Finite Element Equation of a Truss Structure

In this section, we will derive the finite element equation of a truss structure. The
procedure presented here is the basis for all FEA analyses formulations, wherever h-
element are used.

Analogues to the previous chapter, we will use the direct or equilibrium method for
generating the finite element equations. Assembly procedure for obtaining the global
matrix will remain the same.

In FEA, when we find deflections at nodes, the deflections are measured with respect
to a global coordinate system, which is a fixed frame of reference. Displacements of
individual nodes with respect to a fixed coordinate system are desirable in order to
see the overall deformed structural shape. However, these deflection values are not
convenient in the calculation of stress and strain in an element. Global coordinate
system is good for predicting the overall deflections in the structure, but not for finding
deflection, strain, and stress in an element. For this, it’s much easier to use a local
coordinate system. We will derive a general equation, which relates local and global
coordinates.
In Figure 3.4, the global coordinates x-y can give us the overall deflections measured
with respect to the fixed coordinate system. These deflections are useful for finding the
final shape or clearance with the surroundings of the structure. However, if we wish to
find the strain in some element, say, member 2-7 in figure 3.4, it will be easier if we know
the deflections of node 2 and 3, in the y’ direction. Thus, calculation of strain value is
much easier when the local deflection values are known, and will be timeconsuming-
Therefore, we need to establish a trigonometric relationship between the local and
global coordinate systems. In Figure 3.4, xy coordinates are global, where as, x’y’ are
local coordinates for element 4-7
 f4

f2
f3

f1
This matrix expression can be
used directly to determine the
global stiffness matrix
for truss elements
Properties
Stress, Strain & Deflections
Review: 1. Describe the transformation matrix and global stiffness matrix
formulations for truss elements.

8000 lb
Measure the angles anticlockwise for uniformity
Review:
Determine the nodal displacements for the following truss.

P1=100N; P2=75N; Length of each bar=1m; A=0.005m2; E=200GPa