Module II

Definition 2.1.
1 (Linearly dependent)
Let V(F) be a vector space. A finite set {α1 , α2 , . . . , αn } of vectors of V is said
to be linear dependent if there exist scalar a1 , a2 , . . . , an ∈ F not all of them 0
(some of them may be zero) such that
a1 α1 + a2 α2 + a3 α3 + . . . + an αn = 0
Definition 2.1.2 (Linearly Independent)

Let V(F) be a vector space. A finite set {α1 , α2 , . . . , αn } of vectors of V is
said to be linearly independent if every relation of the form
a1 α1 + a2 α2 + a3 α3 + . . . + an αn = 0
ai ∈ F, 1 ≤ i ≤ n ⇒ ai = 0 for each1 ≤ i ≤ n
An infinite set of vector of V is said to be linearly independent if its every finite

subset is linearly independent, otherwise it is linearly dependent.
Dr.A.Benevatho Jaison MAT3002 - Applied Linear Algebra August 26, 2021 62 / 317
Example 2.1.3
Find whether the set of vector v1 = (1, 2, 1), v2 = (3, 1, 5), v3 = (3, −4, 7) is
linearly independent or dependent.
Let a1 , a2 , a3 be three scalars such that
a1 v1 + a2 v2 + a3 v3 = 0
⇒ a1 (1, 2, 1) + a2 (3, 1, 5) + a3 (3, −4, 7) = 0
(a1 + 3a2 + 3a3 , 2a1 + a2 − 4a3 , a1 + 5a2 + 7a3 ) = 0
a1 + 3a2 + 3a3 = 0
2a1 + a2 − 4a3 = 0
a1 + 5a2 + 7a3 = 0
The coefficients matrix of these equation is
 
1 3 3
A = 2 1 −4
1 5 7
R2 → R2 − 2 × R1
 
1 3 3
A = 0 −5 −10
1 5 7
R3 ⇒ R3 − R1
 
1 3 3
A = 0 −5 −10
0 2 4

−1
R2 → R2
5
 
1 3 3
A = 0 1 2
0 2 4
R3 → R3 − 2 × R2
 
1 3 3
A = 0 1 2
0 0 0
∴ ρ(A) = 2
i.e., so the rank of matrix A < no. of unknown quantities.

The system of equations will have 3 − 2 = 1 non-zero solutions and hence the
set of vectors are linearly dependent.
Example 2.1.4
Are the vectors (2, 2, 4, 4), (2, −2, −2, 2), (2, −4, −5, 1), (4, 0, 2, 6) linearly
independent?
Let a1 , a2 , a3 and a4 be four scalars such that
a1 α1 + a2 α2 + a3 α3 + a4 α4 = 0
Here
α1 = (2, 2, 4, 4), α2 = (2, −2, −2, 2), α3 = (2, −4, −5, 1) and α4 = (4, 0, 2, 6)
∴a1 (2, 2, 4, 4) + a2 (2, −2, −2, 2) + a3 (2, −4, −5, 1) + a4 (4, 0, 2, 6) = 0

(2a1 + 2a2 + 2a3 + 4a4 , 2a1 − 2a2 − 4a3 ,
4a1 − 2a2 − 5a3 + 2a4 , 4a1 + +2a2 + a3 + 6a4 ) = (0, 0, 0, 0)
The coefficient matrix of these equation is
 
2 2 2 4
2 −2 −4 0
A= 4 −2 −5

2
4 2 1 6
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 , R3 → R3 − 2R1 and R4 → R4 − 2R1
 
2 2 2 4
0 −4 −6 −2
A= 0 −6 −9 −3

0 −4 −6 −2
Applying R3 → 2R3 − 3R2 and R4 → R4 − R2 , we get
 
2 2 4 4
0 −4 −6 −2
A= 0 0

0 0
0 0 0 0
∴ ρ(A) = 2
i.e., so the rank of matrix A < number of unknown quantities.
The system of equations will have 4 − 2 = 2, non-zero solutions and hence
the set of vectors are linearly dependent. Hence given vectors are not linearly
independent.
Problem 2.1.5
Show that the set {1, x, 1 + x + x2 } is linearly independent set of vectors in the
vector space of all polynomial over the real number filed.
Let a1 , a2 , a3 be scalars (real numbers) such that
a1 (1) + a2 (x) + a3 (1 + x + x2 ) = 0
We have
(a1 + a3 ) + (a2 + a3 )x + a3 x2 = 0
a1 + a3 = 0, a2 + a3 = 0, a3 = 0
a1 = 0, a2 = 0, a3 = 0
Therefore the vectors 1, x, 1 + x + x2 are linearly independent over the field of

