Electro Magnetic Induction: Synopsis

JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION
ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION

SYNOPSIS 
 n  B then magnetic flux linked with the surface
 The phenomenon in which electric current is
induced by varying magnetic fields is called is zero i.e.,   0    900 
electromagnetic induction. ii) When the plane of the surface is perpendicular
 Magnetic Flux (  ) : The number of magnetic to magnetic field (or) normal drawn to the surface
lines of force passing normally through given 
is parallel to the magnetic field n  B , then
 
area is called magnetic flux.
l
magnetic flux linked with the surface is
A ma
nor
 B maximum. i.e., max  BA    00 
iii) When the flux entering the surface is opposite
to the area vector ( n ) then    BA    1800 
When a surface of area A is placed in a uniform
magnetic field of induction B, such that the unit  The magnet ic flux linked with a coil
vector along the normal ( n ) makes an angle ‘  ’    NBA cos  can be changed by
with direction of magnetic field then the flux a) Changining the no. of turns (N)
passing through it is given by b) Varying the magnetic field (B)
c) Changing the area of the magnetic field
  B. A  BA cos 
bounded by the coil by moving the coil into or
 If magnetic field is non uniform then    B.ds out of the magnetic field
d) Changing the angle made by the coil with the
 The SI Unit of flux is weber (Wb).
direction of the field
CGS unit of flux is maxwell (Mx)
 The change of flux due to rotation of the
1 weber = 1 tesla - meter2
1 weber = 108 maxwell coil: When the coil is rotated from an angle of
Dimensional formula of the magnetic flux is 1 to an angle of 2 (both are measured w.r.t
.t
ML2T 2 A1 normal) in a uniform magnetic field then the
Magnetic flux is a scalar initial flux through the coil is
 Magnetic flux can be positive, negative or zero i  NBA cos 1
depending upon the angle between area vector The final flux through the coil after rotation is
and field direction.
 When a cylinder is placed in a uniform magnetic  f  NBA cos 2
field as shown in the below figure The change in the flux associated with the coil
is
n  B =0 B    f  i
C
  NBA  cos 2  cos 1 
n n
  BA A B =BA if 1  00 and 2  900 then    NBA
n  B n  B if 1  900 and 2  1800 then    NBA
i) When the plane of the surface is parallel to the if 1  00 and 2  1800 then   2NBA
direction of the magnetic field (or) normal drawn to
the surface is perpendicular to the magnetic field
NARAYANAGROUP 1
ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV
W.E-1: A rectangular loop of area 0.06 m2 is placed Where ‘ N ’ is total flux linked with the coil of N
in a uniform magnetic field of 0.3T with its turns.
plane (i) normal to the field (ii) inclined 300 (or)
to the field (iii) parallel to the field. Find the
d d
flux linked with the coil in each case. e  N      NBA cos  
dt dt
Sol:   NBA cos 
Negative sign is in accordance with Lenz’s law.
i)   1 0.06  0.3  cos 00  0.018 weber The above law is also called Neumann’s law.
ii)   1 0.06  0.3  cos 600  0.009 weber LENZ’S LAW AND CONSERVATION
iii)   1 0.06  0.3  cos 900  0
OF ENERGY
“The direction of the induced emf is always such
W.E-2: At a certain location in the northern
that it tends to produce a current which opposes
hemisphere, the earth’s magnetic field has
the change in magnetic flux”
magnitude of 42T and points downwards  Induced emf can exist whether the circuit is
at 530 to the vertical. Calculate the flux opened or closed. But induced current can exist
through a horizontal surface of area only in the closed circuits.
2.5m 2 . sin 530  0.8   A metallic ring is held horizontally and a bar
magnet is dropped through the ring with its length
along the axis of the ring, as shown in figure.
530
B A
Sol: B  BA cos 
 42  106  2.5  cos530  63Wb
FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTRO In both the cases net force on the magnet is
MAGNETIC INDUCTION Fnet  mg  f
First Law : Whenever the magnetic flux linked with Hence net acceleration of the fall is
an electric circuit (coil) changes, an emf is
induced in the circuit (coil). The induced emf f
a net  g   a net  g
exists as long as the change in magnetic flux m
continues. where f=force exerted by the induced magnetic
Second Law : The induced emf produced in the coil field of ring on the magnet.
is equal to the negative rate of change of magnetic  When the magnet is allowed to fall through an
flux linked with it. open ring (or) cut ring, then
d
e S
dt mg
where   flux through each turn N
If the coil contains N turns, an emf appears in
every turn all these emfs are to be added. Then, Cut ring
the induced emf is given by
a) an emf is induced
d d
e  N.    N 
dt dt
2 NARAYANAGROUP
b) No current is induced (since the ring is not closed) d) Hence plate A will become negatively charged
and hence no induced magnetic field. and plate B becomes positively charged.
c) No opposition to the motion of the magnet.  The directions of induced current in coil for different
d) Fnet  mg kinds of motion of magnets
e) a net  g Magnet falls with an acceleration = g

