Question

1 Name the 7 life processes (Think MRS GREN)

2 Describe what the “M” means in MRS GREN
3 Describe what the first “R” means in MRS GREN
4 Describe what the “S” means in MRS GREN
5 Describe what the “G” means in MRS GREN
6 Describe what the second “R” means in MRS GREN
7 Describe what the “E” means in MRS GREN
8 Describe what the “N” means in MRS GREN
9 Define 'organ'.
10 Define 'tissue'
11 What is a cell?
12 State the 5 sub-cellular organelles in an animal cell
13 State the 8 sub-cellular organelles in an plant cell
14 State the function of the nucleus of a cell
15 State the function of the cell membrane of a cell
16 State the function of the ribosome of a cell
17 State the function of the cytoplasm of a cell
18 State the function of the mitochondria of a cell
19 State the function of the cell wall of a cell
20 State the function of the chloroplast of a cell
21 State two functions of the vacuole of a cell
22 Define "prokaryotic cell" and "eukaryotic cell"
23 Define "eukaryotic cell"
24 State two adaptations of an ovum cells
25 State three adaptations of sperm cells
26 State two adaptations of nerve cells
27 State three adaptations of red blood cells
28 State two adaptations of muscle cells
29 State the function of red blood cells
30 State two adaptations of ciliated cells
31 State the function of ovum cells
32 State the function of sperm cells
33 State the function of nerve cells
34 State the function of muscle cells
35 State an adaptation of a palisade cell
36 State the function of ciliated cells
37 State three adaptations of a root hair cell
38 State the function of palisade cells
39 State the function of root hair cells
40 Reorder the following in increasing size order: Organ, cell, tissue, organ system, organi
41 Name 6 organ systems in the body
42 In everyday language what is a "pure" substance?
43 What do we call a substance that doesn't dissolve?
44 In chemistry what is a "pure" substance?
45 What do we call a substance that does dissolve?
46 What do we use to separate an insoluble solute from solution?
47 What do we use to separate a soluble solute from solution?
48 What is the solid that dissolves called?
49 What do we use to separate a solvent from solution?
50 What is the liquid the substance dissolves in called?
51 What do we use to separate two or more coloured solutions?
52 What do we call a mixture of a solvent and solute together?
53 What do we call the point where no more solute will dissolve?
54 Give three ways of increasing the rate of dissolving
55 List the two pieces of equipment needed for filtration
56 What is the substance left in the filter paper after filtration called?
57 What is the liquid that has been filtered called?
58 Is sand soluble or insoluble?
59 List the five pieces of equipment needed for evaporation
60 Is sugar soluble or insoluble?
61 Is salt soluble or insoluble?
62 What are the two stages of distillation?
63 What are two errors that can occur when carrying out chromatography?
64 How is the energy stored in food released?
65 Define "combustion"
66 What is respiration?
67 Define "calorie"
68 Give the unit for energy
69 Why are kilojoules used on food labels
70 Give an example of chemical energy
71 What are fossil fuels?
72 Give the two categories energy sources can be placed in
73 Define 'renewable' energy source
74 Define 'non- renewable' energy resource
75 Give some energy sources
76 Name 3 fossil fuels
77 Define "finite" resource
78 Approximately how much electricty in the UK is generated from fossil fuels
79 Suggest a negative affect of using fossil fuels
80 What is nuclear fuel?
81 Give the main nuclear fuels used
82 Give an advantage of nuclear fuels
83 Give disadvantages of nuclear fuels
84 State four examples of non-renewable energy resources
85 State six examples of renewable energy resources
86 State the three fossil fuels
87 State two disadvantages of using fossil fuels to generate electricity
88 Name the 3 key parts of the male reproductive system
89 Name the 5 key parts of the female reproductive system
90 Define "gamete"
91 Name the main female reproductive hormone
92 Define "fertilisation"
 93 Approximately how long does human pregnancy last for?
94 Define "gestation period"
95 Define "ovulation"
96 Define "menstruation"
97 Name the process where a matured egg is released from the ovaries
98 Name the hormone that causes egg maturation in the ovaries
99 Define "placenta"
100 Define "umbilical cord"
101 Name the hormone that stimulates ovulation
102 Name the hormone that stimulates the build-up of the uterus lining
103 Name the hormone that maintains the uterus lining
104 State the average length of the menstrual cycle
105 Which two female hormones does the pituitary gland secretes during the menstrual cyc
106 Which two female hormones does the ovaries release during the menstrual cycle?
107 Which hormone stimulates the release of oestrogen?
108 What do we call a substance that changes colour in acid or alkali?
109 What colour would universal indicator turn in a strong acid?
110 What colour would universal indicator turn in a weak acid?
111 Name 2 examples of indicators
112 What is the formula for hydrochloric acid?
113 What is the formula for sulphuric acid?
114 What colour would universal indicator turn in neutral substance?
115 What colour would universal indicator turn in an alkali?
116 What is the pH of a strong acid?
117 What is the pH of a weak acid?
118 What is the pH of a neutral substance?
119 What is the pH of a weak alkali?
120 What is the pH of a strong alkali?
121 What is the formula for sodium hydroxide
122 Define "neutralisation"
123 Recall the general equation for a neutralisation reaction
124 What makes an acid a concentrated acid?
125 Define "current"
126 Define "potential difference" (or "voltage")
127 State the units of current
128 State the units of potential difference
129 Define "series" circuit
130 Define "parallel" circuit
131 Define "resistance"
132 State the units of resistance
133 State the equation used to calculate resistance