real numbers.
Problem 2.1.6
Are the vectors (2, 2, 2, 4), (2, −2, −4, 0), (4, −2, −5, 2), (4, 2, 1, 6) linearly
independent?
Example 2.1.7
Show that the vectors (a1 , a2 ) and (b1 , b2 ) in V2 (C) are L.D. iff a1 b2 − a2 b1 =
0, where C is the field complex numbers.
Let a, b ∈ C, then
a(a1 , a2 ) + b(b1 , b2 ) = 0
i.e., (aa1 + bb1 , aa2 + bb2 ) = (0, 0)

aa1 + bb1 = 0
(9)
aa2 + bb2 = 0
The system of equations (9) will possess a non-zero solution iff

a1 b1
a2 b2 = 0 ⇒ a1 b2 − a2 b1 = 0

Thus the given system of vectors is L.D. iff a1 b2 − a2 b1 = 0.

Example 2.1.8
Let x = {1, 2, 3}, y = {3, 2, 1} and z = {0, 4, 8}. Is {x, y, z} linearly depen-
dent?
a1 x + a2 y + a3 z = 0
a1 (1, 2, 3) + a2 (3, 2, 1) + a3 (0, 4, 8) = 0
a1 + 3a2 = 0
2a1 + 2a2 + 4a3 = 0
3a1 + a2 + 8a3 = 0
 
1 3 0
A = 2 2 4
3 1 8
R2 → R2 − 2 × R1
 
1 3 0
A = 0 −4 4
3 1 8
R3 → R3 − 3R1
 
1 3 0
A = 0 −4 4
0 −8 8

−1
R2 → R2
4
 
1 3 0
A = 0 1 −1
0 −8 8
R3 → R3 + 8R2
 
1 3 0
A = 0 1 −1
0 0 0
i.e., so the rank of matrix A < number of unknown quantities.

The system of equations will have 3 − 2 = 1,non-zero solutions and hence
the set of vectors are linearly dependent. Hence given vectors are not linearly
independent.
Example 2.1.9
Let x = {1, 2, 3}, y = {3, 2, 9}, and z = {5, 2, −1}. Is {x, y, z} linearly
dependent?
a1 x + a2 y + a3 z = 0
a1 (1, 2, 3) + a2 (3, 2, 9) + a3 (5, 2, −1) = 0
a1 + 3a2 + 5a3 = 0
2a1 + 2a2 + 2a3 = 0
3a1 + 9a2 − a3 = 0
 
1 3 5
A = 2 2 2 
3 9 −1
R2 → R2 − 2 × R1
 
1 3 5
A = 0 −4 −8
3 9 −1
R3 → R3 − 3 × R1
 
1 3 5
A = 0 −4 −8 
0 0 −16

−1
R2 → R2
4
 
1 3 5
A = 0 1 2 
0 0 −16

−1
R3 → R3
16
 
1 3 5
A = 0 1 2
0 0 1
i.e., so the rank of matrix A = number of unknown quantities.

The system of equations will have 3, non-zero solutions and hence the set of
vectors are linearly independent.
Problem 2.1.10
Let x1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), x2 = (1, 2, 3, 4), x3 = (1, 2, 1, 2) and x4 = (3, 5, 5, 7). Is
{x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 } linear dependent or linearly independent?
Example 2.1.11
Show that X = {ex , e2x , e3x } is a linearly independent subset of F.
Let r, s, t be three scalars such that
rex + se2x + te3x = 0
Then
x=0 r+s+t =0
x=1 re + se2 + te3 = 0
x=2 re2 + se4 + te6 = 0
 
1 1 1
A =  e e2 e3 
e2 e4 e6

1
R2 → R2
e
 
1 1 1
A =  1 e e2 
e2 e4 e6

1
R3 → R3
e2
 
1 1 1
A = 1 e e2 
1 e2 e4
R2 → R2 − R1
R3 → R3 − R1
 
1 1 1
A = 0 e − 1 e2 − 1
0 e2 − 1 e4 − 1

1
R2 → R2
e−1

1
R3 → R3
e2 − 1
 
1 1 1
A = 0 1 e + 1 
0 1 e2 + 1
R3 → R3 − R2
 
1 1 1
A = 0 1 e + 1 
0 0 e2 − e
i.e., so the rank of matrix A = number of unknown quantities.