 When a magnet is allowed to fall through two Clockwise induced current
identical metal coils at different temperatures
then magnet falls slowly through the coil at low
temperature as its resistance is less more induced
current flows so more is the opposition. Clockwise induced current
 A magnet allowed to fall through a long
cylindrical pipe then the acceleration of magnet
is always less than ‘g’ and the acceleration
continuously decreases due to induced currents. No induced current
But the velocity increases until the magnet moves
with acceleration. At a particular instant the (because there is no change of flux linked with
acceleration becomes zero and the magnet moves the coil)
downwards with uniform velocity, called  When a current carrying conductor is placed
terminal velocity. beside a closed loop in its plane then the induced
 When north pole of a magnet is moved current direction for the following are
perpendicular to the plane of the coil as shown a) Current in conductor is constant.
in figure, then
Induced
Current N N S
A B
Capacitor  No induced current
a) emf is induced b) Current through the conductor increases as
b) Induced current flows from B to A along the shown.
coil when A and B are connected through
resistor. BO CW
c) Electrons flow from A to B along the coil Ii Bi 
B BO - Original field
A
d) Hence plate A will become positively charged Bi - Induced field
and plate B becomes negatively charged. C I
I= Increasing
 When the two magnets are moved perpendicular = Increasing
to plane of coil as shown, then
B (B)
A
S N S N  In this case, the flux through the loop due to
current carrying wire is out of the plane of the
a) emf is induced coil.
b) Induced current flows from A to Balong the  As current is increasing, the outward flux through
coil when A and B are connected through the coil also increases.
resistor.  Hence to oppose this, an inward flux is created
c) Electrons flow from B to A along the coil by the clock wise induced current.
c) Current through the conductor decreases as
shown.
NARAYANAGROUP 3
dB
c) Instantaneous emf e   AN cos 
dt
 If ‘A’ is changed then
a) Average induced emf
e   BN cos 
 A2  A1 
 t2  t1 
b) If the plane of the coil is perpendicular to
magnetic field, then   00  cos   1
In this case, the flux through the loop due to current
 A2  A1 
carrying wire is out of the plane of the coil. then e   BN
As current is decreasing, the outward flux through  t2  t1 
the coil also decreases. dA
Hence to oppose this, an outward flux is created c) Instantaneous emf e   BN cos 
dt
by the anti-clock wise induced current.
 If ‘  ’ is changed (i.e., if coil is rotated)
EXPRESSIONS FOR INDUCED EMF,
INDUCED CURRENT AND a) Average induced emf
INDUCED CHARGE
e   BAN
 cos 2  cos 1 
 According to Faraday’s second law and Lenz’s  t2  t1 
d
law the induced emf is given by e   d
dt b) Instantaneous emf e   BAN  cos  
dt
d If the coil is rotated with constant angular velocity
If the coil has N turns then e   N
dt ‘  ’ then   t and
 2  1  d
 e  N
dt
e   BAN  cos t   BAN  sin t
dt
d  e  BAN  sin t
 As   BAN cos  and e  
dt c) t  900 , if the plane is parallel to the
The emf is induced (or) change in flux is caused magnetic field then induced emf is maximum.
by changing B (or) A (or) N (or)  Then Peak emf.
 If ‘B’ is changed then e0  BAN 
a) Average induced emf
 e  e0 sin t
 B  B1 
e   AN cos  2 This is the principle of AC generator.
 t2  t1  INDUCED CURRENT
Here B1 is magnetic field induction at an instant  If the magnetic flux in a coil of resistance R
t1 B2 is magnetic field induction at an instant t2 changes from 1 to 2 in a time ‘dt’, then a
b) If the plane of t he coil is e
perpendicular t o magnet ic field, then current ‘i’ is induced in the coil as i 
R
  00  cos   1
N  2  1   d 
 B2  B1  i  e   N . 
then e   AN t  t Rdt  dt 
 2 1
 Induced current is given by
4 NARAYANAGROUP
Magnitude of current W.E-4: A circular coil of 500 turns of wire has an
Induced emf N  d  enclosed area of 0.1m2 per turn. It is kept
i   
Resistance in the circuit R  dt  perpendicular to a magnetic field of induction
0.2T and rotated by 1800 about a diameter
INDUCED CHARGE
perpendicular to the field in 0.1s. How much
 The amount of charge induced in a conductor is
charge will pass when the coil is connected
given as follows
to a galvanometer with a combined resistance
e 1  d  of 50  .
We know, I  (or) I    
R R  dt 
i   f NBA    NBA 2 NBA
dq 1 d 1 Sol: q   
  (or) dq   d  R R R
dt R dt R
f
2  500  0.2  0.1
1 q  0.4 C .
50
 Induced charge, q   R  d 
i W.E-5: Some magnetic flux is changed from a
1   f coil of resistance 10  . As a result an induced
q     f  i  (or) q  i (magnitude current is developed in it, which varies with
R R
of charge) tim e as shown in figure. What is the
magnitude of change in flux through the coil
 In general, induced charge is given by
?
change of magnetic flux
q 
resistance Sol: The induced charge is q 
R
N
For N turns, the induced charge is q   d   But, Area of i-t curve gives charge
R
 Induced emf is independent of total resistance    R  Area of i  t curve ;   qR
of the circuit but depends on time of change of
flux.
 Induced current depends on both time of change
of flux and resistance of circuit 1
  4  0.1 10    2wb
 Induced charge is independent of time but 2
depends on the resistance of circuit.
 When a magnet is moved towards a stationary
W.E-6: A long solenoid with 1.5 turns per cm has
coil(i) slowly and (ii) quickly, then
a) induced charge is same in both cases a small loop of area 2.0 cm 2 placed inside the
b) induced emf is more in second case solenoid normal to its axis. If the current in
c) induced current is more in second case the solenoid changes steadily from 2.0 A to
W.E-3: The magnetic flux through a coil 4.0 A in 1.0s. The emf induced in the loop is
perpendicular to its plane is varying according Sol: The magnetic field along the axis of solenoid is
to the relation  B   5t 3  4t 2  2t  5  weber.. B   0 ni where n is no. of turns per unit length.
Calculate the induced current through the flux through the smaller loop placed in solenoid
coil at t  2 second. The resistance of the is   B  A Since current in solenoid is
coil is 5  . changing, emf induced in loop is
Sol:   5t 3  4t 2  2t  5 d d  di 
e    0 niA ; e  0 nA  
d dt dt  dt 
e   15t 2  8t  2
dt  42
 4107 1.5 102  2 104   
at t  2 sec, e  78V  1 0 
i  5  15  4  8  2  2  i  15.6 A  0.75  106 V
NARAYANAGROUP 5
W.E-7: A sqaure loop of side 10cm and resistance Therefore, change in flux,
0.5  is placed vertically in the east-west B   f  i ;  8  103 Wb
plane. A uniform magnetic field of 0.10T is
set up across the plane in the north-east B
(a) Given t  0.01 s, R  5 ;  e 
direction. The magnetic field is decreased to t
zero in 0.70s at a steady rate. The magnitude
of current in this time-interval is. 8 103 e 0.8
  0.8V ; or i    0.16 A
Sol: The initial magnetic flux is given by 0.01 R 5
  BA cos  and q  it  0.16  0.01 ;  1.6  103 C
Given, B=0.10 T, area of square loop B
2 2 2 b) t  0.02s ;  e   t
 10 10  100cm  10 m
0.1102 8  1 0 3 e 0.4
  Wb  ; = 0.4V ; i    0.08 A
2 0 .0 2 R 5
Final flux, min  0 and q  it   0.08  0.02  ;  16  103 C
The change in flux is brought about in 0.70 s MOTIONAL EMF
The magnitude of the induced emf is  The motional emf is the emf which results from
   0 10 3 relative motion between a conductor and the
e    1 mV source of magnetic field.
t t 2  0.7  When a condutor of length l is moved with a
The magnitude of current is velocity v perpendicular to its length in uniform
e 103 magnetic field (B), which is perpendicular to
I   2 mA both its length and as well as its velocity, the
R 0.5
emf induced across its ends e=Blv
WE-8: A square loop ACDE of area 20cm 2 and
 If the rod moved making an angle  with its
resistance 5 is rotated in a magnetic field
length, then e  Blv sin 
B = 2T through 1800      
a) in 0.01 s and b) in 0.02 s.  
 In vector form e  B. l  v or l. v  B  
Find the magnetiude of e,i and q in both the   
 among B, l and v , if any two are parallel the
cases. emf induced across the conductor is zero
  B W.E-9: A rectangular loop of length ‘l’ and
A C breadth ‘b’ is placed at a distance of x from
an infinitely long wire carrying current ‘i’
   such that the direction of current is parallel
to breadth. If the loop moves away from the
current wire in a direction perpendicular to
E D it with a velocity ‘v’, the magnitude of the
  
