you eating anything today”

3. Sharing empathy
  When you share empathy, you start understanding and accepting the difference

of others. You will start accepting the fact that a person sitting in front of you is

quite different and dealt with life in a different manner.

 Examples:

“It must be very frustrating to know what you want and not

be able to do”

“I know how it really hurts to lose someone you love”

4.Sharing hope

 When you share hope, you communicate the possible positive outcomes of a

negative situation. You might have seen doctors asking to stay strong with

patients even in bad times. Sharing hope can do wonders in the life of those who

are facing tough challenges in life.

 Examples:

“I believe you will find a way to face your situation because I

have seen your courage in the past”

” Trust the process, you’ll surpass this operation, you are

brave!”

5.Sharing feelings

 Most of the nurses and psychologists help the patients by making a comfortable

atmosphere. They create an atmosphere where patient or client can share

negative positive feelings openly without being judged.

 Examples:
 “Don’t be scared to share about your thoughts, I will listen and

understand you.”

“I know it’s hard but please know that you can do it!”

6. Touch therapy

 Touch therapy is one of the most effective therapeutic communication techniques

in nursing. Most of the time you have noticed when you are ill and your mother

nursing you, you will feel better with her touch. Touch therapy has extremely

great effects and a good treatment option.

 Examples:

Holding a dying patient’s hand or placing a reassuring hand on

someone's shoulder.

Rubbing a baby’s back to ease her crying.

7. Silence

 Silence is the best technique to provide an opportunity for nurses and patients to

think for the next statement to speak.. In this technique, it is advised that nurses

should allow the patient to break the silence by start discussing something new

abruptly.

 Examples:

Giving a patient some time to think through their thoughts if you

believe they need it.

Letting the patient think about a new topic in the conversation.

8. Recognition therapy
  Recognition therapy used by sending a positive stimulus to a patient or client

when he/she does something good.

 Examples:

If the client is taking medicine on time, then tell him/her that you are

doing a great job.

Encouraging the patient and paying attention to him can help the

patient in his/her recovery.

9. Offering self

 You might have had a visit to a hospital. The place is dull and monotonous.

Patients who are admitted for a long time may feel stress due to the lonely and

sad environment. Nurses offer their time to patients.

 Examples:

A nurse talks with the patient like friends to boost the mood and the

atmosphere.

A nurse who watches TV shows or having lunch with patients.

2. What are the different defense mechanisms? Give the definition and give one
example for each.

In most cases, these psychological responses are not under a person’s conscious
control. That means you don’t decide what you do when you do it. Here are a few
common defense mechanisms:

1. Denial - It occurs when you refuse to accept reality or facts. You block external
events or circumstances from your mind so that you don’t have to deal with the
emotional impact. In other words, you avoid the painful feelings or events.
  For example, a husband may refuse to recognise obvious signs of his wife's
infidelity. A student may refuse to recognise their obvious lack of preparedness
for an exam!

2. Repression- Unsavory thoughts, painful memories, or irrational beliefs can upset

you. Instead of facing them, you may unconsciously choose to hide them in hopes of
forgetting about them entirely.

 For example a person who has repressed memories of abuse suffered as a child
may later have difficulty forming relationships.

3. Projection- Some thoughts or feelings you have about another person may make
you uncomfortable. If you project those feelings, you’re misattributing them to the other
person.

 For example, you may dislike your new co-worker, but instead of accepting that,
you choose to tell yourself that they dislike you. You see in their actions the
things you wish you could do or say.

4. Displacement - You direct strong emotions and frustrations toward a person or

object that doesn’t feel threatening. This allows you to satisfy an impulse to react, but
you don’t risk significant consequences.

 A good example of this defense mechanism is getting angry at your child or

spouse because you had a bad day at work. Neither of these people is the target
of your strong emotions, but reacting to them is likely less problematic than
reacting to your boss.

5. Regression- Some people who feel threatened or anxious may unconsciously

“escape” to an earlier stage of development.
  This type of defense mechanism may be most obvious in young children. If they
experience trauma or loss, they may suddenly act as if they’re younger again.
They may even begin wetting the bed or sucking their thumb.

6. Rationalization- Some people may attempt to explain undesirable behaviors with

their own set of “facts.” This allows you to feel comfortable with the choice you made,
even if you know on another level it’s not right.

 For example, people who might be angry at co-workers for not completing work
on time could be ignoring the fact that they’re typically late, too.

7. Sublimation- This type of defense mechanism is considered a positive strategy.

That’s because people who rely on it choose to redirect strong emotions or feelings into
an object or activity that is appropriate and safe.

