Circulatory / Transport

System
FOR 1OTH GRADE IGCSE
SEMESTA BILINGUAL BOARDING SCHOOL
THE HEART
Made up of cardiac muscle.
The four chambers of the heart have special names:

An upper chamber is called an atrium (plural: atria).

right
left
atrium
atrium

right left
ventricle ventricle

A lower chamber is called a ventricle.

THE HEART
Atria Ventricles

• Receive the blood from the
lungs or the body and supply it
to the ventricle
• Right atrium supply blood to the
right ventricle
• Left atrium supply blood to the
left ventricle
• The ventricles pump blood out of
the heart and all around the body.
(ventricle have much ticker muscular
wall than atria)
• Right ventricle pumps blood to the
lungs, which are very close with the
heart
Left ventricle pumps blood to all
around the body
(left ventricle have thicker
muscular wall than the right)
THE HEART
Here are some other important parts of the heart:

The walls are The semi-lunar

made of valves prevent
cardiac expelled blood
muscle. flowing back into
the heart.
The wall Bicuspid
dividing the (mitral) valve
left and right
Tricuspid valve
sides of the
heart is
called the These two valves
septum. prevent blood flowing
back into the atria
from the ventricles.
THE HEART
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Blood system or circulatory system is the main transport system of all
mammals

• Circulatory system composed of :

- Tubes called Blood vessels
- A pump, the heart which keeps blood flowing through the vessels
- The valves in the heart and blood vessels make sure that the blood
flowa in the right directions
DOUBLE AND SINGLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Double Single

The blood passes through the heart The blood passes through the heart
twice on the complete circuit of once on the complete circuit of body
body
Made up of two part :
- Pulmonary system (blood vessels
take the blood to the lungs and
back)
- Systemic system (blood vessels
take the blood to the rest of the
body and back)

Found in :
mammals, birds, reptiles
The double circulatory system
The pulmonary circulation carries:

• deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

• oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the
lungs
heart, ready to be pumped out to the body.

The systemic circulation carries:

• oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

through the arteries
• deoxygenated blood back to the heart through
the veins. body’s
cells
THE HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Deoxygenated Oxygenated
blood is pumped
lungs blood returns
from the heart to to the heart
the lungs through the
through the pulmonary
pulmonary vein.
artery.
Oxygenated blood
Deoxygenated is pumped at high
blood returns to pressure from the
the heart heart to the body
through the vena through the aorta.
cava. body’s
cells
BLOOD VESSELS
There are three types of blood vessels, as shown in this magnified part of the
circulatory system.

blood from blood to the

the heart heart

Arteriole Venule
(small artery) (small vein)

artery vein
carries blood carries blood
away from back into
the heart the heart

carries blood to and

from the body’s cells

Why are there different types of blood vessels?

BLOOD VESSELS
thick outer wall
thick inner layer of muscle and
elastic fibres

narrow central tube

(lumen)
ARTERY
thin outer wall

thin inner layer of muscle and

elastic fibres

wide central tube (lumen) CAPILLARY

VEIN

wall only one cell thick

Exchange material between blood and tissue
COMPARING BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries
Transport blood away from the
heart
Transport oxygenated blood
(except the pulmonary artery)
Thick, strong but elastic muscular
wall
Relative narrow lumen
No valve except semilunar valves at
the base of the aorta and
pulmonary artery
Blood flows in pulses under high
pressure
Cappilaries
Connect arterioles to venules
(supply all the cells with their
requirements, and take away
wastes products)
Acts as the sites for exchange of
substances with the cells
Thinnest wall, one layer of cell in
thickness
Very narrow lumen, just enough for
a red blood cell to pass through
No valves
No pulses. Pressure lower than
arteries but higher than veins
Veins
Transport blood to the heart
Transport deoxygenated blood
(except the pulmonary vein)
Thinner wall, less elastic than
artery
Wide lumen
Valves present to prevent back flow
of blood
No pulses. Blood flows under lower
pressure than arteries
BLOOD VESSELS VALVE
When blood is flowing against gravity, or when a vein is squeezed by muscle action, there is
a risk that blood will flow in the wrong direction. Veins have valves to prevent backflow.