Sol: Let us take the area vector S perpendicular to e.m.f. in the loop is : ( 0  permeability of
plane of loop inwards. So intially dS parallel free space)
to B and when it is rotated by 1800 , S is anti v
parallel to B. Hence, initial flux passing through
i b
the loop, i  BS cos 00   2   20 10 4  1 Sol:
l
 4  103 Wb x
Flux passing through the loop when it is rotated emf = Blv =Bbv   B1  B2  bv
by 1800 ,  f  BS cos1800  i  0i   ibv  1 1   0ilbv
 0   bv ;  0   ; 2x  x  l 
  2   20  10 4
  1  4.0 103Wb  2x 2  x  l   2  x l  x 
6 NARAYANAGROUP
WE-10: A horizontal magnetic field B is produced FLEMINGS’S RIGHT HAND RULE
across a narrow gap between the two square  Stretch the first three fingers of right hand such that
iron pole pieces. A closed square loop of side they are mutually perpendicular to each other. If
a, mass m and resistance R is allowed to fall the fore finger represents the direction of magnetic
with the top of the loop in the field. The loop field and the thumb represents the direction of the
attains a terminal velocity equal to : motion of the conductor, then the central finger
indicates the direction of induced current
B Motion of
a
conductor
a
Index Thumb
Sol: Induced emf in the loop, when it is falling with finger
terminal velocity
e Bva Field
e = BVa ; i  
R R
Vertically upward force experienced by loop due Central
finger
to this
Induced Current
 B
 Bva 
a
B 2va 2  A conductor of length ‘l’ measured from P to Q is
F = Bia ;   ; 
 R  r moved with a speed of ‘v’ in a uniform magnetic
When the loop attains terminal velocity ‘v’ field ‘B’ as shown in figure.
B
v y
B 2va 2 mgR
mg  ; V 2 2
R Ba x
W.E-11: A conducting wire of mass m slides 
down two smooth conducting bars, set at an P Q z
 
angle  to the horizontal as shown in figure. Here B  B(k ), l  l ( i )
The seperation between the bars is l . The 
and v  v cos  i  v sin  j
system is located in the magnetic field B ,
Induced emf is
perpendicular to the plane of the sliding wire   
and bars. The constant velocity of the wire is e  l. v  B  l ( i ). v cos i  v sin  j  B(k )
   
R
B   Blv sin 
The change in the flux in the time of ‘ t ’ is
  et   Blv sin t

 A conductor of length ‘l’ is bent at its midpoint

and is moved along its perpendicular bisector
with a constant speed of ‘v’ in a uniform magnetic
Sol: Along inclined plane the force acting downwards field of strength ‘B’ as shown in figure
 mg sin  .......(1) P
magnetic force acting upwards l/2
2 2
 Blv  Bl v
 F  Bil  B  R  l ;  ......(2) 