134 State the equation used to calculate electrical power
135 What two things are needed for an electric current to flow
136 State the rule for current in a series circuit
137 State the rule for potential difference in a series circuit
138 State the rule for resistance in a series circuit
139 State the rule for current in a parallel circuit
140 State the rule for potential difference in a parallel circuit
141 State the rule for resistance in a parallel circuit
142 What is an electrical conductor?
143 What is an electrical insulator?
144 Compare resistance in electrical conductors and insulators
145 How can you investigate how easily a material conducts electricity?
146 Give some examples conductors
147 Give some examples insulators
148 What two structures change the pressure inside the chest cavity to ventilate lungs?
149 Describe the state of the diaphragm as we breathe in.
150 Describe the state of the diaphragm as we breathe out.
151 State the function of the ribcage.
152 Where are blood cells made?
153 Which part of the skeleton protects the lungs
154 Which mineral makes bones strong?
155 Name the 4 main functions of the skeleton
156 What is the purpose of white blood cells
157 Which of the following is a hinge joint - shoulder>Hip>Knee
158 Name the smooth substance at the end of a bone
159 What type of jointis a hip joint
160 How are muscles attached to bone?
161 Name the two muscles in the upper arm
162 How are bones linked together
163 What is a synovial joint
164 How do muscles work?
165 What are antagonistic muscles?
166 Give an example of a pair of antagonastic muscles found in the legs
167 Give an example of a stimulant
168 Give an example of a depressant
169 Give an example of a hallucinogen
170 Give an example of a painkiller
171 In which state do the particles have strong bonds between them?
172 In which state do the particles have no bonds between them?
173 What is the name for a solid turning into a liquid?
174 How do the particles move in a solid?
175 How do the particles move in a liquid?
176 What is the name for a liquid turning into a gas?
177 What is the name for a gas turning into a liquid?
178 How do the particles move in a gas?
179 In which state does diffusion NOT happen?
180 In which state can particles NOT be compressed?
181 In which state do particles stay in a fixed position?
182 What is the name for a liquid turning into a solid?
183 What is the boiling point of water?
184 What is the name for a gas turning into a solid?
185 What is the melting point of water?
186 What is the name given to the process of a liquid turning into a gas at the surface of the
187 Define "boiling point"
188 Define "diffusion"
189 Define "osmosis"
190 Define "active transport"
191 Define "Brownian motion"
192 Which states does Brownian motion occur in?
193 State an advantages of using the particle model
194 State two disadvantages of using the particle model
195 What happens to particles during expansion?
196 What happens to particles during contraction?
197 Why are solids more dense than gases?
198 What happens to the pressure of a gas when it is heated?
199 Which state is the least dense?
200 Which state is the most dense?
201 What is the unit for force?
202 Name the apparatus used to measure forces
203 Define "force"
204 Define "contact force"
205 Define "non-contact force"
206 Name five examples of contact forces
207 Name three examples of non-contact forces
208 Define "resultant force"
209 Name two things that could happen when the forces on an object are balanced
210 Name four things that could happen when the forces on an object are unbalanced
211 What would the resultant force on an object be if the forces are balanced?
212 What is the name of the diagram used to represent the forces acting on an object?
213 Define "friction"
214 Define "drag"
215 Define "tension"
216 Define "compression"
217 Define "normal contact force"
218 Define "air resistance"
219 State two examples of situations where it is useful to reduce friction
220 State two ways of reducing friction or drag
221 State Newton's Third Law
222 State the equation for Hooke's Law
223 Define "moment of a force"
224 State the equation for moment of a force
225 State the unit for "moment of a force"
226 State what happens when the anticlockwise moments are equal to the clockwise momen
227 State the units of spring constant
228 What happens when the clockwise and anticlockwise moments acting on an object are
229 Define "habitat"
230 Define "population"
231 Define "species"
232 Define "competition"
233 Define "interdependence"
234 Define "ecosystem"
235 Define "producer"
236 Define "consumer"
237 Define "decomposer"
238 Define "food chain"
239 State three things that plants compete with each other for
240 State three things that animals compete with each other for
241 State three things that organisms depend on each other for
242 State the type of organism that all food chains start with
243 What will happen to the number of predators if the number of prey increases
244 What will happen to the number of prey if the number of predators increases
245 What does the arrow in a food chain represent?
246 Define "carnivore"
247 Define "omnivore"
248 Define "herbivore"
249 Define "atom"
250 Define molecule
251 What are substances made of only on TYPE of atom called?
252 What are substances made of two or more types of atoms NOT chemically bonded toget
253 What are substances made of two or more types of atoms chemically BONDED together
254 What is the formula for water?
255 What is the formula for Methane?
256 What is the formula for carbon dioxide?
257 What is the word for an element that always exists as two atoms bonded together? (ext
258 Which elements exist diatomically?
259 What is the symbol for "hydrogen"?
260 What is the symbol for "lithium"?
261 What is the symbol for "sodium"?
262 What is the symbol for "helium"?
263 What is the symbol for "magnesium"?
264 What is the symbol for "aluminium"?
265 What is the symbol for "beryllium"?
266 What is the symbol for "boron"?
267 What is the symbol for "Silicon"?