 For example, instead of lashing out at your employees, you choose to channel
your frustration into kickboxing or exercise. You could also funnel or redirect the
feelings into music, art, or sports.

8. Reaction formation - People who use this defense mechanism recognize how they
feel, but they choose to behave in the opposite manner of their instincts.

 A person who reacts this way, for example, may feel they should not express
negative emotions, such as anger or frustration. They choose to instead react in
an overly positive way.

9. Compartmentalization - Separating your life into independent sectors may feel like a
way to protect many elements of it.

 For example, when you choose to not discuss personal life issues at work, you
block off, or compartmentalize, that element of your life. This allows you to carry
 on without facing the anxieties or challenges while you’re in that setting or
mindset.

10. Intellectualization - When you’re hit with a trying situation, you may choose to
remove all emotion from your responses and instead focus on quantitative facts. You
may see this strategy in use when a person who is let go from a job choose to spend
their days creating spreadsheets of job opportunities and leads.

 For example, a person who has just been diagnosed with a terminal illness might
focus on learning everything about the disease in order to avoid distress and
remain distant from the reality of the situation.

1. What are the different coping mechanisms? Define each and answer these
questions.

1. Support

- Talking about a stressful event with a supportive person can be an effective

way to manage stress. Seeking external support instead of self-isolating and

internalizing the effects of stress can greatly reduce the negative effects of a

difficult situation.

2. Relaxation

- Any number of relaxing activities can help people cope with stress. Relaxing

activities may include practicing meditation, progressive muscle relaxation or

other calming techniques, sitting in nature, or listening to soft music.

3. Problem-solving
 - This coping mechanism involves identifying a problem that is causing stress

and then developing and putting into action some potential solutions for

effectively managing it.

4. Humor

- Making light of a stressful situation may help people maintain perspective and

prevent the situation from becoming overwhelming.

5. Physical activity

- Exercise can serve as a natural and healthy form of stress relief. Running,

yoga, swimming, walking, dance, team sports, and many other types of

physical activity can help people cope with stress and the aftereffects of

traumatic events.

6. Escape

- To cope with anxiety or stress, some people may withdraw from friends and

become socially isolated. They may absorb themselves in a solitary activity

such as watching television, reading, or spending time online.

7. Unhealthy self-soothing

- Some self-soothing behaviors are healthy in moderation but may turn into an

unhealthy addiction if it becomes a habit to use them to self-soothe. Some

examples of unhealthy self-soothing could include overeating, binge drinking,

or excessive use of internet or video games.

8. Numbing

- Some self-soothing behaviors may become numbing behaviors. When a

person engages in numbing behavior, they are often aware of what they are
 doing and may seek out an activity that will help them drown out or override

their distress. People may seek to numb their stress by eating junk food,

excessive alcohol use, or using drugs.

9. Compulsions and risk-taking

- Stress can cause some people to seek an adrenaline rush through

compulsive or risk-taking behaviors such as gambling, unsafe sex,

experimenting with drugs, theft, or reckless driving.

10. Self-harm

- People may engage in self-harming behaviors to cope with extreme stress or

trauma.

Question:
1. Which of the coping mechanisms do you often use? When was the last time you
used it? How did it help you?

 The coping mechanism that I often use is the support. Last time I used this
coping mechanism when times anxiety attacks me. As a friend, she always find
ways to make me comfortable and cheer to feel me that I’m not alone. Having a
support mechanism is an important in our life because it helps me to reduce my
anxiety, increase my self-worth and higher self-esteem.

2. Do all man should build a strong coping mechanism? Why yes, or why not?

 Yes. All man should build a strong coping mechanism to help them grow strong
and build good coping mechanism. This mechanism can help them feel better
and how we deal with stressful situation because they have a strong coping
mechanism. Finding ways to deal with them can help us grow strong.
 3. What coping mechanism did you apply given that our connectivity is disrupted for
5 days? Did it help you or it did not?

 In five-day, rest, I applied Physical activity. I was able to hike in mountain and
doing my exercise routine. In this activity, it feels good because it helps me
manage and avoid stress and improve my mental strength and capability.

Write your answers in a short bond paper; arial, font 12, double space.

Margins: L - 1.5, Right, top, and bottom – 1.0.

Remember: Avoid copy pasting nor adapting your classmate’s answers. I have
observed in the past activities that you share answers and you plagiarize.

Indicate your references.

https://www.allassignmenthelp.com/blog/communication-techniques/

https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/defense-mechanisms#defense-
mechanisms

https://www.thebalancecareers.com/active-listening-skills-with-examples-2059684

https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/coping-mechanisms

https://everything2.com/title/support+mechanism