  R V
From (1) and (2) l/2
x
B 2l 2v mgR sin  Q
 mg sin  ; v
R B 2l 2
NARAYANAGROUP 7
x l Fm
From the figure sin    x  sin 
l/2 2
  w N BH
Here B  B(k ), v  vi s
n E
and effective length of the conductor Bv v
 d
  0 and e  0
l  2 x( j )  l sin ( j ) Induced emf is l dt
   e=0
e  l . v  B  l sin  (  j ).vi  B (  k )   Blv sin 
  (B)
The change in the flux associated in time internal
iii) If the wire is moving in a horizontal plane in any
of ‘ t ’ is   et   Blv sin t direction as shown in figure(C), it will cut flux of
Here the effective length between free ends of BV(as BH will always be parallel to area) and so
conductor is l sin  . BH
 The emf induced across the ends of the conductor
shown in the figure is
l1 Bv v
l


v
l2 e=Bv lv
C 
d V
e  BVl  BV  l1 sin 1  l2 sin 2  V  Bvls and e   BV vl
dt
i) If a conductor is moving vertically downwards
with constant velocity v with its ends pointing  ds 
 with v  dt 
east-west, it will cut the horizontal component  
of earth’s field BH as shown in figure (A) and WE-12: A wire of length 2l is bent at mid point so
hence the flux linked with the area generated by that the angle between two halves is 600. If it
the motion of the conductor, and induced emf moves as shown with a velocity v in a magnetic
d field B find the induced emf.
will be H  BH  ly  and e  H  BH v y l
dt
FmB
H
B A
y B
 dy  W Sol: e=Blv. Here l = Effective length = PQ
 with v y   F
 dt  l W.E-13 : A conductor of length 0.1m is moving with
e=BHvl a velocity of 4m/s in a uniform magnetic field of
(A) 2T as shown in the figure. Find the emf induced?
ii) However in case of vertical motion, if the
ends of the conductor point north-south, both BH
and BV will be parallel to the plane of area
generated by the motion of the conductor as
shown figure (B) and hence it doesn’t cut the
magnetic lines. so Sol: e=Blv sin 900 = (2) (0.1) (4) = 0.8 Volt
8 NARAYANAGROUP
WE-14: Figure shows a conducting rod PQ in  The effective electric circuit can be redrawn as
contact with metal rails RP and SQ, which shown in Fig.
are 0.25m apart in a uniform magnetic field A E B
of flux density 0.4T acting perpendicular to
the plane of the paper. Ends R and S are i1 i i2
R1 e=Bvl R2
connected through a 5  resistance. What is
the emf when the rod moves to the right with
a velocity of 5ms 1 ? What is the magnitude D F C
The resistance R1 and R2 are in parallel, so the
and direction of the current through the
5  resistance? If the rod PQ moves to the 1 1 1
equivalent resistance R is given by R  R  R
left with the same speed, what will be the new 1 2
current and its direction ? e

From Ohms law, the total current is i 
R
 1 1 
i  Blv   
-  R1 R2 
BlV
Sol: e  Blv  0.4  0.25  5  0.5V Current in AD is i1  R ; Current in BC is
1
e 0.5V
Current, I    0.1A BlV
R 5 i2 
R2
As the rod ‘PQ’ moves to right as shown, the
free electrons in it experience a Lorentz force. WE-16: A rectangular loop with a slide wire of
According to F.L.H., the force is towards the length l is kept in a uniform magnetic field
end ‘Q’ of rod.  They move from P to Q, as shown in the figure. The resistance of
hence the end of the rod P becomes deficient of slider is R. Neglecting self inductance of the
loop find the current in the connector during
electrons  VP  VQ its motion with a velocity v.
Applying Flemming’s right hand rule, the current
in the rod shall flow from Q to P.
(b) : If the rod PQ moves to the left with the R2 l V R1
same speed, then the current of 0.1 A will flow B
inthe rod PQ from P to Q Sol: The equivalent circuit is
WE-15: A loop ABCD containing two resistors as
shown in figure is placed in a uniform
magnetic field B directed outwards to the R R 1R 2
plane of page. A sliding conductor EF of R1  R 2
length l and of negligible resistance moves to Blv
the right with a uniform velocity v as shown
in Fig. Determine the current in each branch. The equivalent resistance of the circuit is
A E B
 RR 
B R  R 1 2 
R1 l v B R2  R1  R2 
D F C e
Sol: The magnetic field induction B, length l and the Hence the current in the connector is i 
R
velocity v of the conductor EF are mutually
perpendicular, hence the emf induced in it is Blv  R1  R2 
 i
e=Blv (with end F of the rod at higher potential)  RR1  RR2  R1R2 
NARAYANAGROUP 9
W.E-17: A conducting rod PQ of length L = 1.0m Solving (1) and (2) gives :
is moving with a uniform speed v=2.0m/s in a 18 10
uniform magnetic field B=4.0T directed into i1   103 A and i2   10 3 A
55 55
the paper. A capacitor of capacity C  10F
 Current through 5   i1  i2
is connected as shown in the figure. Then
what are the charges on the plates A and B of 8 8
  10 3 A  mA
the capacitor. 55 55
P W.E-19: A conducting rod MN moves with a speed
B v parallel to a long straight wire which carries
A a constant current i, as shown in Fig. The
v
B length of the rod is normal to the wire. Find
the emf induced in the total length of the rod.
Q State which end will be at a lower potential.
Sol: The motional emf is
 p.d across the capacitor  Blv  4 1 2  8V
q  CV  10  8  80C
A is +Ve w.r.t. B (from fleming right hand rule)
The charge on plate A is q A  80  C
The charge on plate B is qB  80C
W.E-18: Two parallel rails with negligible Sol: The magnetic field induction due to current i is
different at different sections of the rod, because
resistance are 10.0 cm apart. They are
they are at different distances from the wire.
connected by a 5.0  resistor. The circuit also Let us, first of all, subdivide the entire length of
contains two metal rods having resistances of the conductor MN into elementary sections.
10.0  and 15.0  along the rails. The rods Consider a section (shown shaded in the figure
are pulled away from the resistor at constant (b)) of thickness dx at a distance x from the wire.
speeds 4.00 m/s and 2.00 m/s respectively. A As all the three, v, B and (dX) are mutually
uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.01T normally to each other, so the emf induced in it
is applied perpendicular to the plane of the is de=Bvdx.
rails. Determine the current in the 5.0  (from N to M by Fleming’s right hand rule)
resistor.
dx
x
M N
B
de
Figure (b)
Sol: In the figure R  5.0 , r1  10 , r2  15  , For the rest of sections, the induced emf is in the
same sense, (i.e., from N to M)
e1  Blv1  0.01 0.1 4  4 10 3V
 Tot al emf induced in the conductor is
e2  Blv2  0.01 0.1 2  2  10 3V ba
Applying Kircoff’s law to the left loop : e   de   Bv dx
b
10i1  5  i1  i2   4 103 0i