268 What is the symbol for "phosphorous"?
269 What is the symbol for "carbon"?
270 What is the symbol for "sulphur"?
271 What is the symbol for "Nitrogen"?
272 What is the symbol for "chlorine"?
273 What is the symbol for "oxygen"?
274 What is the symbol for "argon"?
275 What is the symbol for "fluorine"?
276 What is the symbol for "potassium"?
277 What is the symbol for "neon"?
278 What is the symbol for "calcium"?
279 Define "amplitude"
280 Define "frequency"
281 Define "wavelength"
282 Define "vacuum"
283 Define "resting point"
284 Define "pitch" of a sound wave
285 Define "volume" of a sound wave
286 State the unit of volume.
287 State the speed of sound in air
288 State the wave equation to calculate speed
289 Name the six parts of the ear
290 Name the three bones in the middle ear
291 State the function of the ear drum
292 State the function of the hammer, anvil and stirrup
293 State the function of the cochlea
294 State the function of the auditory nerve
295 State the function of the semi-circular canals
296 State the function of the pinner
297 Define "ultrasound"
298 Define "auditory range"
299 Name the 7 food groups
300 State 2 examples of food rich in carbohydrates
301 State 3 examples of food rich in protein
302 State 3 examples of food rich in fat
303 State 3 examples of food rich in minerals and vitamins
304 State 2 examples of food rich in fibre
305 Define "balanced diet"
306 State three diseases associated with an unbalanced diet
307 Define "anorexia"
308 Refusing to eat to lose weight
309 Which enzyme helps us to digest carbohydrates?
310 Which enzyme helps us to digest proteins?
311 State the 7 main organs in the digestive system
312 Which enzyme helps us to digest fats?
313 Where is amylase produced?
314 Where is protease produced?
315 Where is lipase produced?
316 Where is bile produced?
317 What is absorbed from the small intestine?
318 What is absorbed from the large intestine?
319 Which nutrients do not need to be digested?
320 Where is most food digested?
321 What is produced when proteins are digested?
322 Where does digestion start?
323 What gives the small intestine a large surface ares?
324 When faeces are passed out of the body, this is called?
325 What is the role of the teeth in digestion?
326 What is the general equation for an oxidation reaction?
327 What is an oxidation reaction?
328 What is the general equation for an oxidation reaction?
329 Define "combustion"
330 What is the general equation for incomplete combustion?
331 What is the general equation for complete combustion?
332 What is happening to the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere?
333 What are the three components in the fire triangle?
334 Define "conservation of mass"
335 What is "combustion" more commonly known as?
336 Name 3 greenhouse gases
337 Describe 2 ways that humans are contributing to climate change
338 Define "pressure"
339 State the two ways that pressure on a surface can be increased
340 State the equation used to calculate pressure
341 State the units of pressure
342 State the reason that pressure in a fluid increases with depth
343 Define "fluid"
344 Define "upthrust"
345 Define "atmospheric pressure"
346 State the cause of pressure in a fluid
347 State why an object floats
348 What is the role of a flower in many plants?
349 What is the function of the sepals?
350 What is the function of the petals?
351 What is the functin of the stamen?
352 What is the function of the anther?
353 What is the function of the stigma?
354 What is the function of the ovary
355 What is the function of the nectary?
356 Define "pollination"
357 Name the 3 main parts of a seed
358 Name 4 things plants compete for
359 Define "dispersed"
360 Name 4 methods of seed dispersal
361 Is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic?
362 What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
363 Where does photosynthesis occur in the cell?
364 What is photosynthesis?
365 Name the three organs in a plant
366 Define "period"
367 Define "group"
368 Which side of the periodic table contains metals?
369 Which side of the periodic table contains non-metals?
370 Where are alkali metals found in the periodic table?
371 Where are halogens found in the periodic table?
372 Give 4 properties of metals
373 Give 4 properties of non-metals
374 What is the name for the smaller number given for each element?
375 What is the name for the bigger number given for each element?
376 How do you calculate the number of protons for an element?
377 Name 6 alkali metals in order of reactivity (low to high)
378 When cut, how do alkali metals (group 1) appear?
379 What is formed when alkali metals (group 1) react with water?
380 What happens to reactivity as you move down the alkali metals (group 1)?
381 How do you calculate the number of electrons for an element?
382 How do you calculate the number of neutrons for an element?
383 How are elements arranged in the periodic table?
384 The column (group) in the periodic table tells us the …
385 What is the name of the elements found in the middle of the periodic table that are not
386 Why did Mendeleev do when creating the modern periodic table? (extension only)
387 How do you calculate the relative formula mass of a compound? (extension only)
388 Name the 5 halogens (group 7) in order of reactivity (low to high)
389 State 3 properties of the halogens (group 7)
390 What happens to reactivity as you move down the halogens (group 7)?
391 Name three noble gases (group 0) (extension only)
392 State 3 properties of the noble gases (group 0) (extension only)
393 What happens to density as you move down the noble gases (group 0)? (extension only
394 Define "wave"
395 Define "transverse waves"
396 Define "longitudinal wave"
397 Name three examples of transverse waves
398 Name three examples of longitudinal waves
399 State the eight parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in order from long to short wave
400 Define "amplitude"
401 Define "frequency"
402 Define "vacuum"
403 Define "wavelength"
