QUESTION 1

(a)
t
'
y ( t )=cos t+∫ y ( τ ) cos ( t−τ ) ⅆτ , y ( 0 )=1
0

t
'
{
L { y ( t ) }=L cos t+∫ y( τ )cos (t−τ )dτ
0
}
t
L { y ' ( t ) }=L { cos t } + L
{∫ 0
}
y ( τ ) cos ( t−τ ) ⅆτ .......(1)

Let L { y ' ( t ) }= y (s) ......(2)

Since L { y ' ( t ) }=S L { y (t) } − y (0).......(3)

By equation 1,2, and 3 we get:

t
S L { y (t) }− y (0)=L
{∫0
y ( τ ) cos ( t−τ ) ⅆτ
}
s
sy ( s )−1= + L { y ( t ) cos t }
s +12
2

By convolution theorem
s s
s y ( s )−1= 2 2
+ y (s )⋅ 2 2
s +1 s +1

2
s s s + s +1
y s [s− 2 ]= 2 +1= 2
( )
s + 1 s +1 s +1

s s2 + s+1
y s [ s− 2 ]= 2
( )
s +1 s +1

s 2+ s+ 1
⟹ y (s )=
s3 + 0

s2 s 1
⟹ y (s )= + +
s3 s3 s3
 1 1 1
⟹ y (s )= + 2 + 3
s s s

Taking inverse Laplace transform on both side we get:

1 1 1
L−1 { y ( s ) }=L−1 + L−1 2 + L−1 3
s s s

t2
y (t)=1+t+
2
(b)
QUESTION 2
(a).

πx
( )
f ( x )=
{ sin
l
πx l
0 ≤ x ≤l

−sin ( ) ≤ x ≤ l
l 2

let the function of f ( x ) isdefined ∧periodicinthe interval (a , b),thenthe fourier series is given by ;
a0 ∞ 2 nπx 2 nπ x
f (x)= + ∑ [a ¿ ⋅cos
2 n=1 n b−a (
+b n sin
b−a) ( )
]........(1)¿

Where:
b
2
a 0= ∫ f ( x ) ⅆx ..............(2)
b−a a
b
2 2 nπx
a n= ∫
b−a a
f ( x ) cos(b−a )
ⅆx .........(3)

b
2
b n= ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ sin 2nπx
b−n a (b−a )
ⅆx … .... ( 4 )

so here a=0 , b=l , ∴b−a=( l−0)=l

a0 ∞ 2 nπx 2 nπ
f (x)= + ∑ an ⋅ cos
2 n=1 l (
+ bn sin
l ) ( )
.........(5)

And
 l
2
a 0= ∫ f ( x ) ⅆx
l 0

2
¿ ¿
l
l l
πx πx
2
¿ [
l
−cos( ) 2 cos
π∕l
l
0
+
π /l|
l ( ) |
l
2
]

2 l π l l π π l
l 2 ( )
a 0= [ −cos ⋅ + cos 0 + l cos ⋅ l−cos ⋅ ]
l π π l l 2

2 l π l π
a =∴ . [(−cos +cos 0 )+ ( cos π −cos )]
0
l π 2 π 2
2 l 2
a 0= . [(−0+1 )+ ( 1−0 ) ]= [1−1]=0..............(6)
l π π
l
2 2 nπx
a n= ∫
l 0
f ( x ) ⋅cos ( l )ⅆx

l
2 l
2 πx 2 nπx πx 2 nπx
¿ [∫ sin
l 0 l
⋅cos( ) (
l )
ⅆx ]+∫ −sin
l l
⋅cos
l ( ) (
ⅆx ¿ )
2

2
¿ ¿
l
l
Pulling y=x − ∴ dy=dx
2
When:
l −l
 x=0 , y=0− =
2 2
l l l
 x= , y= − =0
2 2 2
l l
 x=l , y=l− =
2 2
Therefore,
 l l l l
2
0
a n= [∫ sin
l −l
2
π
l
l
y + ⋅cos
2
2 nπ ( y+ )
( ) l
2
( 2
ⅆy −∫ −sin
0
π( y+ )
l
2
)
⋅ cos (
2 nπ ( y + )
l
2
) (
ⅆy ] )
l
0 2
2 π πy 2nπy π πy 2 nπy
a n= [∫ sin +
l −l 2 l (
⋅ cos nπ +
l ) (
ⅆy −∫ sin +
0 2 l )
⋅ cos nπ +
l (ⅆy ] ) ( )
2

π
∴ sin( +θ)=cosθ
2

cos ( nπ + θ )=(−1 )n cos θ

2
a n= ¿
l
In the first integral putting y=−z∧dy=dz
2
a n= ¿
l
And: cos (−θ )=−cos θ
2
a n= ¿
l
b b
∵∫ f ( x ) ⅆx=∫ f ( t ) ⅆt
a a

2
a n= ¿
l
a n=0
l
2 2 nπ
Now b n= ∫
l 0
f ( x ) ⋅sin
l( )
ⅆx

l
2 l
2 πx 2 nπx πx 2nπx
b n= ∫ sin
l 0 l ( ) (
⋅sin
l
ⅆx−∫ sin
l l )
⋅ sin
l ( ) (
ⅆx ..........(8) )
2

πx 2 nπ
Now let I = ∫ sin ⋅ sin ⅆx
l l

1 2 nπx πx 2 nπ πx
¿ ∫ cos
2 [ ( l
−
l
−cos
l
+
l ) (
ⅆx )]
 1 nπ nπ
¿
2 [
∫ cos
l
( 2n−1 ) ⅆx−cos
l
(2 n+1 ) dx ]
1 l πx l πx
¿
(
2 2 π ( 2 n−1 ) )
. sin ( 2 n−1 )−
l
⋅ ( 2 n+1 )
2 π ( 2n−1 ) l

putting this value∈(8)we get

1 l πx l πx l l πx
b n= [ ∫
2 (
2 π (2 n−1 )
.sin
l)(2 n−1 )− ⋅ ( 2 n+1 ) evaluated ¿ 0 ¿ −
2 π ( 2 n+1 ) l ( )
2 2 π ( 2 n−1 )
. sin ( 2 n−1 ) −
l 2π

1
b n= ¿−¿
π
∵ sin π ( 2 n+1 )=0 , sin ( 2 n−1 ) =0

1
b n= ¿
π
2
∴ bn = ¿
π

2
¿ ¿
π

∵ sin (−θ )=−sin θ , sin ( π2 + θ)=cos θ

2 −1 1
¿ [
π 2n−1
cos ( nπ )−
2n+ 1
⋅cos ( nπ ) ] because cos ( nπ )=(−1 )n

2 −1 1
¿ [
π 2n−1
(−1 )n−
2 n+1
⋅ (−1 )n ]
1 1
¿ 2 (−1 )n
[ +
2 n−1 2n+ 1 ]
2 n+1+ 2n−1
¿−2 (−1 )n
[ (2 n−1)(2 n+1) ]
 4n 8 n+ 1 n
n+¿⋅ = . (− 1 ) …… ….. (9)¿
2 2 π 2

¿ (−1 ) (4 n −1 ) 4 n −1
π
Putting values of a 0,b n , a n , in (5) we get the Fourier series.
∞
8n 2 nπx
f ( x )=∑ (−1 )
n=1
n+1
⋅ 2
π ( 4 n −1 )
. sin
l( answer )