Substituting for B  , the above equation
 15i1  5i2  4  103  (1) 2x
gets changed to
Right loop : 15i2  5  i1  i2   2 103 b a  0iv dx  iv b a  iv
e e  0  ln x b or,, e  0 ln 1  a / b 
 20i2  5i1  2  10 3
 (2) b 2 x 2 2
10 NARAYANAGROUP
W.E-20 : A square loop of side a is placed in the W.E-22 : A metallic square loop ABCD is moving in its
same plane as a long straight wire carrying a own plane with velocity v in a uniform magnetic
current i. The centre of the loop is at a field perpendicular to its plane as shown in the figure.
distance r from the wire where r  a . The Find
loop is moved away from the wire with a a) In which sides of the loop electric field is
constant velocity v. The induced e.m.f. in the
induced.
loop is
b) Net emf induced in the loop
c)If one ‘BC’ is outside the field with remaining loop
in the field and is being pulled out with a costant
velocity then induced current in the loop.
A B
v
Sol: Magnetic field by the straight wire of current i at a
i D C
distance r is B  0
2r Sol: a) The metallic square loop moves in its own
flux associated with t he loop is plane with velocity v.
 i A uniform magnetic field is imposed
  BA  0 a 2 perpendicular to the plane of the square loop.
2 r
AD and BC are  to the velocity as well as 
d  0 2 d  1  0 2  1  dr to field applied. Hence electric field is induced
e   ia   ia  2 
dt 2 dt  r  2  r  dt across the sides AD and BC only.
Hence the induced emf in the loop is b) As there is no change of flux through the entire
 a 2
 dr  coil net emf induced in the coil is zero.
e  0 i 2 v   v 
2 r  dt  e
c)Induced current i  Where R is the
W.E-21: Two conducting rings of radii r and 2r R
move in apposite directions with velocities 2 resistance of the coil.
and  respectively on a conducting surface S. Blv
There is a uniform magnetic field of magnitude i  (Only the side AD cuts the flux)
R
B perpendicular to the plane of the rings. The
potential difference between the highest points MOTIONAL EMF INDUCED IN A
of the two rings is ROTATING BAR
B 2r Bin
2v r x v -
S P
Sol: Replace the induced emfs in the rings by cells dr
emfs e1  B 2r  2v   4 Brv
O
e2  B  4r  v  4 Brv The equivalent circuit is +
1 2  If a rod of length l is rotated with a constant

e1 - +
e2 angular velocity ‘  ’ about an axis passing
+ -
through its end (O) and perpendicular to its length

