1.

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) :

FDMA is the channelization protocol,
The channel bandwidth is divided into various frequency bands.
Each station is allocated with band to send data and that band is reserved for particular
station for all the time.

The frequency bands of different stations are separated by small band of unused frequency
called as guard bands that prevent interference of stations.
.
2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA):
1. TDMA is channelization protocol.
2. The bandwidth of channel is divided into various stations on time basis.
3. There is time slot given to each station, station can transmit data during that time slot only.
4. Each station must aware of its beginning of time slot and location of the time slot.
5. TDMA requires synchronization between different stations.
3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) :
 In CDMA, all the stations can transmit data simultaneously.
 It allows each station to transmit data over entire frequency all the time.
 Multiple simultaneous transmissions are separated by unique code sequence.
 Each user is assigned with a unique code sequence.

In fig. there are 4 stations marked as 1, 2, 3 and 4. Data assigned with respective
stations as d1, d2, d3 and d4 and code assigned with respective stations as c 1, c2, c3 and
c4.

Characteristics of CDMA:
 It allows more users to connect at a given time and thus provides improved data and
voice communication capacity.

 A full spectrum is used by all the channels in CDMA.

 CDMA systems make the use of power control to eliminate the interference and noise
and to thus improve the network quality.

 CDMA encodes the user transmissions into distinct and unique codes in order to
secure its signals.

 In CDMA systems all the cells can thus use the same frequency.

 CDMA systems have a soft capacity. Thus there is no particular limit to the number of
users in a CDMA system but with increase in the number of users the performance
degrades.