Let’s Discover The World of CARBON!

SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIAL (SLeM)

Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs)

Explain how the structure of the carbon atom affects the type of bonds it forms.
(S9MT-IIg-h-17)

*Writer
Cristy G. Lamor

*Illustrator

*Content Validators

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HOW TO USE THIS SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIAL (SLeM)
Before you start answering the SLeM, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb
you while enjoying the lessons. Read carefully the instructions below to successfully enjoy the
objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every part of this
SLeM.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Keep in mind that Writing
develops and enhances learning,
3. Perform all the provided activities in the SLeM.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIAL

• Expectations - This will provide what you will be able to know after completing the lessons
in the SLeM.
• Pre-test - This will assess your prior knowledge and the concepts to be mastered
throughout the lesson.
• Looking Back - This section will measure the skills that you learned and understood from
the previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
• Activities - These are activities designed to develop your critical thinking and other
competencies that you need to master. This can be done solely or with your partner
depending on the nature of the activity.
• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the lessons.
• Checking your Understanding - This will verify how you learned from the lesson.
• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire SLeM.

LESSON 1: CARBON ATOM

EXPECTATIONS
This Supplementary Learning Material will help you to

• Describe the properties of carbon atom;

• Cite common materials that contain carbon;

PRETEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best answers the question.
1. Which of the following statements best describe organic compounds?
A. Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen bond.
B. Compounds composed of carbon atoms only.
C. Composed mainly of hydrogen atoms.
D. Composed of other elements except carbon and hydrogen.
2. What is the maximum number of bonds carbon atom can form?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

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3. Which of the following organic compounds is highly flammable?
A. Gasoline and acetone
B. Water and ethyl alcohol
C. Lubricating oil and isopropyl alcohol
D. Liquefied petroleum gas and kerosene

4. Carbon exist in the atmosphere in the form of:

A. Carbon dioxide
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
D. Carbon oxide

5. Carbon atoms have special abilities.

I. Carbon atoms can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms
II. Carbon atoms can form bonds with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus.
III. Carbon atoms can form single, double and triple bonds

A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I. II and III

LOOKING BACK
Visual Thinking Approach: Formula Writing of Ionic Compounds

1. Identify the metal and non-metal.

Metal:_________________
Nonmetal:_____________
2. What is the cation and anion. Write its corresponding charge.
Cation:_________________
Anion:__________________

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Carbon - is the sixth abundant element in the periodic table represented by the symbol
C with an atomic number of 6. Carbon came from a Latin word “carbo” which means
coal.
1. Electron configuration, electronegativity and covalent bonding

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 6 Carbon - 1s2 2s2 2p2

It has four (4) electrons in its outer shell. Valence electrons are the electrons in the
outer energy level of an atom that are involved in chemical bonds. Carbon needs eight electrons
to attain electron stability. Thus, these electrons can be shared in four covalent bonds to fill the
valence shell with the required number of electrons based on the Octet Rule.
In the Periodic Table Carbon belongs to group 4A (14) located in between the most
metallic and non – metallic of Period 2 elements. With the electro-negativity of 2.5 carbon always
form covalent bonds.

2. Bond Properties and Catenation

Carbon has two distinct characteristics: its ability to bond with itself to form chains, known
as catenation and its ability to form multitude bonds. Carbon is tetravalent. Tetra came from a
Greek word which means four ; valent a Latin word which means capacity. Making four electrons
available to form covalent chemical bonds with other elements. Carbon can form strong covalent
bonds with hydrogen, oxygen nitrogen, halogens and also with other carbon atoms.
The ability of carbon atom to bond covalently with another carbon atoms and form single,
double and triple bonds makes carbon a unique atom. The number and strength of carbon’s
bonds lead to its ability to catenate (form chains of atoms) enable it to form chain, ring and
branched organic compounds.
HOW CARBON ATOMS FORM BONDS
Carbon can forms covalent bonds with the atom of other elements and with other carbon
atoms. A single atom can form:
a. Four single bonds
Single Bonds consist of 2 shared electrons or 1 pair of shared electrons. Single bonds
appear as a single line in Lewis Dot Structures:

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b. Two single bonds and a double bond
Double Bonds consist of 4 shared electrons or 2 pairs of shared electrons. Double bonds
appear as two lines

C2H4

b. Triple Bonds consist of 6 shared electrons or 3 pairs of shared electrons. Triple

bonds appear as a three lines in Lewis Dot Structures:

ACTIVITIES (Note: Work with a partner)

Activity 1.1 UNIQUENESS OF CARBON
Objective: To describe the carbon atom;

Using the atomic structure of Carbon atom, complete

the table below.

electron

neutron

proton

Element Symbol Atomic Protons Neutrons Electron Valence

No. Configuration Electron

Guide Questions

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 1. How many valence electrons does the carbon have?

2. How many more electrons does the carbon need to fill the outer most energy ?

3. How can a carbon achieve a stable outer most energy level?

4. How are carbon’s valence electron related to the bond it forms?

5. What type of bonds do carbon atom forms?

Activity 1.2: CHEMISTRY OF CARBON

Objective: To describe the properties of carbon atom.
Directions: Describe Carbon using a Frayer model, fill out the four boxes with the information
about carbon.

Definition Properties/ Characteristics

Uses CARBON
Examples

Activity 1.3: NAME ME!

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Objective: Cite common materials that contain carbon.
Carbon is considered as the one of the essential element on Earth. It can be found
everywhere, in the atmospheric gas, on living organisms, coal, fabric, rocks, soil and in the ocean.
Tons of carbon is deposited in the marine sediments and sedimentary rocks. Below are some
forms of carbon:

Forms of Carbon Uses Example

Used as jewelry and in

D_ A_ O_D
cutting hard metals.

https://www.mining.com/worlds-two-top-diamond-miners-join-
forces-test-blockchain-pilot/

a soft, black and metallic

lustrous form of carbon
G_A_H_T_ used as lubricant, in
pencils and in the
production of steel.
https://www.jetpens.com/Faber-Castell-9000-Graphite-Pencil-
Bundle-of-16-Lead-Grades/pd/20528

A pulvorized form used

A_T_V_T_D as filter to remove
C_A_C_A_ unwanted odors and
impurities from water.
https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/diet-
nutrition/a20706713/what-is-activated-charcoal-good-for/

Cotton the carbon

F_B_I _ comes directly from
plants.
Polyester made from
petroleum products
which contain carbon. https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/plain-cotton-fabric-
20186665591.html

Used to make pigment in

black inks, paints, black
A_O_P_O_S
tires and batteries.
C_R_O_

https://blackbearcarbon.com/products/tires-2/

Modify and be creative! Try to research other common household materials that contain
carbon!

REMEMBER

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 • Carbon is the sixth element in the periodic table. It has four valence electrons. Similar to
other elements, Carbon needs eight electrons to attain electron stability.
• Carbon is tetravalent. It belongs to group 4A (14) and Period 2 elements with an
electronegativity between a metallic and non- metallic.
• Carbon has the ability to form long chain of complex compounds.
• Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms. It can form bonds with other carbon atoms in
a continuous chain, a branched, straight or ringed chain.
• Carbon can form strong bonds with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Carbon can form single bonds, double bonds and triple covalent bonds.

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Directions: Analyze the picture as shown then answer the questions below.
Carbon dioxide, a form of Carbon has a significant role in sustaining life on earth.
During photosynthesis, phototrophs (plants, algae and bacteria) use the energy from the sun to
convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugar known as glucose. Other living organisms
who cannot manufacture their own food defend on other living organism for their
minimum requirements of carbon dioxide molecules. This sugar is needed to obtain energy to
carry out functions in living organisms. As carbon based life forms, carbon dioxide characterize
life.

Critical Thinking Questions

1. What is the important role played by carbon dioxide, a form of carbon in the
photosynthesis?_______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Why is carbon dioxide, a form of carbon necessary for photosynthesis?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

POSTTEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best answers the question.

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1. What is the maximum number of bonds carbon atom can form?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5

2. Which of the following statements best describe organic compounds?

A. Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen bond.
B. Compounds composed of carbon atoms only.
C. Composed mainly of hydrogen atoms.
D. Composed of other elements except carbon and hydrogen.