s and if a uniform magnetic field B is present
Hence the potential difference between the perpendicular to it, then emf across its ends is
highest points of t he t wo rings is
1 2
V2  V1  e1  e2  8Brv given by e  Bl 
2
NARAYANAGROUP 11
 In the above case if the rod is rotated about an axis Sol: Here each spoke of wheel act as a source of an
passing through its centre (O) and perpendicular to induced emf (cell) and emf’s of all spokes are
tis length them emf across its ends is zero parallel.
 f=120 rev/min = 2 rev/second,
1 2 A- B=0.40 gauss= 0.4 104 T ,
emf across OA is e   Bl  Area swept, by each spoke per second, A  r 2 f
8
1 2 + o Magnetic flux cut by each spoke per second,
emf across OB is e   Bl 
8 d B
Net emf across AB is zero - B  BA  B r 2 f
dt
end ‘A’ is -ve with respect to ‘O’ Induced emf, e  Br 2 f (numerically)
end ‘B’ is -ve with respect to ‘O’
 A spoked wheel of spoke length ‘l’ is rotated about 22
e  0.4 10 4   0.5  0.5  2
its axis with an angular velocity ‘  ’ in a plane normal 7
to uniform magnetic field B as shown.
Rim
spokes
The emf induced across the ends of each spoke is e  6.29  105 volt
1 Induced emf in a wheel is independent of no. of
e  Bl 2  , with axle (centre) at higher potential. spokes.
2
Since all the spokes are parallel between axle and W.E-25: A metal rod of resistance 20  is fixed
rim, the emf induced between axle and rim is along a diameter of a conducting ring of
1 radius 0.1m and lies on x-y plane. There is a
e  Bl 2  . 
2 magnetic field B   50T  k . The ring rotates
It is independent of number of spokes.
with an angular velocity   20 rad / s about
W.E-23: A copper rod of length 2m is rotated with
a speed of 10 rps, in a uniform magnetic field its axis. An external resistance of 10  is
of 1 tesla about a pivot at one end. The connected across the centre of the ring and
magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane rim. The current through external resistance
of rotation. Find the emf induced across its is
ends 10
1 2 1 2 2
Sol: e  Bl  B  2n  l  Bnl
2 2 Sol: 10
e  3.14 110  2  2  125.6 volt 10
W.E-24: A wheel with 10 metallic spokes, each 0.5m The equivalent circuit is
long, is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/minute in a 10
plane normal to the earth’s magnetic field at the
place. If the magnitude of the field is 0.40 gauss, 10
what is the induced emf between the axle and the
rim of the wheel ? 10
1 2 1
e Bl    50  0.1 0.1 20 ;
2 2
Rim  e  5V Hence the current through the external
spokes e 5 1
resistance is i  i   A
R 15 3
12 NARAYANAGROUP
MOTIONAL EMF INDUCED IN A The rate at which work is done by the applied force
ROTATING DISC to move the rod is,
Y B 2l 2v 2
Papplied  Fv 
R
R
B
B
The rate at which energy is dissipated in the
dr
r u circuit is,
 B X
2
Z b 2  Bvl  B 2l 2 v 2
I
Pdissipated  i R    R 
 R  R
 A circular disc of radius ‘R’ is rotating with an This is just equal to the rate at which work is
angular velocity ‘  ’ about an axis passing done by the applied force.
through centre and plane of rotation is normal to W.E-27: A 0.1 m long conductor carrying a current
an uniform magnetic field of induction B. It is of 50 A is perpendicular to a magnetic field of
equivalent to a spoked wheel with a large
1.25 mT. The mechanical power to move the
number of spokes each of length ‘R’ between
centre and rim without any air gap. The emf conductor with a speed of 1ms 1 is
induced between centre and rim is independent Sol: Power P=Fv ; P=Bilv ; l=0.1m ; i=50
of number of spokes.
So, the emf induced between centre and rim is B  1.25  103 ; v=1m/sec ; p  Bilv
1 2 1 2
 1.25  103  50  0.1 1 ;  6.25 103 ; =6.25 mW
e  Bl   BR 
2 2 W.E-28: A short - circuited coil is placed in a time
W.E-26: A copper disc of radius 1m is rotated varying magnetic field. Electrical power is
about its natural axis with an angular velocity dissipated due to the current induced in the coil.
2 rad/sec in a uniform magnetic field of 5 telsa If the number of turns were to be quadrupled
with its plane perpendicular to the field. Find and the radius of the wire is to be halved, then
the emf induced between the centre of the disc find the electrical power dissipated.
and its rim. Sol: Current is induced in the short-circuited coil due
1 1 to the imposed time - varying magnetic field.
2
Sol: e  Br ; e   5  2  1 1  5 volt
2 2 e2 d
Power P  ; Here e where   NBA
ENERGY CONSIDERATION R dt
P
l
and R  2 wher l and r are length and radius
F.v r
l R F m
2
Q r 2  d 
of the wire.  P   NBA or
l  dt 
 A conductor PQ is moved with a constant
velocity v on parallel sides of a U shaped r 2 2 2  dB 
2
N 2r 2
conductor in a magnetic field as shown in figure. P N A   or P=(constant)
Let R be the resistance of the closed loop. l  dt  l
The emf induced in the rod is e=Blv r1
e Blv when r2  then t2  4l1
2
The current in the circuit is i  
R R 2 2
As current flows in the conductor PQ from Q to P  4N   r   l 
 2     
P of the conductor. So, an equal and opposite P1 N2  2r   4l 
force F has to be applied on the conductor to
move the conductor with a constant velocity v. P2 16 N 2  r 2  l P2 1
  2 2 or P  1
B 2l 2 v P1 N  4r  4l 1
Thus, F  Fm   Power dissipated is the same.
R
NARAYANAGROUP 13
W.E-29: A pair of parallel horizontal conducting WE-30: Two parallel vertical metallic bars XX 1
rails of negligible resistance, shorted at one and YY 1 , of negligible resistance and separated
end is fixed on a table. The distance between by a length ‘l ’, are as shown in Fig. The ends
R can slide on the rails frictionlessly. The rod of the bars are joined by resistance R1 and R2.
is tied to a massless string which passes over a A uniform magnetic field of induction B exists
pulley fixed to the edge of the table. A mass in space normal to the plane of the bars. A
m, tied to the other end of the string, hangs horizontal metallic rod PQ of mass m starts
vertically. A constant magnetic field B exists falling vertically, making contact with the
perpendicular to the table. If the system is bars. It is observed that in the steady state the
released from rest, calculate : powers dissipated in the resistance R1 and R2
B
and the terminal velocity attained by the rod
PQ.
FM R1
X Y
T
mg
B
i) The terminal velocity achieved by the rod. P Q
ii) The acceleration of the mass at the instant l
when the velocity of the rod, is half the terminal X' Y'
velocity.
Sol: i) the velocity of rod = V R2
Intensity of magnetic field = B Sol: Let V0 be the terminal velocity attained by the
 emf induced in rod (e)=BLV V rod PQ (in the steady state). If i1 and i2 be the
currents flowing through R1 and R2 in this state,
BlV then current flowing through the rod PQ is
 current induced in rod (i) 
R i  i1  i2 (see the circuit diagram) as shown in
B 2VL2
Force on the rod F  BiL 
R
Net force on the system = mg - T
mg - T = ma Fig.
B 2VL2 B 2VL2
but T  F  Hence, mg   ma
R R
 Applying Kirchoff’s loop rule, yields.
B 2VL2 i1 R1  BV0 l and i2 R2  BV0 l
or a  g  ...............(i)
mR
 1 1 
For rod to achieve terminal velocity VT , a  0  i1  i 2  B V 0 l    ......(i)
 1 R 2 R
B 2VT L2 B 2V02 l 2
0  g  2
mR Given that, P1  i1 R1  .....(ii)
R1
mgR
or Terminal velocity VT   .........(ii) 2 B 2V02 l 2
B 2 L2 and P2  i R2 
2
R2
V
ii) Acceleration of mass when V  T .....(iii)
2 Also in the steady state, the acceleration of PQ=0
mgR
or V  . Put this value of V in (i)  mg  B  i1  i2  l
2 B 2 L2
B 2 L2  mgR  g 2 2 1 1 
a  g    2 2  or a  g  (or) mg  B l V0  R  R   P1  P2
mR  2 B L  2  1 2 
[From equation (ii) and (iii)]
g
or a  ...............(iii) P1  P2
2  The terminal velocity is V0  mg
14 NARAYANAGROUP
Substituting for V0 in equation (ii),  The net emf induced

