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Circulatory / Transport System: For 1O Grade Igcse Semesta Bilingual Boarding School
Circulatory / Transport System: For 1O Grade Igcse Semesta Bilingual Boarding School
Circulatory / Transport System: For 1O Grade Igcse Semesta Bilingual Boarding School
System
FOR 1OTH GRADE IGCSE
SEMESTA BILINGUAL BOARDING SCHOOL
THE HEART
Made up of cardiac muscle.
The four chambers of the heart have special names:
right
left
atrium
atrium
right left
ventricle ventricle
• Receive the blood from the • The ventricles pump blood out of
lungs or the body and supply it the heart and all around the body.
to the ventricle (ventricle have much ticker muscular
wall than atria)
• Right atrium supply blood to the
• Right ventricle pumps blood to the
right ventricle lungs, which are very close with the
• Left atrium supply blood to the heart
left ventricle Left ventricle pumps blood to all
around the body
(left ventricle have thicker
muscular wall than the right)
THE HEART
Here are some other important parts of the heart:
The blood passes through the heart The blood passes through the heart
twice on the complete circuit of once on the complete circuit of body
body
Made up of two part :
- Pulmonary system (blood vessels
take the blood to the lungs and
back)
- Systemic system (blood vessels
take the blood to the rest of the
body and back)
Found in :
mammals, birds, reptiles
The double circulatory system
The pulmonary circulation carries:
Deoxygenated Oxygenated
blood is pumped
lungs blood returns
from the heart to to the heart
the lungs through the
through the pulmonary
pulmonary vein.
artery.
Oxygenated blood
Deoxygenated is pumped at high
blood returns to pressure from the
the heart heart to the body
through the vena through the aorta.
cava. body’s
cells
BLOOD VESSELS
There are three types of blood vessels, as shown in this magnified part of the
circulatory system.
Arteriole Venule
(small artery) (small vein)
artery vein
carries blood carries blood
away from back into
the heart the heart
Transport blood away from the Connect arterioles to venules Transport blood to the heart
heart (supply all the cells with their
requirements, and take away
wastes products)
Transport oxygenated blood Acts as the sites for exchange of Transport deoxygenated blood
(except the pulmonary artery) substances with the cells (except the pulmonary vein)
Thick, strong but elastic muscular Thinnest wall, one layer of cell in Thinner wall, less elastic than
wall thickness artery
Relative narrow lumen Very narrow lumen, just enough for Wide lumen
a red blood cell to pass through
No valve except semilunar valves at No valves Valves present to prevent back flow
the base of the aorta and of blood
pulmonary artery
Blood flows in pulses under high No pulses. Pressure lower than No pulses. Blood flows under lower
pressure arteries but higher than veins pressure than arteries
BLOOD VESSELS VALVE
When blood is flowing against gravity, or when a vein is squeezed by muscle action, there is
a risk that blood will flow in the wrong direction. Veins have valves to prevent backflow.
backflow
prevented
vein valve
open
vein valve
blood to closed
the heart
• Smoking
• Diet
• Obesity
• Stress
• Gene
Coronary Heart Disease
HEART BEAT
Blood pressure
An individual’s blood pressure is affected by a number of factors.
• Age – it increases as you get older.
• Gender – men tend to have higher blood pressure than women.
• Stress – can cause increased blood pressure.
• Diet – salt and saturated fats can increase blood pressure.
• Exercise – the fitter you are the lower your blood pressure is likely to
be.
Having high blood pressure puts stress on your heart. It can lead to angina,
heart attacks and strokes.
HEART BEAT
Cardiac cycle
• oxygen from the lungs to the heart and then to the body’s tissues
• carbon dioxide from the tissues to the heart and then to the lungs to be expired
• materials like hormones from one organ to another
• nutrients from the intestines to the tissues
• waste products to the kidneys.
• Protein in Plasma
1. Fibrinogen blood clotting
2. Albumin regulates osmotic pressure of
the blood and interstitial fluid
3. Globulins participate in the structure of antibody plasma
• Some white blood cells surround and consume harmful microbes. (phagocytosis)
• Some produce chemicals called antibodies that fight infection.
• Some has an ability to moves out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue
damage or infection (diapedesis)
Types of Leucocytes
1. Granulocytes formed in red bone marrow
Characteristic:
• Phagocytotic cells
• Have nuclei and granules within the cytoplasm
• Types of granulocytes
• Neutrophils (60-70%) –destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the
bloodstream (phagocytes), 9-12 μm in diameter, consist 2-5 lobes in
their nuclei.
• Eosinophils (1-4%) – get rid of parasitic infections such as worm
infections, 10-12 μm in diameter, has only two lobes.
• Basophils (0.5-1%) – control inflammation and allergic reactions by
secrete heparine and histamines.
Agranulocytes
• Types of Agranulocyte:
• Monocytes (2-8%) – 12-20μm in diameter, have a distinctive kidney-shaped
nucleus, the largest type of leucocyte, destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in
blood (They differentiate into macrophages which can move between the
blood capillaries and connective tissue)
Transport of Carbon
Dioxide
- Most of CO2 transported by blood plasma in the form
of hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3-
- Small amout of CO2 carried by HB in the Red Blood Cells
CarboxyHb
- Bloodcontaining CO2 from the body tissue return from
the heart in vein, then to the lungs
Transport In Blood
Transport of
materials
- Digested food absorbed in the ileum (amino acids,
monosaccarides, fatty acids and glicerols, water, vitamins
and minerals)
- They are dissolved in the plasma
Transport of Urea
- Urea is a waste substance made in the liver.
- It dissolves in plasma and carried to the kidney
Transport of hormones