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HS1 Chapter 1
HS1 Chapter 1
HS1 Chapter 1
1.1 General
• Definition:
– Hydraulic structures: Physical structures that are
used to store, divert, distribute and transport
Hydraulic Structures I water.
– Dam: An obstruction across a river to create a
reservoir for impounding water.
Chapter 1
– Weir: an obstruction across a river to raise water
Elements of Dam Engineering level and divert it. It has no control gates.
– Barrage: an obstruction across a river to raise
water level and divert it. It has control gates.
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Filter blanket: to
control seepage
Overflow section through the dam
Non-overflow section
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1.3 Dam Type Selection 1.3 Ctd: Topography and valley shape
• Factors to be considered • Topographic considerations include the surface
– Topography and valley shape configuration of the dam site and of the reservoir area
and accessibility to the site and to construction
– Geology and foundation
materials. Topography, in large measure, dictates the
– Availability of construction materials fist choice of the type of dam.
– Overall costs • A narrow stream flowing between high, rocky walls
– Spillway site and location would naturally suggest a Rock fill or Gravity, Arch or
– Earth quake hazards buttress dam.
– Hydrology (Climatic conditions, Diversion problem) • Low, rolling plains would suggest an earth fill dam.
– Environmental conditions • Intermediate conditions might suggest other choices,
– Length of the dam such as a composite structure.
1.3 Ctd: Geology and foundation 1.3 Ctd: Geology and foundation ctd.
• The strength, thickness, and inclination of strata; • Clay Foundations: can be used for the support of earth fill
permeability; fracturing; and faulting are all important dams. Clay foundations under dams consolidate
considerations in selecting the dam type. Some of the significantly. Because of the requirement for flatter slopes
different foundations commonly encountered are: and the tendency for clay foundations to settle a lot, it is
• Rock Foundations: The removal of disintegrated rock usually not economical to construct a rock fill dam on a clay
together with the sealing of fractures by grouting is foundation. Clay foundations are also ordinarily not suitable
frequently necessary. It is suitable for all dam types. for concrete gravity dams.
• Gravel Foundations: If well compacted, are suitable for • Non uniform Foundations: Occasionally, situations occur
earth fill or rock fill dams. Special precautions must be where reasonably uniform foundations of any of the types
taken to provide adequate seepage control. described above cannot be found and where a non uniform
• Silt or Fine Sand Foundations: These foundations can be foundation of rock and soft material must be used if the
used for low gravity dams and earth fill dams, but they are dam is to be built. Nevertheless, such conditions can often
generally not suitable for rock fill dams. be counterbalanced by special design features.
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1.3 Ctd: Materials of construction 1.3 Ctd: Hydrology and Earth quake
• Materials for dams of various types that may • Hydrology: Stream flow characteristics and
sometimes be available at or near the site are: precipitation may appreciably affect the cost of
– Soils for embankments construction by influencing the treatment and
– Rock for embankments and riprap diversion of water and extending the construction
– Concrete aggregate (sand, gravel, crushed stone) time. Where large tunnels are required for diversion,
conversion of the tunnels to tunnel spillways may
• Elimination, or reduction of transportation expenses provide the most economical spillway alternative.
for construction materials, particularly those used in
great quantities, reduce the total cost of the project • Earth quake: For earthquake areas, neither the
considerably. selection of type nor the design of the dam should be
undertaken by anyone not experienced in this type of
• The most economical type of dam is often the one for work, because the design must provide for the added
which a large quantity of materials can be found within loading and increased stresses.
a reasonable distance from the site.
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