404 State the relationship between incident and reflected angles
405 Define "refraction"
406 Define "incident ray"
407 Define "normal line"
408 Define "absorption"
409 Define "scattering"
410 Define "transparent"
411 Define "translucent"
412 Define "opaque"
413 State the speed of light
414 State the function of the retina
415 State the function of the pupil
416 State the function of the lens
417 State the function of the optic nerve
418 Name the diagram used to show how light travels
419 Name the piece of experimental equipment that emits light
420 What is respiration?
421 Give the equation for aerobic respiration
422 Outline the flow of air from the atmosphere into our lungs, starting from the nasal cavit
423 What two structures change the pressure inside the chest cavity to ventilate lungs?
424 Describe the state of the diaphragm as we breathe in.
425 Describe the state of the diaphragm as we breathe out.
426 State the function of the ribcage.
427 State one adaptation of the lungs for efficient gas exchange.
428 What is the scientific name for the windpipe?
429 Why is it important for the lungs to have a rich blood supply?
430 What is the name for respiration with oxygen?
431 What is ventilation?
432 What are tiny air sacs in the lungs called?
433 Where does respiration happen
434 Name the 6 main structures of the respiratory system
435 State three ways that the lungs are adapted for gas exchange
436 Define "diffusion"
437 Which gas diffuses from the alveoli (lungs) into the blood?
438 Which gas diffuses from the blood into the alveoli (lungs)?
439 Which chemical in the red blood cells attaches to oxygen so that it can carry it around
440 What happens to the diaphragm, ribs and lungs during inhalation?
441 What happens to the diaphragm, ribs and lungs during exhalation?
442 Which cells line the trachea to sweep the mucus and dust from the lungs?
443 Which disease destroys the alveoli?
444 What does the trachea divide into?
445 What does exercise cause to increase?
446 What is tidal volume?
447 What is asthma?
448 Which part of the gas exchange system does asthma affect
449 What happens to the bronchioles during an asthma attack?
450 Name 3 harmful substances found in cigarettes
451 Define "reactant"
452 Define "product"
453 Describe the test for hydrogen gas
454 Describe the test for carbon dioxide gas
455 If a salt contains two elements only, what ending is given to the name? (extension only)
456 If a salt contains more than two elements (including oxygen!), what ending is given to
457 What is the formula for copper sulphate?
458 What is the formula for calcium carbonate?
459 Which gas is produced when a metal reacts with acid?
460 What is the general equation for an oxidation reaction?
461 What is an oxidation reaction?
462 What is the general equation for an oxidation reaction?
463 Define "combustion"
464 What is the general equation for combustion?
465 Define "conservation of mass"
466 What is "combustion" more commonly known as?
467 What type of reaction is an acid + metal hydroxide reaction?
468 Recall the general equation for an acid + metal hydroxide reaction
469 Recall the general equation for an acid + metal carbonate reaction
470 What is the state symbol for a solid?
471 What is the state symbol for a liquid?
472 What is the state symbol for a gas?
473 Which salt is produced when hydrochloric acid is used?
474 Which salt is produced when sulphuric acid is used?
475 What is the state symbol for a solution?
476 Recall the reactivity series of metals from high to low reactivity
477 Describe the reaction of potassium with water
478 Which salt is produced when nitric acid is used?
479 Define "alloy" (extension only)
480 Why are alloys hard? (extension only)
481 Define "power"
482 Give the unit used for power
483 What do electrical appliances have to show the power rating?
484 What does an electrical rating plate show?
485 What do fuel bills show?
486 What is an energy supplier?
487 Give the formula to caclulate energy in kWh
488 How can the cost of energy be calculated?
489 What is 'domestic' energy
490 How do power stations generate electricity?
491 What is a turbine?
492 What is an electrical generator?
493 Define "power"
494 State the standard unit of power
495 State the equation to calculate the cost of energy at home
496 How do you convert watts into kilowatts?
497 Define "conservation of energy"
498 Define "dissipated"
499 State the equation for efficiency
500 Define "energy transfer"
501 Define "gravitational potential energy store"
502 Define "elastic potential energy store"
503 Name the diagram used to represent energy transfer (Ext)
504 Define "radiation"
Define "thermal conductor"
Define "thermal insulator"
In which states can convection occur?
Define "temperature"
State the standard unit of temperature
Define "thermal (internal) energy"
State the standard unit of thermal (internal) energy
Answer
Movement, Reproduction, Sensitivity, Growth, Respiration, Excretion, Nutrition
An organisms ability to move
An organisms ability to respire to make energy
An organisms ability to feel
An organisms ability to grow in mass and height
An organisms ability to reproduce
An organisms ability to get rid of waste
An organisms ability to get nutrients from food
A group of tissues working together for specific functions
A group of cells with similar structure working together for a specific function
The simplest unit of living things
Nucleus, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria
Nucleus, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole
Contains DNA and controls the function of the cell
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Where protein synthesis occurs (proteins are made)
Where chemical reactions occur in a cell
Where aerobic respiration occurs in a cell
Provides support for the cell
Absorbs light for photosynthesis
Stores minerals and sugars and gives structure
DNA is not contained in a nucleus
DNA contained in a nucleus
Contains half of the DNA, lots of cytoplasm
Contains half of the DNA, lots of mitochondria, tail
