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Sealing Sense: How Do I Determine Bolt Torque For FL Anged Connections?
Sealing Sense: How Do I Determine Bolt Torque For FL Anged Connections?
SEALING SENSE
How do I determine bolt torque for flanged connections?
C
ontrolling the load is essential to ensuring the gas-
keted joint will seal properly. Previous Sealing Sense
articles have examined the types of gaskets to use,
how flange finish affects gasket sealing and major pitfalls
to avoid to properly assemble a gasketed joint. However,
regardless of the type of gasket, controlling the load is prob-
ably the most important criteria for getting a gasketed joint
to seal. A big problem is the load on the gasket cannot be
measured directly and easily during installation. Figure 1. Forces on a bolted connection
However, applied torque on the flange bolts can be
measured and controlled and is one of the most frequently twice the axial force as a 0.2 nut factor. Small changes in the
used methods to control gasket load. This article explores nut factor can result in large changes in the load experienced
bolt torque and the major considerations for converting by the gasket. This illustrates the need for a well-lubricated
measurable bolt torque into the gasket load necessary to seal bolt, nut and washer.
a flanged connection.
Forces on a Bolted Connection
Bolt Torque As described above, the bolts act like springs pulling the
Torque is the turning force measured in foot-pounds (ft-lb) flanges together. They need to be stretched enough to keep
or inch-pounds (in-lb) applied to tighten (turn) the nut the load on the gasket as the system is pressurized and as pres-
on a bolt. Torque can be measured during flange assembly sure and temperature cycle during normal usage. Additional
with a properly calibrated torque wrench. In a bolted flange, loading above the minimum load required to seal will give
the applied torque generates the axial load in the bolt. The the bolted joint flexibility to absorb these load changes and
bolt acts like a spring. Tightening the nut stretches the a safety margin to maintain the seal as these system forces
bolt, which increases the load on the gasket. The relation- fluctuate.
ship between torque, the turning force, axial bolt force and Bolt yield strength is a measure of the load required
gasket load can be expressed by the simplified formula: to stretch the bolt to its maximum length or stretch and
still allow it to spring back to its original length. If the bolt
T= (k∙f∙d)/12 is overstretched and is loaded beyond its yield strength,
the bolt will not “spring back” when the load is removed.
Where: Overloading bolts can cause them to stretch beyond their
T = Torque in ft-lb yield strength and actually result in lower loads exerted on
k = Dimensionless nut factor the gasket, after additional external and application loads are
f = axial force in pounds applied to the joint.Continued tightening of the bolts will
d = Nominal bolt diameter in inches not necessarily increase gasket load or stop a gasketed joint
leak, and may lead to bolt failure.
The nut factor is a “modified” friction factor, but a nut The bolt may also lose its compressive load if it is not
factor involves more than just friction. It is more of a multi- stretched enough and the system relaxes beyond the amount
plier “in total,” taking into account many other load losses. the bolt has been stretched. It is often recommended that a
If the same torque is applied, a 0.1 nut factor would produce bolt be loaded to approximately 50 to 60 percent of its yield
easy =
Additionally, check to see if the bolts are
stretched enough for them to compen-
sate for creep, pressure and temperature
cycling and other load losses.
A detailed look at the torque and
loading required to seal bolted flange
joints can be found in John Bickford’s
book Gaskets and Gasketed Joints.
Proven Design...Preferred Features...Advanced Technology
The Val-Matic American-BFV ® Butterfly Valve is a proven design in Next Month: What are the benefits
thousands of installations throughout the world. It includes the features and pitfalls of expanded PTFE/graphite
that engineers and users have always preferred including: a ductile iron packing?
disc, continuous uninterrupted seating, full compliance with AWWA
C504 and NSF/ANSI 61, and a tri-lock seat that can be easily adjusted We invite your questions on sealing issues
or replaced without the need for needles and/or epoxy. and will provide best-effort answers based
on FSA publications. Please direct your
V questions to:
sealingquestions@fluidsealing.com.
905 Riverside Dr., Elmhurst, IL 60126 • 630-941-7600 • www.valmatic.com P&S
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90 JUNE 2008 www.pump-zone.com PUMPS & SYSTEMS