Connections and operating characteristics of different types of relays

Objective:

The aim of this laboratory experiment is study the connections and operating principles of over
voltage, under voltage and phase sequence relays

Requirement:

 Connecting wires
 Voltage controller relay GK-04F
 Variable 3 phase AC power supply
 3 phase motor
 Contactor

Basic theory

In electrical engineering, a protective relay is a device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a
fault is detected. The first protective relays were electromagnetic devices, relying on coils
operating on moving parts to provide detection of abnormal operating conditions such as over-
current, overvoltage, reverse power flow, over-frequency, and under-frequency
Procedure:

 Make the connections according to the Circuit diagram.

 Set the device according to the required voltage range, for under voltage and over
voltage.
 Turn on the power supply and start varying the supply to the value below the under
voltage set value and observe operation of the circuit
 Turn on the power supply and start varying the supply to the value higher than the over
voltage set value and observe operation of the circuit.
 Switch off the power supply and interchange either of the two phase, then switch ON the
power supply again and observe the operation

Note:

 When the power is on, if the voltages are same as adjusted, relay led switches on and
relay pulls.
 In this cases contact out is (NO) 3 pole. When the voltage values are abnormal, relay
releases and led is switched off after waiting till the set time is up. In this case contact
out is (NC) 1 pole.
 GK-04F type voltage controller relay doesn’t work if the phase sequence is incorrect.

Circuit diagram:

Figure: Connection of Voltage controller relay GK-04F

Conclusion:

The study for connections and operation characteristics of over voltage, under voltage and
phase sequence relays was conducted successfully

Operating characteristics of Instrument Transformers

Objective:

To study the operating principles and characteristics of instrument transformers for

instrumentation

Requirement:

 Single phase variable ac supply

 Variable load
 Connecting leads
 Digital multimeters

Basic theory

Instrument transformers are used for measuring and control purposes. They provide currents
and voltages proportional to the primary, but there is less danger to instruments and personnel.

There are two distinct classes of instrument transformers: the potential transformer and the
current transformer. 

Potential transformers (PTs) are used to step down high voltage while current transformers
(CTs) used to step current down. The function of a PT is to accurately measure voltage on the
primary, while a CT is used to measure current on the primary.

Current Transformers

A current transformer transforms line current into values suitable for standard protective relays
and instruments.  The primary of a current transformer has a few turns, while the secondary
may have a great many turns which results in the stepping down of current as shown in the
schematic below:
Current transformers are used with ammeters, wattmeters, power factor meters, watt-hour
meters, compensators, protective and regulating relays, and trip coils of circuit breakers. The
secondary of current transformers are typically rated 5Amps.

Most times, current transformers have several taps on the secondary winding to adjust the
range of current possible to measure on the primary.

Note if the secondary of a current transformer is opened, an extremely high voltage is induced
in the secondary which is dangerous to personnel and can destroy the current transformer. For
this reason, the secondary of a current transformer should always be shorted before removing a
relay from its case or removing any other device that the current transformer operates. This
protects the current transformer from overvoltage.

Potential Transformer

Potential (voltage) transformers have primary and secondary windings on a common core:

Potential transformers are used with voltmeters, wattmeters, watt-hour meters, power-factor
meters, frequency meters, synchroscopes and synchronizing apparatus, protective and
regulating relays, undervoltage and overvoltage trip coils of circuit breakers.
Generally, a potential transformer is designed to be connected in parallel with the lines to
transform and step down the line voltage to 230 V volts for metering or relay operation. They are
typically rated 50 to 200VA (volt-amperes) at 120 secondary volts. The secondary terminals
should never be short circuited because a heavy current will result, which can damage the
windings.

Procedure:

 Make the connections according to the Circuit diagram.

 Connect the potential transformer and current transformer to the digital multimeters,
while setting the meter to corresponding settings
 With load kept constant, turn on the power supply and start varying the supply and
record the reading on meter connected to potential transformer and records the values
at regular interval until the maximum voltage of the supply is reached
 With supply kept constant to the rated value of the load, turn on the power supply and
start varying the load and record the reading on meter connected to current transformer
and records the values at regular interval until the maximum current of the circuit is
reached
Circuit diagram:

V A

AC
LOAD
Z

Conclusion:

The study for connections and operation characteristics instrument transformers was conducted
successfully