Long, dendrites to connect to other cells
Large surface area, no nucleus, haemoglobin
Protein fibres to contract and relax and lots of mitochondria
Carry oxygen around the body
Tiny hairs (cilia)
Carry female genetic information
Carry male genetic information
Transmit electrical messages around the body
Contract and relax
Lots of chloroplasts
Move mucus out of airways
Large surface area, lots of mitochondria, large vacuole
Lots of chloroplasts
Absorb water and minerals from the soil
Cell < Tissue < Organ < Organ system < Organism
Circulatory, nervous, muscular, respiratory, digestive, skeletal
A substance that has had nothing added to it and is in its "natural" state
Insoluble
A substance made of a single element or compound
Soluble
Filtration
Evaporation
Solute
Distillation
Solvent
Chromatography
Solution
Saturation point
Stir and heat
1) filter funnel, 2) filter paper
Residue
Filtrate
Insoluble
1) evaporating basin, 2) tripod, 3) gauze, 4) heat proof mat, 5) Bunsen burner
Soluble
Soluble
Heat (evaporate liquid) and then cool (condense)
Line drawn with a pen, solvent level above the ink being separated
Combustion or respiration
Process of burning by heat
A chemical reaction which uses glucose and oxygen to release energy
Amount of energy (in food) available
Joule (J)
A lot of energy is available from most foods
Battery, Food
Natural, finite fuel formed from the remains of living organisms, eg. oil, coal, natural gas
renewable, non-renewable
can be replaced, will not run out
cannot be replaced once they are all used up
fuels, food, stores (batteries or wind)
Coal, oil, natural gas
only used once and is in limited supply
three quarters
releases pollution, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioixde and nitrous oxides
fuel that releases energy through nuclear reactions
uranium, plutonium
do not produce sulphur dioxide or carbon dioxide
non-renewable; if there is an accident radioactive material may be released into the environment,
Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power
Solar, wind, waves, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass
Coal, oil, natural gas
Releases greenhouse gases, non-renewable
Testis, sperm duct, penis
Ovary, fallopian tubes, cervix, uterus, vagina
Sex cells
Oestrogen
Nucleus of male and female sex cell joining
9 months
Time take for a baby to develop from fertilisation
Releasing an egg
Losing uterus lining
Ovulation
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Organ providing foetus with oxygen and nutrients
Tube connecting foetus to placenta
LH (luteinising hormone)
Oestrogen
Progesterone
28 days
FSH and LH
Oestrogen and progesterone
FSH
Indicator
Red
Orange
Litmus paper and universal indicator
HCl
H2SO4
Green
Purple
pH 1-3
pH 4-6
pH 7
pH 8-10
pH 11-14
NaOH
The reaction of an acid with an alkali to form a neutral salt and water
Acid + alkali -> salt + water
Lots of acid particles in a given volume
Flow of electricity
Energy carried by the flow of electrical charge
Ampere (Amp)
Volt (V)
Components in a circuit are all in one loop
Components in a circuit are in separate loops
Slows down the flow of electricity
Ohms
R=V/I, Resistance= potential difference/current
P=IV, Power=current x potential difference
something to transfer energy to electrons(battery), a complete path for the electrons to flow (circui
The current is the same at every point in the circuit and in every component
The total potential difference of the power supply is shared between components
the more resistors, the greater the resistance. RT=R1+R2
The total current through the whole circuit is the sum of the currents through the separate compo
The potential difference across each branch in the circuit is the same
Adding more resistors in parallel decreases resistance
a material that allows charge to move easily through it
material that does not allow charge or heat to pass through it easily
electrical conductor = low resistance, electrical insulator = high resistance
set up a series circuit with a cell, lamp, wires > place material in between two wires > lamp on = c
metal elements, graphite, mixtures of metal, salt solution, liquid calcium chloride
most non-metal elements (e.g., sulphur, oxygen), diamond, plastic, wood, rock
Intercostal muscles + Diaphragm
Contracts and flattens
Relaxes and return to dome shape
Protect the heart and lungs
Bone marrow
The rib cage
calcium
1. Support2. protect vital organs 3. movement 4. make blood cells
To protect against infection
Knee
cartilage
Ball and socket
By strong tendons
biceps and triceps
Joints
A freely movable joint
By getting shorter - contraction
A 'pair' of muscles that act on a joint. As one contracts, the other relaxes
quadriceps and hamstrings
Tobacco, Caffeine
Alcohol
MDMA, Marijuana
Ibuprofen, Morphone
Solid
Gas
Melting
Vibrate
Slide over each other
Boiling
Condensation
Quick and random
Solid
Solid and Liquid
Solid
Freezing
100⁰C
Sublimation
0⁰C
Evaporation
The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas
The movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
The movement of water particles from a dilute to a concentrated solution through a partially pe
The movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration using energy
The random movement of particles in a fluid
Liquids and gases
Allows you to predict the behaviour of a substance
Assumes all particles are spheres, doesn't show the bonds between atoms
Particles vibrate more so move further apart
Particles vibrate less so move closer together
More particles in a given volume
Pressure increases
Gas
Solid
Newton
Newton meter
A push or a pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object
A force that acts when objects are physically touching
A force that acts when objects are physically separated
Friction, air resistance, tension, compression, normal contact force
Gravitational force, electrostatic force, magnetic force
Single force that can replace all the forces acting on an object and have the same effect
Object remains at rest, object remains at constant speed and direction
