Components of a Computer

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 Computer
✓It has the ability to store, retrieve, and
process data.
✓a machine that manipulates data
according to a set of instructions.
✓It contains both hardware components
and software applications.
✓Any device which aids humans in
performing various kinds of
computations or calculations.

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 Components of a Computer
HARDWARE
tangible or physical parts of the computer
SOFTWARE
instructions that is executed in the computer systems (programs, apps)

PEOPLEWARE
users of the computer

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 HARDWARE
• Internal and External Computer Components
• Assembly and Disassembly

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 Hardware Components

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 Input Devices: Mouse
A mouse is a small device
used to point to and select
items on your computer
screen.

Left Button: selection

Right Button: options
Mouse Wheel: scroll

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 Input Devices: Keyboard
A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer.

Keyboard parts:
typing keys
function keys
numeric keys
navigation keys

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 Input Devices

MICROPHONE SCANNER WEBCAM STYLUS

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 Output Device: Monitor
A monitor displays
information in visual form,
using text and graphics. The
portion of the monitor that
displays the information is
called the screen.

Different monitors:
CRT, LCD, touchscreen
VGA DVI HDMI
Video Graphics Array Digital Visual Interface High-Definition
Multimedia Interface

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 Output Device: Display

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 Output Device: Printer
A device that you use to
transfer text and images from
a computer to a paper or to
another medium

Different types of Printer:

Dot Matrix
Ink jet
Laser
Thermal Printer

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 Output Device: Speaker
Speakers are used to play
sound. They may be built into
the system unit or connected
with cables. Speakers allow
you to listen to music and
hear sound effects from your
computer

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 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The central processing unit
(CPU) is a device that
interprets and runs the
commands that you give to a
computer. It is the control unit
of a computer. The CPU is
also referred to as the
processor.

Common brands include:

Intel
AMD
Snapdragon

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 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
clock speed
the operating speed of a computer or its microprocessor,
defined as the rate at which it performs internal operations
and expressed in cycles per second (megahertz).

Clock speed is usually measured in MHz (megahertz, or

millions of pulses per second) or GHz (gigahertz, or billions
of pulses per second).

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 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

32-bit VS 64-bit
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 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPU Core

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Memory: Random Access Memory (RAM)
Temporarily stores
information that the CPU
uses while the computer is on.
The information stored in
RAM is erased when the
computer is turned off.

The higher the RAM means

the more process the
computer can execute.

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 Memory: Read Only Memory (ROM)
It is the memory that
retains its contents even
after the computer is
turned off. ROM is
nonvolatile, or permanent,
memory that is commonly
used to store commands,
such as the commands that
check whether everything
is working properly.

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 CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)

The CMOS is a physical part of the

motherboard: it is a memory chip
that houses setting configurations
and is powered by the onboard
battery. The CMOS is reset and loses
all custom settings in case the
battery runs out of energy,
Additionally, the system clock resets
when the CMOS loses power. The
CMOS reverts to factory settings if it
doesn't get power from the battery.
It's a common practice to remove the
battery to flash-back CMOS settings
if there is a configuration problem.

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 Motherboard

The motherboard is the

main part of the system unit.
Every component/peripheral
of computer is connected in
the motherboard.

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 Chipset

Northbridge/Southbridge Chipset
The Northbridge part of the chipset controls
the high-speed channels, while the
Southbridge controls the lower speed
devices.

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 Northbridge
The high-speed part of a common chipset architecture in a
computer. The Northbridge is the controller that interconnects
the CPU to memory via the frontside bus (FSB).

It also connects peripherals via high-speed channels such as

PCI Express. The Northbridge may include a display controller,
obviating the need for a separate graphics card.

Northbridge Connects CPU to:

RAM, Built-in graphics, PCI Express (PCIe)

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 Southbridge
The Southbridge controller handles the remaining I/O, including
the PCI bus, parallel and Serial ATA drives (IDE), USB, FireWire,
serial and parallel ports and audio ports.

Earlier chipsets supported the ISA bus in the Southbridge. Starting

with Intel's 8xx chipsets, Northbridge and Southbridge were
changed to Memory Controller and I/O Controller

Southbridge Connects CPU to:

SATA drives, USB bus, Built-in audio
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 Motherboard - Ports

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Ports

Read the full content at

https://www.electronicshub.org/types-of-computer-ports/

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 Expansion Cards
An expansion card is a circuit board that can be attached to a
motherboard to add features such as video display and audio
capability to your computer.
An expansion card improves the performance of your computer
and enhances its features. Expansion cards are also called
expansion boards..

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 Expansion Cards: Video card
VGA DVI
Video Graphics Array Digital Visual Interface
Multimedia Interface
A video card connects to the
motherboard of a computer
system and generates output
images to display. Video cards
are also referred to as
graphics cards. Video cards
include a processing unit,
memory, a cooling
mechanism and connections
HDMI to a display device.
High-Definition

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 Expansion Cards

Network Interface Card Sound Card

(NIC)

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 Storage Devices
Storage devices are used to store data to your computer.
This may be internally connected to the system unit or be
externally plug to devices or existing computer ports.

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Storage Devices: Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

Magnetic disk that is

usually the main storage
device on most computers.
It can be an external in the
form of external drives.

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Storage Devices: Solid State Drive (SSD)
Storage device use same as
the Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
but with more durable and
faster in terms of handling
data.

