Electronics

Lecture 1 1
Introduction to Electronics (8021110-4)

Dr. Esam Zafar

Electrical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering & Islamic Architecture
Umm ‒ Al Qura University
eyzafar@uqu.edu.sa
Office: Electrical Engineering Departmen- Ground floor - 209
Lecture objectives

• To Describe the structure of an atom

The Atom

• What are the old and modern views of the atomic structure?
•Thomson’s model:
• “An atom consists of a positively charged
sphere and the electrons are embedded in it.”

• “The negative and positive charges are equal

in magnitude. So, the atom is electrically
neutral.”

• Limitation:
It could not reveal the presence of nucleus in an
atom.
The Atom

• What are the old and modern views of the atomic structure?
• Rutherford’s model:
• Atom has a very small nucleus at the center.
• There is a large empty space around the nucleus.
• Entire mass of an atom is due to the mass of
nucleus.
• Electrons are distributed in the vacant space around
the nucleus.
• The electrons are moving in circular paths around
the nucleus
The Atom

• What are the old and modern views of the atomic structure?
• Limitations:
According to the electromagnetic theory, a moving
electron should accelerate and lose energy
continuously. Due to the loss of energy, the path of
electron may reduce and finally the electron might fall
into nucleus. Hence, Rutherford’s theory does not
explain the stability of atom.
The Atom

• What are the old and modern views of the atomic structure?
• Bohr model:
•In atoms, electrons revolve around the
nucleus in stationary and specific
circular paths.

•These paths are called orbits or shells

or energy levels.
The Atom

• What are the old and modern views of the atomic structure?
• Bohr model:
• If electrons revolve in the same orbit, it does not
lose or gain energy.
• All elements are arranged in the periodic table of
the elements in order according to their atomic
number.

• The atomic number is the number of protons present

in the nucleus or number of electrons present
outside the nucleus of an atom.
• Atomic number = number of protons (p) = number of
electrons (e), This is called electrical neutrality
The Atom

• Electrons and shells

Energy
• Nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons

• Electrons near the nucleus have less energy than

those in more distant orbits, Why?

• Each shell has a fixed maximum number of

electrons. The shells (energy levels) are
designated 1, 2, 3, and so on, with 1 being
closest to the nucleus. Nucleus Shell 1

Shell 2
The Atom

• Electrons and shells

• The periodic table of the

elements

• Silicon is an example of a
semiconductor atom in which its
atomic number is 14 means it
has 14 electrons and 14 each of
protons and neutrons in the
nucleus
The Atom

• Electrons and shells

• A given atom has a fixed number of shells, each shell has a fixed maximum number of electrons.

• How to Calculate the maximum number of electrons in each shell?

𝑵𝒆 = 𝟐𝒏𝟐 Equation 1.1

n is the number of shell

The Atom

• Electrons and shells

• The atomic number of Si is 14
• How can Si’s electrons be distributed over the shells? How many Shells are needed?

𝑵𝒆 = 𝟐𝒏𝟐
The Atom

• Electrons and shells

• Electrons distribution of Si over the shells:
• Using Equation 1.1, we can calculate the maximum number of electrons that can exist in
shell in an atom as the following:

• Shell (1): 𝑵𝒆 = 𝟐(𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟐

• Shell (2): 𝑵𝒆 = 𝟐(𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟖

• Shell (3): 𝑵𝒆 = 𝟐(𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖

• Shell (4): 𝑵𝒆 = 𝟐(𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐

The Atom

• Electrons and shells

• Electrons distribution of Si over the shells:

• Shell (1): 𝑵𝒆 = 𝟐(𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟐

• Shell (2): 𝑵𝒆 = 𝟐(𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟖

Si
• Shell (3): 𝑵𝒆 = 𝟐(𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖

• Shell (4): 𝑵𝒆 = 𝟐(𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐

The Atom

• Electrons and shells

• illustration of the Bohr

model of the silicon
atom.
The Atom

• Valance Electrons
Electrons with higher energy Outermost shell
• Recall: Electrons that are in orbits farther from
the nucleus have higher energy and are less
tightly bound to the atom than those closer to
the nucleus. Why? (bonus 1 mark)

• The outermost occupied shell is called the

valence shell and electrons that occupy this
shell are called valence electrons.
The Atom

• Valance Electrons
• Recall: Electrons that are in orbits farther from
the nucleus have higher energy and are less
tightly bound to the atom than those closer to
the nucleus. Why?

This is because the force of attraction between the

positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged
electron decreases with increasing distance from the
nucleus.
The Atom

• Valance Electrons
• What is the benefits of the valance electrons?

• Electrical properties of the materials can be determined by the valance

electrons owing to their contribution to chemical reactions and bonding within
the structure of a material

• What happens when valence electron gains sufficient energy from an external
source?

• It breaks free from its atom. This is the basis for conduction in materials.
The Atom

• Ionization
• Ionization energy is the sufficient energy from an external source that excite valance
electrons to escape from the outer shell and the atom -

+
The Atom

• Ionization
• The process of the departure of a valence electron leaves a previously neutral atom
with an excess of positive charge (more protons than electrons) is called ionization
-
(hole) Free electron
(Positive ion) +
The Atom

negative ion
• Ionization
• The reverse process can occur in certain + -
atoms when a free electron collides with Positive ion Free electron
the atom and is captured, releasing energy. (hole)

• The atom that has acquired the extra +

electron is called a negative ion.

• The ionization process is not restricted to

single atoms. In many chemical reactions, a
group of atoms that are bonded together
can lose or acquire one or more electrons.
Next Lectures

• Materials Used in Electronics

• Current in Semiconductors
• N-Type and P-Type Semiconductors
• The PN Junction