Object accelerates (speeds up), decelerates (slows down), changes shape, changes direction
Zero
Free-body diagram
Force opposing motion which is caused by the interaction of surfaces moving over each other
Friction force when one object is a liquid or a gas
Force extending or pulling apart
Force squashing or pushing together
Push force acting between two solid objects
Friction force acting between an object and air particles
Sports, vehicles
Make objects streamlined, use lubricants
When two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite
Force = spring constant x extension
The turning effect of a force
Moment of a force = force x distance to the pivot
Nm (Newton metre)
The object balances
Newton per metre (N/m)
The object rotates
The environment that an organism lives in
Group of the same species living in an area
Organisms that have similar characteristics and can reproduce to produce FERTILE offspring
Organisms trying to gain a share of limited resources
Organisms relying on each other for food and shelter
The living and non-living things in a given area
A green plant or algae that makes its own food using sunlight
An organism that eats another organism
Organisms that break down dead plant and animal material
A diagram to show the direction of energy transfer between organisms
Light, space, water and mineral ions
Food, mates, territory
Food, shelter and pollination
Producer
The number of predators will increase
The number of prey will increase
The direction of energy transfer
An organism that eats only other animals
An organism that eats both animals and plants
An organism that eats only plants
Tiny particles
A group of atoms bonded together
Elements
Mixtures
Compounds
H2O
CH4
CO2
Diatomic
Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and all of group 7
H
Li
Na
He
Mg
Al
Be
B
Si
P
C
S
N
Cl
O
Ar
F
K
Ne
Ca
The maximum vibration, measured from the middle position of the wave
Number of waves produced per second, in Hertz
Distance between two corresponding points on a wave.Measured in metres.
A space with no particles in it
The mid-point of a wave vibration
How high or low the sound is.A high pitch has a high frequency.
How loud or quiet a sound is. A high volume has a high amplitude.
Decibels (dB)
330m/s
v=fλ, wave speed = frequency x wavelength
Ear drum, bones, cochlea, auditory nerve, semi-circular canals, pinner
Hammer, anvil, stirrup
Thin layer of membrane that picks up the vibrations of sounds waves
Amplify the vibrations
Long coiled tube filled with liquid that picks up vibrations and changes them to electrical signals
Carries signals from the ear to the brain
Detect movement in the head and help with balance
The outer ear; directs vibrations into the ear
Sound waves with frequency higher than the auditory range
The range of frequencies that an animal can hear (for humans 20Hz to 20000Hz)
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibre, vitamins, minerals, water
Rice and pasta
Fish, meat and eggs
Butter, cheese and chocolate
Fruit and vegetables
Brown bread and cereal
Eating a variety of foods in the correct proportions
Obesity, anorexia and Type 2 diabetes
Give three reasons why someone may need to consume more calories than normal
1) very active, 2) growing, 3) pregnant
Amylase
Protease
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, large intestine
Lipase
Salivary glands and small intestine
Stomach, pancreas and small intestine
Pancreas and small intestine
The liver
Nutrients
Water
Minerals, vitamins and water
Small intestine
Amino acids
The mouth
Villi
Egestion
Break down food into smaller pieces
Metal + acid -> salt + hydrogen
A substance combining with oxygen
Metal + oxygen -> metal oxide
A reaction with oxygen in which energy is transferred to the surroundings
Fuel + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + water
Fuel + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
They are increasing
Oxygen, Fuel and Heat
Mass of reactants = mass of products
Burning
Water, carbon dioxide and methane
Burning fossil fuels and deforestation
The force exerted over an area
1. Increase the force 2. decrease the area
P=F/A, Pressure=Force/Area
N/m2 or Pascals
Increased weight of fluid above
Liquid or gas
The upward force that a liquid or gas exerts on a body floating in it
The pressure caused by the weight of the air above a surface
Particles hitting the surface of the container
If the upthrust balances the weight
Reproductive organ
Protect the unopened flower
May be brightly coloured to attract insects
Male parts of the flower
Produce male sex cells (pollen grains)
The top of the female part of the flower which collects pollen grains
Produces the female sex cells (contained in the ovules)
Produce a sugary solution called nectar, which attracts insects
The fertilisation of flowers by passing on their pollen
embryo, food store, seed coat
light, water, space, minerals in the soil
Spread away and apart
Wind- Animals (inside) - Animals (outside) - Self-propelled
Endothermic
Water + carbon dioxide -> glucose + oxygen
Chloroplast
Building glucose from carbon dioxide and water using light
Roots, stem, leaf
Rows in the periodic table
Columns in the periodic table
Left
Right
*High
Groupmelting
1 point
*Good thermal and electrical conductors
Group 7
*Ductile
*Low melting point
*Malleable
*Poor thermal and electrical conductors
*Brittle
Atomic number
Mass number
Use the atomic number
Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, francium
Shiny
Alkaline metal hydroxide
Increases
Use the atomic number
Mass number - atomic number
In order of atomic number (lowest to highest)
Number of electrons in the outer shell
Transition metals
Left gaps to make the pattern fit
Add up the mass numbers
Astatine, Iodine, Bromine, Chlorine, Fluorine
Non-metal, highly reactive, diatomic
Decreases
Helium, neon, argon
Non-metal, inert, gases
Increases
A wave transfers energy without transferring matter
The direction of vibration is at right angles to the direction of motion of the wave