SSD uses interconnected flash

memory chips compared to
HDD’s magnetic disks.

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 Storage Devices: Portable Storage Devices

Optical Disk Flash Drive Memory Cards

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 SOFTWARE
• System Software
• Application Software
• Malwares

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 Operating System (OS)

User OS Hardware

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 Booting
• Booting is the process that occurs when you press the
power button to turn your computer on.
• It runs tests to make sure everything is working correctly.
• It checks for new hardware.
• It then starts up the operating system.
• Once the operating system has started up, it manages
all of the software and hardware on the computer.
Further readings
https://www.computer-hardware-explained.com/boot-process.html
https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/how-computer-pc-boots-up
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 Operating System

Manages user files Manages installed programs

Provides interface Configure equipment

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 Operating Systems - Desktop
Microsoft Windows Operating
System is the most used
operating system in the world.

Most Popular OS versions:

Windows 10 (latest), 8 and
8.1, 7 and XP

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 Windows 10
Operating System

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 Operating System - Desktop
Mac OS is a line of operating
systems created by Apple Inc.
which comes pre-installed to
Macintosh products.

Popular versions:
Snow Leopard, Leopard, Lion,
Yosemite and El Capitan,
Sierra, High Sierra, Mojave
(latest)

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 Operating System

Mac OS X
Mojave

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 Operating System - Desktop
Linux is a free and open
source operating system.
Unlike the other OS’es, it can
be distributed and modified
by anyone in the world.

Popular distributions:
Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora

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 Operating System

Ubuntu OS
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 Operating System - Mobile

Android Pie iOS 12 Windows 10 Mobile

(Google) (Apple) (Microsoft)

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 Operating System - Server

Solaris Mac OS X Server Windows Server

(Suns Microsystems) (Apple) (Microsoft)

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 Operating System

User distribution

Read full content

http://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share

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 Driver
Device drivers consist of software
code that allows your PC's
operating system to interact with
a hardware device. Every device
driver performs a different
function due to the fact that
there are so many peripheral
devices that connect to
computer’s OS.

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 Software Installation
Software installation is a process to
incorporate/add additional features to your
computer.

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 Software Installation - License
• Public Domain Software
• Commercial Software
• Freeware
• Shareware
• Open Source Software

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 INSTALLATION PROCESS
INSTALLER
A compressed file used to
add the software files to a
computer. This will be
extracted and save to the
computer system during
the installation process.

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 INSTALLATION PROCESS
EULA
(End User
License
Agreement)
The specification of the
terms and conditions in
using the software (this is
required to be agreed
upon installation of a
software)

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 INSTALLATION PROCESS
Activation Key / Product
Key (keygen)
A sequence of numbers
and/or letters used by
software developers to verify
the purchase of the software
(this is required for
commercial software)

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 INSTALLATION PROCESS
Activation Key /
Product Key
A sequence of numbers
and/or letters used by
software developers to
verify the purchase of the
software (this is required
for commercial software)

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INSTALLATION PROCESS
Installation Location

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 Software Release Life Cycle
Alpha version
Beta version (open or closed)
Release Candidate (RC) – aka Gamma or Delta
Release to Manufacturing (RTM)
General Availability (GA)
Gold
End-of-Life

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 MALWARE
• short for Malicious Software
• this is created to disrupt computer operation or
gain access to private computer systems

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 Types of Malware
VIRUS
> A program or piece of code that is loaded onto
your computer without your knowledge and runs
against your wishes.
> Viruses can replicate and all manmade

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 Types of Malware
TROJAN HORSE
> A Trojan Horse program has the appearance of
having a useful and desired function.
> A Trojan Horse neither replicates nor copies itself,
but causes damage or compromises the security of
the computer.

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 Types of Malware
WORM
> A computer worm is a self-replicating computer
program.
> It uses a network to send copies of itself to other
nodes (computers on the network) and it may do
so without any user intervention.
> It does not need to attach itself to an existing
program.
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 Types of Malware
SPYWARE
> Spyware is a type of malware installed on
computers that collects information about users
without their knowledge.

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 Types of Malware
ZOMBIE
>Zombie programs take control of your computer
and use it and its Internet connection to attack
other computers or networks or to perform other
criminal activities.

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 Types of Malware
PHISHING
> Phishing is a message that tries to trick you into
providing information like your social security
number or bank account information or logon and
password for a web site.

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 Types of Malware
SPAM
>Spam is a common way to spread viruses, trojans,
and the like.

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 Types of Malware
ADWARE
>Adware (short for advertising-supported software)
is a type of malware that automatically delivers
advertisements.

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 Types of Malware
RANSOMWARE
> Ransomware is a form of malware that essentially
holds a computer system captive while demanding
a ransom.

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 How Malware infects Computers?
➢ Social Network
➢ Pirated Software
➢ Portable storage devices
➢ Email
➢ Websites

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 Damage of Malware

➢ Data Loss
➢ Account Theft
➢ Financial Losses

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 Symptoms of Malware
➢ Slow computer or web browser speeds
➢ Freezing or crashing
➢ Modified or deleted files
➢ Appearance of strange files, programs, or
desktop icons

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 Anti – Malware Software
➢ Anti virus program
➢ Anti-spyware program
➢ Anti-spam program
➢ Firewall

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 -End-

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