The system of equations will have 3, non-zero solutions and hence the set of
vectors are linearly independent.
Therefore, {ex , e2x , e3x } is a set of linearly independent functions in the vector
space F.
Problem 2.2.1
A linear transformation T : R3 → R3 defined by
T(x, y, z) = (x + 2y − z, y + z, x + y − 2z).
Find basis and dimension of it’s Range and Null space.
N(T) = {T(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0)}

(x + 2y − z, y + z, x + y − 2z) = (0, 0, 0)
x + 2y − z = 0
y+z=0
x + y − 2z = 0
y = −z
x − 2z − z = 0
x = 3z
     
x 3z 3
y = −z ⇒ z −1
z z 1
N(T) = {T(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0)} = (3, −1, 1)
 
1 0 1
R(T) =  2 1 1 
−1 1 −2
R2 ⇒ R2 − 2R1 , R3 ⇒ R3 + R1
 
1 0 1
= 0 1 −1
0 1 −1
R3 ⇒ R3 − R2
 
1 0 1
= 0 1 −1
0 0 0
dim(R(T)) = 2
Basis = (1, 0, 1)(0, 1, −1)
Problem 2.2.2

1 −1
Let V be vector space 2 × 2 matrices over R and P = . Let be
−2 2
T : V → V be linear transform defined by T(A) = PA. Find basis and dim of
null space of T and Range space of T.
N(T) = {T(A) = 0 : A ∈ V

a b
Let A = , such that
c d
PA = 0

1 −1 a b
=0
−2 2 c d

a−c b−d 0 0
=
−2a + 2c −2b + 2d 0 0
a−c=0 b−d =0
−2a + 2c = 0 −2b + 2d = 0
a=c b=d

a b c d 1 0 0 1
= =c +d
c d c d 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 1
N(T) = c +d
1 0 0 1
To find basis:

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
E1 = ; E2 = ; E3 = ; E4 =
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

1 −1 1 0 1 0
T(E1 ) = PE1 = =
−2 2 0 0 −2 0

1 −1 0 1 0 1
T(E2 ) = PE2 = =
−2 2 0 0 0 −2

1 −1 0 0 −1 0
T(E3 ) = PE3 = =
−2 2 1 0 2 0

1 −1 0 0 0 −1
T(E4 ) = PE4 = =
−2 2 0 1 0 2

1 0 0 1 −1 0 0 −1
T(E1 ) = ; T(E2 ) = ; T(E3 ) = ; T(E4 ) =
−2 0 0 −2 2 0 0 2
 
1 0 −2 0
0 1 0 −2
A=
−1 0

2 0
0 −1 0 2
R3 = R3 + R1 ; R4 = R4 + R2
 
1 0 −2 0
0 1 0 −2
A=
0

0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Basis of Range space of T is

1 0 0 1
R(T) =
−2 0 0 −2
Rank of dimension of range space = 2

Problem 2.2.3

1 2
Let V be vector space 2×2 matrices over R and P = . Let be T : V → V
3 4
be linear transform defined by T(A) = PA. Find basis and dim of null space of
T and Range space of T.
Problem 2.2.4
Let w1 and w2 be the subspace generated by (−1, 2, 1), (2, 0, 1) and
(−8, 4, −1) in R3 (R) and w2 generated by all vectors (a, 0, b) ∀a, b ∈ R.
Find basis and dimension of w1 , w2 and w1 + w2 .
−a1 + 2a2 − 8a3 = 0

2a1 + 4a3 = 0
a1 + a2 − a3 = 0
 
−1 2 1
R(w1 ) =  2 0 1 
−8 4 −1
R2 = R2 + 2R1 ; R3 = R3 − 8R1
 
−1 2 1
R(w1 ) =  0 4 3
0 −12 −9
R3 = R3 + 3R2
 
−1 2 1
R(w1 ) =  0 4 3
0 0 0
Basis(w1 ) = B1 = (−1, 2, 1) and (0, 4, 3)
dim(w1 ) = 2
     
1 0 0
R(w2 ) = (a, 0, b) = a 0 + 0 0 + b 0
0 0 1
 
1 0 0
R(w2 ) = 0 0 0
0 0 1
Basis(w2 ) = B2 = (1, 0, 0) and (0, 0, 1)
dim(w2 ) = 2
 
