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SEMINAR REPORT - Image Processing
SEMINAR REPORT - Image Processing
Image Processing
Introduction and Application
Guided By By
Mayank Srivastava Ravi Kumar Verma
Asst. Professor ECE 3rd Year
ECE Dept. RKGIT 0803331092
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ravi Kumar Verma of ECE 6 th semester has worked hard
under my guidance on the seminar topic assigned to him.
GUIDE FACULTY
ASST. PROFESSOR
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I extend my sincere gratitude towards Prof. K.K. Tripathi Head of
Department for giving us his invaluable knowledge and wonderful technical
guidance.
I also thank all the other faculty members of ECE department and my
friends for their help and support.
ABSTRACT
Image Processing, in its broadest and most literal sense, aims to address the goal of providing
practical, reliable and affordable means to allow machines to cope with images while assisting man
in his general endeavors.
The term ‘image processing’ itself has become firmly associated with the much more objective of
modifying images such that they are either:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(a) Acknowledgment
(b) Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Image and Image Processing
3. Vision and Computer vision
4. Types of image processing
5. Steps involved in image processing
6. Components of image processing
7. Image sensors(CCD and CMOS)
8. Applications
9. Conclusion
10. References
Introduction
Images are a vital and integral part of everyday life. On an individual or person-to-person basis,
images are used to reason, interpret, illustrate, represent, memorize, educate, communicate,
evaluate, navigate, survey, entertain, etc. We do this continuously and almost entirely without
conscious effort. As man builds machines to facilitate his ever more complex lifestyle, the only
reason for NOT providing them with the ability to exploit or transparently convey such images is
a weakness of available technology.
Interests in image processing processing stems from two principal application areas:
a) Improvement of pictorial information for better human interpretation
b) Processing of scene data for autonomous machine perception
One of the first applications of image processing techniques in the first category was in
improving digitized newspaper sent by submarine cable between London and Newyork. From
then till these days, image processing is continuously improving human vision. The field has
grown so vigorously that it is now used to solve variety of problems ranging from improving
vision to space program, in geographical information systems, in medicines, in surveillance etc.
Geographers use the same technique to study pollution patterns from aerial and satellite imagery.
Image enhancement and restoration techniques are used to process degraded images of
unrecoverable objects or experimental results too expensive to duplicate. In archaeology, image
processing methods have successfully restored blurred pictures that were the only available
records of rare artifacts lost or damaged after photographed. In physics and related fields,
computer techniques routinely enhance images of experiments in areas such as high energy
plasma and electron microscopy. Similarly successful applications of image processing can be
found in astronomy, biology, nuclear medicine, law enforcement, defense, and industrial
applications.
Typical problems in machine perception that routinely utilize image processing techniques are
automatic character recognition, industrial machine vision for product assembly and inspection,
military recognizance, automatic processing of fingerprints, screening of x-rays and blood
samples, and machine processing of aerial and satellite imagery for weather prediction and crop
assessment.
IMAGE
An image (Latin: imago) is an artifact, for example a two-dimensional picture, that has a similar
appearance to some subject—usually a physical object or a person.
IMAGE PROCESSING
In electrical engineering and computer science, image processing is any form of signal for
which the input is an image, such as a photograph or video frame; the output of image processing
may be either an image or, a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. Most
image-processing techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and
applying standard signal-processing techniques to it.
In short,
Act of examining images for the purpose of identifying objects and judging their significance.
Focuses on procedures for extracting from image information in a form suitable for
computer processing.
NOTE: Often this information bears little resemblance to visual features that
human beings use in interpreting the content of an image.
Whatever human eyes see and then perceive the world around
- VISION
To duplicate human eye by electronically perceiving and understanding the image
by any means
COMPUTER VISION
Computer Vision
Vision
TYPES OF IMAGE
PROCESSING
Based on the mode of techniques used image processing can be broadly categorized into
following three types:
a) Image-to-image transformation
b) Image-to-information transformation
c) Information-to-image transformation
IMAGE TO IMAGE TRANSFORMATION
Enhancement (make image more useful, pleasing)
Restoration (DE blurring, grid, line removal)
Geometry (scaling, sizing, zooming, morphing etc.)
Reconstruction of image
Computer graphics, animation and virtual reality
STEPS INVOVED IN IMAGE PROCESSING
Image processing encompasses a broad range of hardware, software, and the theoretical
underpinnings.
Following flow diagram clearly depicts the important steps involved in image processing:
IMAGE ACQUISTION
The first step in the process is image acquisition-that is, to acquire a digital image. To do so
requires following elements:
a) Imaging Sensors
b) Digitizer
Imaging sensors acquires image and the digitizer converts that image into computer
understandable language of digital form. The imaging sensor could be a monochrome or color
TV camera that produces an entire image of the problem domain every 1/30 sec. The imaging
sensor could also be a line camera that produces a single image line at a time. In this case the
object’s motion past the line scanner produces a two-dimensional image. If the output of camera
or the other imaging sensor is not in digital form, that is achieved by an ADC (analog to digital
converter). The nature if the sensor and the image it produces are determined by the application.