The direction of vibration is the same as the direction of motion of the wave
Surface water waves, light, skipping rope
Sound, ultrasound, slinky spring
Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays
The maximum vibration, measured from the middle position of the wave
Number of waves produced per second, in Hertz
A space with no particles in it
Distance between two corresponding points on a wave.Measured in metres.
Angle of incidence=angle of reflection
Change of direction of light going from one material into another
The incoming ray
Line at right angles to the surface, from which angles are measured
When energy is transferred from light to a material
When light bounces off an object in all directions
Material that allows all light to pass through it
Material that allows some light to pass through it
Material that allows no light to pass through
300000000m/s
Layer at the back of the eye with light-detecting cells and where an image is formed
Hole in the middle of the iris that allows light to pass through and enter the eye
Refracts light to focus on the retina
Carries signals to the brain
Ray diagram
Ray box
A chemical reaction which uses glucose and oxygen to release energy
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
Nasal cavity --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli
Intercostal muscles + Diaphragm
Contracts and flattens
Relaxes and return to dome shape
Protect the heart and lungs
Lots of alveoli to increase surface area; Rich blood supply/Extensive capillary network; Thin walls (o
Trachea
Maintain steep concentration gradient for efficient diffusion
Aerobic
Breathing
Alveoli
Mitochondria
Mouth, nose, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli
1) Thin walls, 2) good blood supply, 3) moist walls
The moment of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Haemoglobin
Ribs = expand, diaphragm = contract, lungs = inflate
Ribs = contract, diaphragm = relaxes, lungs = deflate
Ciliated cells
Emphysema
Two bronchi
breathing rate and tidal volume
The volume of air breathed in or out in one breath
A disease that affects the respiratory system
Bronichioles
The muscles in the lining of the bronchioles contract. More fluid is produced
tar * nicotine * carbon monoxide
Substance that react together
Substances made in a reaction
A lit splint causes a squeaky pop
Turns limewater cloudy
"-ide"
"-ate"
CuSO4
CaCO3
Hydrogen
Metal + acid -> salt + hydrogen
A substance combining with oxygen
Metal + oxygen -> metal oxide
A reaction with oxygen in which energy is transferred to the surroundings
Fuel + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
Mass of reactants = mass of products
Burning
Neutralisation reaction
Acid + metal hydroxide -> metal salt + water
Acid + metal carbonate -> metal salt + water + carbon dioxide
(s)
(l)
(g)
Metal chloride
Metal sulphate
(aq) = aqueous
Potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper
Produces hydrogen, heat and a lilac flame
Metal nitrate
Mixture of two elements, one is a metal
Atoms are different sizes so can't slide over each other
rate of using energy
Watt (W)
Electrical rating plates
Power rating of the appliance in W
energy used in kWh, kilowatt hour; cost of each kW hour, total cost of energy used
companies that provide electricity and gas
energy in kWh = power in kW x time in hours
cost = energy used in kWh x cost of 1 kWh
Energy used in the home
burning fuel releases energy > energy boils water > steam turns turbines > turbines turn electrical
Revolving machine with blades. Can be turned by wind, water or steam
Device that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy
How quickly energy is transferred by a device
Watt
Cost=power(kw) x time(hours) x price(per kWh)
Divide by 1000
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred, stored or dissipated
Spread out wastefully
Efficiency= useful energy output/total energy input
Energy being converted from one energy store to another
The energy of an object at height
The energy stored when an object is stretched or squashed
Sankey diagram
Transfer of thermal energy as a wave
Material that allows heat to move quickly through it
Material that allows heat to travel slowly though it
Liquids and gases (fluids)
A measure of the motion and energy of the particles
Degrees Celsius (oC)
Quantity of energy stored in a substance due to the vibration of its particles
Joules
Topic
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7A - Cells
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7E - Mixtures
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7I - Energy
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7B - Reproduction
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7F - Acids and Alkalis
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7J - Electricity
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7C - Health
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7G - The Particle Model
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7K - Forces
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7D - Ecosystems
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7H - Atoms, Elements and Compounds
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
7L - Sound
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8A - Food and Nutrition
8E - Combustion
8E - Combustion
8E - Combustion
8E - Combustion
8E - Combustion
8E - Combustion
8E - Combustion
8E - Combustion
8E - Combustion
8E - Combustion
8E - Combustion
8E - Combustion
8I - Fluids
8I - Fluids
8I - Fluids
8I - Fluids
8I - Fluids
8I - Fluids
8I - Fluids
8I - Fluids
8I - Fluids
8I - Fluids
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8B - Plants
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8F - Periodic Table
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8J - Light
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8C - Breathing and Respiration
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8G - Metals
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
8K - Energy Transfers
 Topic Questions 38