backflow
prevented
vein valve
open
vein valve
blood to closed
the heart

The valves allow blood to

…but close if blood starts to
flow in the correct
flow in the wrong direction.
direction…
NAMING BLOOD VESSELS
Coronary Artery • Coronary artery supply blood
containing nutrient and oxygen to
heart muscle.
So the heart keep contracting and
relaxing

• Coronary artery supply blood

containing nutrient and oxygen
to heart muscle.
So the heart keep contracting
and relaxing
• blockage of the coronary artery,
prevents the supplying of oxygen to
heart muscle
Heart muscle can not respire
cannot obtain energy for contraction
the heart stop beating
Coronary Heart Disease Blokage of the coronary artery

Factors that increase a person’s risk of getting coronary heart disease:

• Smoking

• Diet

• Obesity

• Stress

• Gene
Coronary Heart Disease
HEART BEAT
Blood pressure
An individual’s blood pressure is affected by a number of factors.
• Age – it increases as you get older.
• Gender – men tend to have higher blood pressure than women.
• Stress – can cause increased blood pressure.
• Diet – salt and saturated fats can increase blood pressure.
• Exercise – the fitter you are the lower your blood pressure is likely to
be.

Having high blood pressure puts stress on your heart. It can lead to angina,
heart attacks and strokes.
HEART BEAT
 Cardiac cycle

1.During a relaxation phase (diastole),

blood returning from the large veins flows
into the atria and ventricles.

2.A brief period of atrial systole

forces blood out of the atria into the
ventricles when atrioventricular (AV) valves open.

3.Then ventricular systole pumps blood

into the large arteries when semilunar
valves open.
Electrical conducting system of heart
BLOOD
• distribute the O2 to all of part of body
• transport the nutrient and oxygen
• transporting oxygen and nutriens to the lungs and tissues.
• transports O2 and CO2
• forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss.
• maintain body temperature and carry waste and metabolic waste
from the body to the kidneys
• regulating body temperature
• carrying cells and antibodies
Blood
Blood is the body’s means of transporting substances around. It transports:

• oxygen from the lungs to the heart and then to the body’s tissues
• carbon dioxide from the tissues to the heart and then to the lungs to be expired
• materials like hormones from one organ to another
• nutrients from the intestines to the tissues
• waste products to the kidneys.

Also has functions for :

• Homeostasis: regulating pH at 7.4 and also regulate water and
temperature level.
• Immune responses
• Blood Clotting
Structure of Blood Tissue
Plasma
The blood cells and platelets are suspended in a substance called plasma. Plasma is made
up of:

• 90% water, 7-9 % plasma protein, 1% other ions

• Protein in Plasma
1. Fibrinogen blood clotting
2. Albumin regulates osmotic pressure of
the blood and interstitial fluid
3. Globulins participate in the structure of antibody plasma

Plasma can be separated from

the other components of blood
using a centrifuge.
 BLOOD CELL Red blood cells
Blood is made up of a number of different elements.
The most common cell in blood is the red blood cell.

• Also called erythrocytes.

• Biconcave disk shape, lack of nucleus
• Made in the red bone marrow, liver, and spleen. The
production of red blood cells called ERYTHROPOIESIS which
controlled by erythropoietin hormone.
• Life span: 80-120 days
• In male: 5-5.5 million/mm3
• Female: 4-4.5 million/mm3
• Contain :
a red-coloured compound called haemoglobin (contain iron
Fe2+) which bonds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.
Transport oxygen to the tissues.
Blood cell White blood cells
Blood also contains white blood cells.

• Also called leucocytes.

• They are bigger than red blood cells and have large nuclei.
• Number of leucocytes: 4000 – 11000 / microliter
• Life span : 12 days
• Act as the body’s defence system.