3. Which of the following material DOES NOT contain carbon?

A. Slippers
B. Tires
C. Black inks
D. Activated Charcoal used as water filter.

4.Carbon exist in the atmosphere in the form of:

A. Carbon dioxide
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
D. Carbon oxide

5. Carbon atoms have special abilities.

I. Carbon atoms can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms
II. Carbon atoms can form bonds with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus.
III. Carbon atoms can form single, double and triple bonds

A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I. II and III

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LESSON 2: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

EXPECTATIONS
You will differentiate organic from inorganic compounds based on their chemical
formula, properties and uses. Specifically, this SLeM will help you to

• Define organic and inorganic compounds;

• Identify substances as organic and inorganic based on their chemical formula;
• Differentiate organic from inorganic compounds based from their properties
and uses.

PRETEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best answers the question.

1. True or False. Organic compounds are naturally produced by living organisms and involve
mainly of carbon - hydrogen containing compounds usually in complex structure.
2. True- False. Inorganic compounds are soluble in water and rarely soluble in nonpolar solvents
while organic compounds most are not soluble in water.
3. True – False. Most inorganic compounds are composed of cations and anions which have
high melting and boiling point.
4.Which of the compound is an example of organic compound?
A. Carbon dioxide B. Water C. Sugar D. Sodium Chloride

5. Which of the following compound is classified as inorganic?

A. C12H22 O11 B. C6 H8 O6 C. C2 H2 D. NaOH

LOOKING BACK

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Directions: Study the infographic on Graphene and answer the essential questions:

Graphene is considered as a carbon –based wonder material.

1. What are the potential uses of graphene?
2. Cite the properties of graphene.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Chemical compounds are classify into organic and inorganic compounds. Organic
compounds defined as carbon containing compound usually found in living organisms. Aside
from carbon, organic compounds also contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur
and halogens. However, there are compounds that contain carbon classified as inorganic
because they exhibit similar characteristics of an inorganic compounds like calcium carbonate,
lithium cyanide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Let’s define organic and inorganic
compound

Inorganic carbon compound – a compound that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen.
Inorganic compounds do contain hydrogen atoms, such as:
Water (H2O)
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) produced by your stomach.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbonate (CO3 )
Organic carbon compound –is a compound that contains both carbon and hydrogen
covalent bonded. Most organic compounds are also relatively large molecules. There are major
categories of organic compounds involved in normal physiology of the body:
1. Carbohydrates - Most carbohydrates serve as sources of energy for the body.
They are converted to glucose, which in turn is used by the cells in cellular
respiration.

Table Sugar – (C12H22 O11 )

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 Carbohydates rich food

www.google.com/search?q=sugar&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjuxe6
http://inat.com/articles/best-carbohydrate-rich-food/

Lactose- Milk - (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) Protein Rich Food

Lactose makes up around 2–8% of Protein which account for about 20% of
milk. A sugar found in milk and other the body weight. The building blocks
dairy products, bread and baked goods, for proteins are the 20 amino acids,
candy, Cheese flavored crackers and which contain carbon, hydrogen,
other snacks. oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
•
Let’s have a better clarification of the general properties of organic and inorganic compounds.

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

1. Does not have a carbon hydrogen Characterized by the carbon hydrogen
covalent bond bond.

2. Not inflammable and are non-volatile in More volatile and also highly inflammable
nature
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3. Soluble in water and also non-soluble in Are insoluble in water
some of the organic solutions.

4. Found in non-living things Mainly found in most of the living things

5.Good conductors of heat and electricity
6.High melting and boiling points
7.Mostly exist as solids at room temperature
8. Presence of ionic bond
9.Do not have long and complex chain of
molecules
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Relatively low melting points and boiling
points.
Mostly exist as liquid or gas at room
temperature
Presence of covalent bond
Contain long, complex chains of molecules

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 The differences in the properties of organic and inorganic compounds primary due to
the type of interactions of particles in the compounds. Mostly inorganic are composed of cations
such as oxide ( O2- ) carbonate ( CO3-2 ) , bicarbonate (HCO3 –) or cyanide (CN-) . The strong
electrostatic attraction cause inorganic compounds to have high melting and boiling point,
making most of them in a solid state at room temperature.