For ex/-mail reading applications greatly rely on line-scan cameras.
PREPROCESSING
After a digital image has been acquired, the next step deals with the preprocessing of the image.
The key function of preprocessing is to improve the image in ways that increase the chances for
success of other processes. Mainly, preprocessing deals with the techniques for enhancing
contrast, removing noise, and isolating regions whose textures indicate a likelihood of
alphanumeric information.
SEGMENTATION
The next stage deals with segmentation. Broadly defined, segmentation partitions an input image
into its constituent parts or objects. In general, autonomous segmentation is one of the most
difficult tasks in digital image processing. On the one hand a rugged segmentation brings the
process a long way towards successful solution of an imaging problem. On the other hand erratic
KNOWLEDGE BASE
Knowledge about a problem domain is coded into an image processing in the form of knowledge
database. This knowledge base may be as simple as detailing regions of an image where the
information of interest is known to be located. It can be quite complex too, such as an
interrelated list of all major possible defects in a materials inspection problem or an image
database containing high resolution satellite images of a region in connection with change-
detection applications.
In addition to this, knowledge database also controls the interaction between modules.
COMPONENTS OF IMAGE PROCESSING
Image Sensors
Image Displays
Image Processing Software(OpenCV,Matlab,CIMG)
Image Processing Hardware
Memory
IMAGE SENSORS
Sensors are device which convert illumination energy into digitized form.
An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal. It is used mostly
in digital cameras and other imaging devices. Early sensors were video camera tubes but a
modern one is typically a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal–oxide–
semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensor.
Following are the sensors which are used dominantly in image processing:
Charge Couple Devices (CCD)
Complementary MOSFET (CMOS)
Often the device is integrated with an image sensor, such as a photoelectric device to produce
the charge that is being read, thus making the CCD a major technology for digital image .
Although CCDs are not the only technology to allow for light detection, CCDs are widely used in
professional, medical, and scientific applications where high-quality image data is required.
transistors at each pixel that amplify and move the charge using more traditional wires .
The CMOS approach is more flexible as each pixel can be read individually.
CCD VS CMOS…
Most digital still cameras use either a CCD image sensor or a CMOS sensor. Both types of
sensor accomplish the same task of capturing light and converting it into electrical signals.
A CCD is an analog device. When light strikes the chip it is held as a small electrical charge in
each photo sensor. The charges are converted to voltage one pixel at a time as they are read from
the chip. Additional circuitry in the camera converts the voltage into digital information.
A CMOS chip is a type of active sensor pixel (ASP) made using the CMOS semiconductor
process. Extra circuitry next to each photo sensor converts the light energy to a voltage.
Additional circuitry on the chip may be included to convert the voltage to digital data.
Neither technology has a clear advantage in image quality. On one hand, CCD sensors are more
susceptible to vertical smear from bright light sources when the sensor is overloaded; high-
end CCDs in turn do not suffer from this problem.
CMOS can potentially be implemented with fewer components, use less power, and/or provide
faster readout than CCDs. CCD is a more mature technology and is in most respects the equal of
CMOS. CMOS sensors are less expensive to manufacture than CCD sensors.
APPLICATIONS
Medicine
Defense
Meteorology
Environmental science
Manufacture
Surveillance
Crime investigation
Script Recognition
Optical Character Recognition
Handwritten Signature Verification
One of the first applications of image processing techniques in the first category was in
improving digitized newspaper sent by submarine cable between London and New York. From
then till these days, image processing is continuously improving human vision. The field has
grown so vigorously that it is now used to solve variety of problems ranging from improving
vision to space program, in geographical information systems, in medicines, in surveillance etc.
Geographers use the same technique to study pollution patterns from aerial and satellite imagery.
Image enhancement and restoration techniques are used to process degraded images of
unrecoverable objects or experimental results too expensive to duplicate. In archaeology, image
processing methods have successfully restored blurred pictures that were the only available
records of rare artifacts lost or damaged after photographed. In physics and related fields,
computer techniques routinely enhance images of experiments in areas such as high energy
plasma and electron microscopy.
CONCLUSION
Using image processing techniques, we can sharpen the images, contrast to make a graphic
display more useful for display, reduce amount of memory requirement for storing image
information, etc., due to such techniques, image processing is applied in “recognition of
images” as in factory floor quality assurance systems; “image enhancement”, as in satellite
reconnaissance systems; “image synthesis” as in law enforcement suspect identification systems,
and “image construction” as in plastic surgery design systems.
REFERENCES