127
420

146
450

Q
ue

432
447
439

430
437
433

sti
on
fro
Q m
ue
sti ba
on nk
 nk
ba
m
fro
n

n
t io

t io

er
sw
es

es
Qu

Qu

An
Which chemical in the red blood cells attaches to oxygen so that it can carry
it around the body?
What is asthma?

Where does respiration happen

Which gas diffuses from the alveoli (lungs) into the blood?

What are tiny air sacs in the lungs called?

What is the name for respiration with oxygen?

 er
sw
An

Haemoglobin

A disease that affects the respiratory system

Mitochondria

Oxygen

Alveoli

Aerobic
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Which chemical in the red blood cells attaches to oxygen so t
What is asthma?
Where does respiration happen
Which gas diffuses from the alveoli (lungs) into the blood?
What are tiny air sacs in the lungs called?
What is the name for respiration with oxygen?
Contains DNA and controls the function of the cell
Coal, oil, natural gas
e body?
Topic Questions Interleaved Questions

95
106
87

Q
ue
1
61

101
83
21

104
104

99
65

97
st
io
n
Q fro
m
ue
st ba
io
n nk
 nk
ba
m
fro
n

n
io

io

er
st

st

sw
ue

ue

An
Q

State two functions of the vacuole of a cell

Is salt soluble or insoluble?

Define "combustion"

Give disadvantages of nuclear fuels

Name the 7 life processes (Think MRS GREN)

State the average length of the menstrual cycle

Name the hormone that stimulates ovulation

Name the process where a matured egg is released from the ovaries

Define "placenta"

State the average length of the menstrual cycle

 er
sw
An

Stores minerals and sugars and gives structure

Soluble

Process of burning by heat

non-renewable; if there is an accident radioactive material may be released into the environment,
nuclear waste remains dangerous for thousands of years
Movement, Reproduction, Sensitivity, Growth, Respiration, Excretion, Nutrition

28 days

LH (luteinising hormone)

Ovulation

Organ providing foetus with oxygen and nutrients

28 days
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
State two functions of the vacuole of a cell
Is salt soluble or insoluble?
Define "combustion"
Give disadvantages of nuclear fuels
Name the 7 life processes (Think MRS GREN)
State the average length of the menstrual cycle
Name the hormone that stimulates ovulation
Name the process where a matured egg is released from th
Define "placenta"
State the average length of the menstrual cycle