• Some white blood cells surround and consume harmful microbes. (phagocytosis)
• Some produce chemicals called antibodies that fight infection.
• Some has an ability to moves out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue
damage or infection (diapedesis)
 Types of Leucocytes
1. Granulocytes formed in red bone marrow
Characteristic:
• Phagocytotic cells
• Have nuclei and granules within the cytoplasm
• Types of granulocytes
• Neutrophils (60-70%) –destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the
bloodstream (phagocytes), 9-12 μm in diameter, consist 2-5 lobes in
their nuclei.
• Eosinophils (1-4%) – get rid of parasitic infections such as worm
infections, 10-12 μm in diameter, has only two lobes.
• Basophils (0.5-1%) – control inflammation and allergic reactions by
secrete heparine and histamines.
 Agranulocytes
• Types of Agranulocyte:
• Monocytes (2-8%) – 12-20μm in diameter, have a distinctive kidney-shaped
nucleus, the largest type of leucocyte, destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in
blood (They differentiate into macrophages which can move between the
blood capillaries and connective tissue)

• Lymphocytes (20-35%) – provide immunity for the body.

T Lymphocytes: effective in cellular immunity
B lymphocytes: active in humoral immunity
 Platelets
Platelets are also carried in the blood.

• Formed in red bone marrow.

• 250.000 – 300.000/microliter of blood
• 2-4 μm in diameter, non-nucleated, white in color
• Their life span is only approximately 8 days.
• Produce thrombokinase –
a chemical needed for blood clotting.
• Platelets help to repair tissues
and close wounds both
internally and externally.
• When needed, they grow into irregular shapes and stick together to form a
plug over the wound.
Blood clotting
Transport In Blood
Transport of Oxygen

- Most of Oxygen transported by Hb (purplish red)

OxyHb (bright red)
- Small amout of Oxygen dissolve in plasma
- Blood containing Oxygen transported from the lungs to
the heart, then to the all part of body

Transport of Carbon
Dioxide
- Most of CO2 transported by blood plasma in the form
of hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3-
- Small amout of CO2 carried by HB in the Red Blood Cells
CarboxyHb
- Bloodcontaining CO2 from the body tissue return from
the heart in vein, then to the lungs
Transport In Blood
Transport of
materials
- Digested food absorbed in the ileum (amino acids,
monosaccarides, fatty acids and glicerols, water, vitamins
and minerals)
- They are dissolved in the plasma

Transport of Urea
- Urea is a waste substance made in the liver.
- It dissolves in plasma and carried to the kidney

Transport of hormones

- Hormones are made by the endocrine system.

- It dissolves in plasma and carried to the kidney
Transport In Blood
Transport of heat
- Some part of our body such as the muscles make a
great deals of heat. The blood transport the heat to
the all part of body to keep the rest of body warm.
Transport of plasma
protein
- It dissolves in plasma
- Globulin and fibrinogen are the example
Tissue fluid
Composed of plasma and white blood cells which have an
ability to move and squeeze through blood vessels

- Supplies cells with all their reqirement (oxygen,

nutrient) and removing wastes like CO2

- Help our body to maintain the constant body

temperature and osmolarity. (Homeostasis)
Lymph
Tissue fluid that return to the vessel (lymphatic
capillaries)
Limphatic capillaries gradually join up form larger lymphatic vessels.
These carry the lymph to the subclavian vein which bring back from
the arms.
Here the lymph enter to the blood again

- Lymphatic system has no pump to make the lymp flow.

- Have valvesto make sure the flow is only in one
direction
- Lymph flow much slowly than blood.
Blood typing
• Blood typing involves two types of molecules called
antigens (aglutinogen) and antibodies (causes
aglutinogenes cloting called aglutinin)
• ABO system Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943) based on
the presence of aglutinogenes

Blood typing Aglutinogen / antigen Aglutinin / antibody

A A b
B B a
AB A and B -
O - a and b
Rh System
• An antigen that is sometimes present on the surface of red blood
cells is the Rh factor

•Rh+ means Rh antigens are present

•Rh- means do not have Rh antigens don’t have antibody d
but they may make it when exposed to the Rh factor

• If an Rh+ person receives a transfusion of blood that has Rh-

antigens, antibodies may react with the antigen and agglutination
will occur.