Most organic compounds are made up of molecules. The weaker attraction among
the molecules cause organic compounds to have low melting point and boiling point that make
most of them in liquid or gaseous state at room temperature.

ACTIVITIES
Objective: Identify substances as organic and inorganic based on their chemical
formula;

Activity 1.1 ORGANIC OR INORGANIC

Directions: Study the pictures and identify whether organic or inorganic compound.

C12H22 O 11

6.
1.

2. 7.

3.
8.

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 NaOH
NaCl

4.
9.

NH4 Cl
H2O

10.
5.

Modify and be creative! In your home list down the organic and inorganic compounds that you
can find in your kitchen.

Activity 1.2: What Do you Notice?

Objective: To identify organic and inorganic compound based on their formula.

Directions: Name the following compounds whether organic or inorganic.

C6 H8 O6 FePO4 C2H6 O C2 H2

C6 H12 O6 H2 SO4 C H4 CaCl2

C3 H8 CO2 CuCl2 NaCl

C2H6 C8 H18

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 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Critical thinking questions

1. Name the organic compounds

2. What did you notice about all the compounds that are classified as examples of organic
compounds?

3. List down the example of inorganic compounds.

4. What have you noticed on compounds that are classified as inorganic?

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Activity 1.3 Organic VS Inorganic
Directions: Using a Venn diagram compare and contrast the properties of organic and
inorganic compounds.

Organic Inorganic
Compound Compound

REMEMBER

• Organic carbon compound – a compound that contains both carbon and hydrogen C-
H bond usually from living organisms.
• Inorganic carbon compound – a compound that does not contain both carbon and
hydrogen.
• Mostly, inorganic compounds are solid while organic compounds mostly are liquid or gas
at room temperature due to its melting and boiling point.
• Generally,, inorganic compounds are soluble in water while organic compounds are not
soluble in water.
• Inorganic compounds conduct electric current while organic do not conduct electric
current.
• Generally, inorganic compounds are non- flammable and non-combustible while organic
compounds are usually flammable and combustible.
• Inorganic compounds form ionic bond while organic compounds form covalent bond.
• Inorganic compounds do not have long and complex structure while organic compounds
have a long, and complex chain of molecules.
• Mostly, found in non- living things while organic compounds

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CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Directions: Study the organic food infographic then answer the questions below.

Critical Thinking Questions

1. In farming, what does organic really means?_________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Does organic food contain carbon?___________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

POSTTEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best answers the question.
1. Which of the following compound is classified as inorganic?
A. C12H22 O11 B. C6 H8 O6 C. C2 H2 D. NaOH

2. Which of the compound is an example of organic compound?

A. Carbon dioxide
B. Water
C. Sugar
D. Sodium Chloride

3. True or False. Organic compounds are naturally produced by living organisms and
involve mainly of carbon - hydrogen containing compounds usually in complex structure.

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 4. True- False. Inorganic compounds are soluble in water and rarely soluble in nonpolar
solvents while organic compounds most are not soluble in water.
5. True – False. Most inorganic compounds are composed of cations and anions which have
high melting and boiling point.

REFERENCES

David Paterson: rsc.li/2FxsuyJEducation in Chemistry article ‘How to Teach Mixtures and Solutions’

Padolina, Ma. Cristina D. et al. (2006). Conceptual and Functional Chemistry Manila: Vibal Pub. House

Petrucci, Harwood, Herring. General Chemistry: Principles & Modern Applications. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2002. 528-531

Silbeberg, Martin S. (2006). Chemisty (4th Edition) New York: McGraw-Hill

“Units of Concentration.” LibreTexts, 03 March 2020, https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_C

hemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Th
eoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_
Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Units_Of_Concentration

Valdoz, Meliza P. et al. (2013). K to 12 Wortext in Science and Technology Manila: Rex Pub. House

“What is Hydrosphere?.” Earth Eclipse, https://www.eartheclipse.com/geography/hydrosphere- importance-

examples-facts.html

Zumdahl, Steven S. (1989). Chemistry (2nd Edition) Canada: D.C. Health and Company

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