2 2 d dB dB  dB dB 
B2l 2  P1  P2   Bl  P1  P2   1 e A  A v  A  v. 
P1     R1     dt dt dx  dt dx 
R1  mg   mg  P1
 144  10 4 10 3  8  10 3 
Similarly from equation (iii)
 Bl  P1  P2  
2
1  144  9  107  129.6  10 6 V
R2     WE-33: A bar of mass m and length l moves on
 mg  P2 two frictionless parallel rails in the presence
WE-31: The loop ABCD is moving with velocity of a uniform magnetic field directed into the
‘v’ towards right. The magnetic field is 4T. plane of the paper. The bar is given an initial
The loop is connected to a resistance of 8  . velocity vi to the right and released. Find the
If steady current of 2A flows in the loop then velocity of bar, induced emf across the bar and
value of ‘v’ if loop has a resistance of 4  , is the current in the circuit as a function of time
: (Given AB=30cm, AD=30 cm)
C
D
v
8 l R vi
A 37 0
B
Sol: The induced emf in the loop is e  Blv Sol: The induced current is in the counter clockwise
0 0 direction and the magnetic force on the bar is
e  B  AD  sin 37 v  4  0.3sin 37 v
Effective resistance of the circuit is given by FB  ilB . The negative sign indicates
that the force is towards the left and retards
e Blv
R   4  8   12  ; Hence i   motion.
R R F=ma
4  0.3  sin 37 0 v 100 dv
2 ; v  m/ s ilB  m.
 4  8 3 dt
WE-32: A square loop of side 12cm with its sides Because the force depends on current and the
parallel to x and y-axes is moved with a current depends on the speed, the force is not
velocity 8 cm/s along positive x-direction in constant and the acceleration of the bar is not
an environment containing magnetic field constant. The induced current is given by
along +ve z-direction. The field has a gradient Blv dv
i ; ilB  m.
of 103 tesla/em along -ve x-direction R dt
(increasing along -ve x-axis) and also
 Blv  dv dv B 2l 2
decreases with time at the rate of 103 tesla/s.   lB  m.    dt
The emf induced in the loop is  R  dt v mR
Sol: The magnetic field in loop varies with position v
dv B 2l 2
t
v B 2l 2 t
‘x’ of loop and also with time simultaneously. v v    dt ; ln     t
The rate of change of flux due to variation of ‘B’ 1
mR 0  v1  mR T
d dB mR t
with time is  A T
dt dt where T   v  vi e
The rate of change of flux due to variation B B 2l 2
with position ‘x’ is The speed of the bar therefore decreases
d dB dB dx dB
exponentially with time under the action of
 A A  A v magnetic retarding force.
dt dt dx dt dx
Since both cause decrease in flux, the two effects t Blv Bl Tt
will add up emf  iR  Blvi e T ; current : i   v1e
R R
NARAYANAGROUP 15
WE-34: The arm PQ of the rectangular conductor The force required to keep the arm PQ in constant
is moved from x=0, outwards in the uniform motion is IlB. Its direction is to the left.
magnetic field which extends from x=0 to x=b B 2l 2 v
and is zero for x>b as shown. Only the arm F 0  x  b : F  0 b  x  2b
r
PQ possesses substantial resistance r.
The Joule heating loss is
Consider the situation when the arm PQ is
pulled outwards from x=0 to x=2b, and is then B 2l 2 v 2
PJ  I 2 r  0 xb
moved back to x=0 with constant speed v. r
Obtain expressions for the flux, the induced PJ  0 b  x  2b
emf, the force necessary to pull the arm and
One obtains similar expressions for the inward
the power dissipated as Joule heat. Sketch
motion from x  2b to x  0 . One can
the variation of these quantities with distance.
appreciate the whole process by examining the
K L M sketch of various quantities displayed in Fig
P EDDY CURRENTS
v
l  When bulk pieces of conductors are subjected
to changing magnetic flux, induced currents are
produced in them.
x=0 x=b x=2b
 The flow patterns of induced currents resemble
Sol: Let us first consider the forward motion from the whirling eddies in water. This effect was
x  0 to x  2b . The flux B linked with the discovered by Foucault and these currents are
called eddy currents (or) Foucault currents.
circuit SPQR is
 A copper plate is allowed to swing like a simple
The induced emf is,
pendulum between the pole pieces of a strong
d B magnet, its motion is damped and the plate comes
   Blv 0 xb
dt to rest inthe magnetic field due to eddy currents
in the plate.
  0 b  x  2b
 If rectangular slots are made in the copper plate
When the induced emf is nonzero,
area available to the flow of eddy currents is
Blv less. So, electromagnetic damping is reduced
the current I is I  (in magnitude) and the plate swings more freely.
r
OUTWARD INWARD
 The eddy currents heat up the metallic cores and
dissipate electrical energy inthe form of heat in
K L M L K the devices like transformers, electric motors and
other such devices.
Blb
 The eddy currents are minimized by using.
Flux
laminations of metal to make a metal core. The

laminations are separated by an insulating
Blv material like lacquer.
 The plane of the laminations must be arranged
EMF
parallel to the magnetic field, so that they cut

-Blv
across the eddy current paths reduces the strength
of the eddy current.
B 2l 2 v
 Advantages :
Force
r
Eddy currents are used in
B 2l 2 v
r a) Magnetic braking in trains.
B 2l 2 v 2
b) Electromagnetic damping.
Power
r
c) Induction furnace.
0 b 2b b 0
x= d) Electric power meters.
16 NARAYANAGROUP
SELF INDUCTION : 0 N 2r
L
2
SELF INDUCTANCE OF A SOLENOID :
Consider a long solenoid of length l, area of cross
section A and number of turns per unit length n
EE and length is very large when compared with
 If current flowing in a coil changes, the magnetic
radius of cross section.
flux linked with the coil changes. Then emf
Let I be the current flowing through the solenoid.
induced in the coil is called self induced emf
The magnetic field inside the long solenoid is
and the phenomenon is called self induction.
 If ‘i’ is the current flowing through the coil and uniform and is given by B   0 nI
‘  ’ is magnetic flux linked with the coil, then Total number of turns in the solenoid of length l
is N=nl.
 Now, the magnetic flux linked with each turn of
  i    L i, L 
i the solenoid B  A  0 nIA
Here ‘L’ is called coefficient of self induction
of the coil or self inductance of the coil. l