−1 2 1
0 4 3
w1 + w2 = 
1

0 0
0 0 1
R3 = R3 + R1
 
−1 2 1
0 4 3
w1 + w2 = 
0

2 1
0 0 1
R3 = R3 − 21 R2
 
−1 2 1
0 4 3
w1 + w2 = 
0 −1 

0 2
0 0 1
R3 = R3 + 21 R4
 
−1 2 1
0 4 3
w1 + w2 = 
0

0 0
0 0 1
 
−1 2 1
0 4 3
=0

0 1
0 0 0
dim(w1 + w2 ) = 3
Basis(w1 + w2 ) = (−1, 2, 1), (0, 4, 3), (0, 0, 1)
(w1 ∩ w1 ) = dim(w1 ) + dim(w2 ) − dim(w1 + w2 )

=2+2−3=4−3
=1
Definition 2.3.1 (Wronskian)
Let f and g be differentiable on [a, b]. If Wronskian W(f , g)(t0 ) is nonzero for
some t0 in [a, b] then f and g are linearly independent on [a, b]. If f and g are
linearly dependent then the Wronskian is zero for all t in [a, b].
Problem 2.3.2
Using Wronskian method prove that {e3x , e5x } is a linearly independent set on
R.
Set f (x) = e3x , g(x) = e5x . Then,

f (x) g(x)
W(f (x), g(x)) = 0
f (x) f 00 (x)

3x
e e5x
= 3x

3e 5e5x
= 5e8x − 3e8x
= 2e8x
6= 0 (∀x ∈ R)
∵ The given set {e3x , e5x } is linearly independent.
Problem 2.3.3
Using Wronskian method prove that {e2x , cos(x), 2e2x } is a linearly dependent
set on R.
Set f (x) = e2x , g(x) = cos x h(x) = 2e2x . Then,
W(f (x), g(x), h(x))

f (x) g(x) h(x)
= f 0 (x) g0 (x) h0 (x)

f 00 (x) g00 (x) h00 (x)
2x 2x

2x cos x 2e2x
e
= 2e − sin x 4e
4e2x − cos x 8e2x

e
2x − sin x 4e 2x 2x cos x
2e2x 2x cos x
2e2x
=e − 2e + 4e
− cos x 8e2x − cos x 8e2x − sin t 4e2x
= e2x −8e2x sin x + 4e2x cos x − 2e2x 8e2x cos x + 2e2x cos x

+ 4e2x 4e2x cos x + 2e2x sin x

= e2x (−8 sin x + 4 cos x − 20 cos x + 16 cos x + 8 sin x)
= e4x (0)
= 0 (∀x ∈ R)
∴ The given set {e2x , cos x, e2x } is linearly dependent.
Example 2.3.4
Using Wronskian method prove that {1, x, x2 } is a linearly dependent set on R.
Ans: W(f (x), g(x), h(x)) = 2 6= 0, So the set is linearly independent.
Problem 2.4.1
 
5 7 8 5
Transforming a matrix 2 7 6 3 to reduced row echelon form
5 8 4 3
1 75 85 1
   
5
7 8 5
1
2
7 6 3 R1 → R1 × ⇒ 2 7 6 3
5
5
8 4 3 5 8 4 3
7 8
1 75 85 1
   
1
5 5 1
2
7 6 3 R2 → R2 − 2R1 ⇒ 0 21 5
14
5 1
5
8 4 3 5 8 4 3
7
1 5 85 1 1 57 8
   
5 1
0 21 14 1 R3 → R3 − 5R1 ⇒ 0 21 14
1
5 5 5 5
5 8 4 3 0 1 −4 −2
1 57 8
1 75 85
   
5 1 1
0 21 14 5
5 5 1 R2 → R2 ⇒ 0 1 23 5 
21
21
0 1 −4 −2 0 1 −4 −2
1 75 58 1 75 8
   
1 5 1
0 1 2 5  2 5 
3 21
R3 → R3 − R2 ⇒ 0 1 3 21
−14 −47
0 1 −4 −2 0 0 3 21
1 75 8 7 8
   
1 1 1
5
2 5  −3 5 5
0 1
3 21 R3 → R3 ⇒ 0 1 23 21 5
−14 −47 14 47
0 0 3 21 0 0 1 98
 7 8   7 8 
1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1
2
0 1 2 5 
3 21 R2 → R2 − R3 ⇒ 0 1 0 −4 49

3
0 0 1 47 98 0 0 1 98 47
1 75 85 1 7 57 
  
1 5 0 245
0 1 0 −4  8
49 R1 → R1 − R3 ⇒ 0
 1 0 −4 49

5
0 0 1 47 98 0 0 1 98 47
 7 57   17 
1 5 0 245 1 0 0 49
0 1 0 −4  7
49 R1 → R1 − R2 ⇒ 0 1 0 −4 49

5
0 0 1 47 98 0 0 1 98 47
Example 2.4.2
Find column space, row space, null space and kernel of
 
−3 9 −2 −7
A =  2 −6 4 8 .
3 −9 −2 2
Step (1): Finding rref (A)
−3 23 73
   
−3 9 −2 −7 1
 2 −6 4 −1
8  R1 → R1 ⇒ 2
 −6 4 8 
3
3 −9 −2 2 3 −9 −2 2
1 −3 32 37 −3 23 7
   
1 3
2 −6 4 8  R2 → R2 − 2R1 8 10 
⇒ 0 0 3 3
3 −9 −2 2 3 −9 −2 2
1 −3 32 7
−3 23 7
   
3 1 3
8 10  8 10 
0 0
3 3
R3 → R3 − 3R1 ⇒ 0 0 3 3
3 −9 −2 2 0 0 −4 −5
1 −3 32 7
−3 32 7
   
3 1 3
8 10  3 5 
0 0
3 3
R2 → R2 ⇒ 0 0 1 4
8
0 0 −4 −5 0 0 −4 −5
−3 32 7
1 −3 23 73
   
1 3
5 
0 0 1 4
R3 → R3 + 4R2 ⇒ 0 0 1 54 
0 0 −4 −5 0 0 0 0
−3 32 37 1 −3 0 23
   
1
−2
0 0 1 54  R1 → R1 − R2 ⇒ 0 0 1 54 
3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 −3 0 32
   
−3 9 −2 −7
 2 −6 4 8  ∼ 0 0 1 54 
3 −9 −2 2 0 0 0 0
To identify row space
   

 1 0 
   
−3  0 

Basis for row space = BRS =  ,
 0   1 

 
  3 5
2 4
3

1 −3 0 2
Row Space = 5
0 0 1 4
To identify column space

   
 −3 −2 
Basis for Column Space = BCS =  2 , 4
 
3 −2
 
 
−3 −2
Column Space =  2 4
3 −2
You can extract the null space quickly by changing the sign of the non-pivot
element and adding a pivot where the pivot would line up to an identity matrix
but this is how to compute it.
To find Null space and Kernel
The ’Null Space’ is the solution to Ax = 0.
   
x1 0
3  

1 −3 0 2 x2  0 
= 
0 0 1 54 x3  0
x4 0
Here x1 and x3 are pivot variables. So, x2 and x4 are free variables.
3
x1 − 3x2 + x4 =0
2
free : x2 = x2
5
x3 + x4 =0
4
free : x4 = x4
3
x1 = 3x2 − x4
2
x2 = x2 + 0x4
5
x3 = 0x2 − x4
4
x4 = 0x2 + x4
   −3 
3 2
1 0
x=
0 x2 +  −5  x4 ,
  
4
0 1
x2 = 1 ∧ x4 = 4
   

 3 −6 
   
1, 0 

Kernal = BNS =  0 −5

 
0 4
 
 
3 −6
1 0
Null Space =  
0 −5
0 4
Check you work
   
−3 −2 3
−3 9 −2 −7
1 −3 0 2
CS ∗ RS =  2 4 =  2 −6 4 8 =A
0 0 1 45
3 −2 3 −9 −2 2
 
  3 −6  
−3 9 −2 −7  0 0
1 0 
A ∗ NS =  2 −6 4 0 −5 = 0 0 = 0
8  
3 −9 −2 2 0 0
0 4
Problem 2.5.1

1 2 0 1 2 3
Let B = , and C = , be bases for R . If [X]B = ,
1 0 1 2 1
find [X]C .

3
[X]B =
1

1 2
⇒X=3 +1
1 0

3 2
= +
3 0

5
=
3

x
X C= 1

x2

0 1 5
x1 + x2 =
1 2 3

0 1 x1 5
=
1 2 x2 3

x1 1 2 −1 5 −7
= =
x2 −1 −1 0 3 5
To check

0 1 5
−7 +5 =
1 2 3
Problem 2.5.2

1 0
Let B = {u1 , u2 }, = B0 {u01 , u02 }
for R2 and u1 = , u2 = , u01 =
0 1

2 −3
, u02 = . Find the transition matrix from B and B0 .
1 4

2 −3 1 0
u01 u02

u1 u2 =
1 4 0 1

1 4 0 1
= R1 ⇔ R2
2 −3 1 0

1 4 0 1
= R2 → R2 − 2R1
0 −11 1 −2

1 4 0 1 −1
= R2 → R2
0 1 −1
11
2
11 11
4 3

1 0 11 11
= R1 → R1 − 4R2
0 1 −1
11
2
11
Transition matrix P
4 3

P= 11 11
−1 2
11 11
Example 2.5.3
Consider the vector space P2 (t) of polynomials of degree ≤ 2. The polynomi-
als
p1 = t + 1, p2 = t − 1, p3 = (t − 1)2 = t2 − 2t + 1
form a basis S of P2 (t). Find the coordinate vector [v] of v = 2t2 − 5t + 9

relative to S.
Set v = xp1 + yp2 + zp3 using unknown scalars x, y, z, and simplify:
2t2 − 5t + 9 = x(t + 1) + y(t − 1) + z(t2 − 2t + 1)

= xt + x + yt − y + zt2 − 2zt + z
2t2 − 5t + 9 = zt2 + (x + y − 2z)t + (x − y + z)
Then set the coefficients of the same powers of t equal to each other to obtain
the system
z = 2, x + y − 2z = −5, x−y+z=9
Using Gauss Jordan (Elimination) Method we found x, y, z.

The solution of the system is x = 3, y = −4, z = 2. Thus,
v = 3p1 − 4p2 + 2p3
and hence;
[v] = [3, −4, 2]
Example 2.5.4
Consider real space R3 . The following vectors form a basis S of R3 :
u1 = (1, −1, 0), u2 = (1, 1, 0), u3 = (0, 1, 1).
Find the coordinates of v = (5, 3, 4) relative to the basis S.
Set v = xv1 +yv2 +zv3 ; that is, set v as a linear combination of the basis vectors
using unknown scalars x, y, z. This yields
       
5 1 1 0
3 = x −1 + y 1 + z 1
4 0 0 1
The equivalent system of linear equations is as follows:
x + y = 5, −x + y + z = 3, z = 4.
Using Gauss Jordan (Elimination) Method we found x, y, z.

The solution of the system is x = 3, y = 2, z = 4. Thus,
v = 3u1 + 2u2 + 4u3
and so
[v]s = [3, 2, 4]

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Definition 2.1.

Definition 2.1.2 (Linearly Independent)

An infinite set of vector of V is said to be linearly independent if its every finite

Let a1 , a2 , a3 be three scalars such that

i.e., so the rank of matrix A < no. of unknown quantities.

Let a1 , a2 , a3 and a4 be four scalars such that

∴a1 (2, 2, 4, 4) + a2 (2, −2, −2, 2) + a3 (2, −4, −5, 1) + a4 (4, 0, 2, 6) = 0

Let a1 , a2 , a3 be scalars (real numbers) such that

Therefore the vectors 1, x, 1 + x + x2 are linearly independent over the field of

The system of equations (9) will possess a non-zero solution iff

Thus the given system of vectors is L.D. iff a1 b2 − a2 b1 = 0.

i.e., so the rank of matrix A < number of unknown quantities.

Let a1 , a2 , a3 be three scalars such that

i.e., so the rank of matrix A = number of unknown quantities.

Let r, s, t be three scalars such that

rex + se2x + te3x = 0

i.e., so the rank of matrix A = number of unknown quantities.

Find basis and dimension of it’s Range and Null space.

N(T) = {T(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0)}

N(T) = {T(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0)} = (3, −1, 1)

Basis of Range space of T is

Rank of dimension of range space = 2

−a1 + 2a2 − 8a3 = 0

(w1 ∩ w1 ) = dim(w1 ) + dim(w2 ) − dim(w1 + w2 )

∵ The given set {e3x , e5x } is linearly independent.

+ 4e2x 4e2x cos x + 2e2x sin x

∴ The given set {e2x , cos x, e2x } is linearly dependent.

Ans: W(f (x), g(x), h(x)) = 2 6= 0, So the set is linearly independent.

To identify column space

form a basis S of P2 (t). Find the coordinate vector [v] of v = 2t2 − 5t + 9

2t2 − 5t + 9 = x(t + 1) + y(t − 1) + z(t2 − 2t + 1)

Using Gauss Jordan (Elimination) Method we found x, y, z.

v = 3p1 − 4p2 + 2p3

u1 = (1, −1, 0), u2 = (1, 1, 0), u3 = (0, 1, 1).

Find the coordinates of v = (5, 3, 4) relative to the basis S.

The equivalent system of linear equations is as follows:

Using Gauss Jordan (Elimination) Method we found x, y, z.

v = 3u1 + 2u2 + 4u3

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