  i    L i, L 
i I
 Self induced e.m.f is given by  Total magnetic flux linked with the whole
d  di solenoid,  =magnetic flux with each turn 
e  L
dt dt number of turns in the solenoid.
 Self inductance of a coil is magnetic flux linked    0 nIA  nl   0 n 2 IAl ............(1)
with the coil when unit current flows through it
(or) emf induced in the coil when current changes But   LI  LI   0 n 2 IAl from (1) & (2)
in it at the rate of 1 A/sec.
N N2
 S.I. Unit of self inductance : Henry.  L   0 n 2 Al Since n  , L  0 A
Other Units : weber / ampere, volt-second/ampere, l l
 Self inductance of coil depends on
J / amp 2 , Wb 2 / J , voltsec 2 coul 1 . Dimensional i) Geometry of the coil
formula of L is  ML2T 2 I 2  i.e., a) Number of turns of the coil
b) The length (l ) of the solenoid,
 A coil having high self inductance is called c) The area of cross-section (A) of the solenoid,
inductor. ii) Medium inside the coil (permeability)
 Self induction is also known as inertia of iii) Nature of the material of the core of the solenoid.
electricity as it opposes the growth or decay of  More is the permeability of the medium, more is
the current in the circuit. the self inductance
 Inductance may be viewed as electrical inertia. It  An inductor will have large inductance and low
is analogous to inertia in mechanics. It does not resistance.
oppose the current, but is opposes the change in  Resistor opposes the current, inductor opposes
current. the change of current
SELF INDUCTANCE OF A FLAT  One can have resistance without inductance
CIRCULAR COIL :  One cannot have inductance without resistance.
Let us consider a circular coil of radius r and  An ideal inductor has inductance and no
containing N-turns. Suppose it carries a current resistance.
‘i ’. The magnetic field at the centre due to this  When the current in the coil either increases or
 Ni decreases at a rate, then the coil can be imagined
current B  0 di
2r to be a cell of emf e  L.
  0 Ni  2 0 N ri
2 dt
And total flux  NBA  N   r   One can have self inductance without mutual
 2r  2 inductance.
Now comparing with N  B  Li we get  One cannot have mutual inductance without self
inductance.
NARAYANAGROUP 17
The direction of induced emf for different states of (or) emf induced in one coil when current in the
current in a coil : other coil changes at the rate of 1 Amp/second.
a) Steady current  S.I. unit : Herry
 Dimensional formula of self inductance or mutual
di
0 inductance is ML2T 2 A2
i dt i  The value of mutual inductance depends on
1) Distance between the two coils
e = 0 no opposition 2) Number of turns of coils
b) Make of circuit or increasing current 3) Geometrical shape of the coil
Circuit is made on 4) Material of the core medium between the coils
or I increasing 5) Orientation of the coils i.e., angle between
the axes of the coils.
e If the axes the parallel, then M is maximum
eL
di If the axes are perpendicular then M is minimum
dt
+ - MUTUAL INDUCTANCE OF TWO
(A) LONG COAXIAL SOLENOIDS :
c) Breaking of circuit of decreasing of current  Consider two solenoids S1 and S2 such that the
Circuit is made off solenoid S2 completely surrounds the solenoid
or I decreasing S1.
l
e I1 I1
di S1
e  L
- + dt
S2
(B)
MUTUAL INDUCTION Let l be length of each solenoid (or length of
 When current in one coil changes, magnetic flux primary coil) and of nearly same area of cross-
linked with the second coil placed near by it section A. N1 and N2 are the total number of turns
also changes. The emf induced in secondary is of solenoid S1 and S2 respectively.
called mutually induced emf and the phenomenon  Number of turns per unit length of solenoid S1
is called mutual induction. N1
is, n1 
l
S P
Number of turns per unit length of solenoid S2
N
is, n2  2
G K
l
E
Magnetic field inside the solenoid S1 is given
 If ‘ i p ’ is current flowing in the primary coil, N1
by B1   0 n1 I1   0 I1
l
‘  S ’ is magnetic flux linked with secondary coil,  Magnetic flux linked with each turn of solenoid
then S  i p N1
S2  B1 A   0 I1 A
S l
 S  Mi p , M   Total magnetic flux linked with N2 turns of the
ip solenoid S2 is
Here ‘M’ is called coefficient of mutual induction N1
or mutual inductance. 2  N 2  B1 A    0 I1 A  N 2
 Induced emf in secondary coil is l
 0 N 1 N 2 I1 A
d   di  e 2  .............. (i)
e   M  p  (or) M  l
dt  dt  di p / dt But 2  M 12 I1 ................ (ii)
 Mutual indictance between two coils is equal to Where M12 is the mutual inductance when current
the magnetic flux linked in the secondary coil varies in solenoid S 1 and makes magnetic
when unit current passes through the primary coil flux linked with solenoid S2,
18 NARAYANAGROUP
from (i) and (ii) we get ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR
 NN IA  N N A  Consider an ideal inductor of inductance ‘L’
M 12 I1  0 1 2 1  M 12  0 1 2
l l connected with a battery. Let I be the current
 NN A inthe circuit at any instant ‘t ’
Similarly, M 21  0 1 2 , where M21 is the
l di
mutual inductance when current varies in e  L
dt
solenoid S2 and makes magnetic flux linked with
solenoid S1. VL
It can be proved that M 12  M 21  M E
The above equation is treated as a general result, + -+ -
if the two solenoids are wound on a magnetic
substance of relative permeability  r , then the This induced emf is given by
mutual inductance is given by dI
e  L
 NN A dt
M  0 r 1 2   0  r n1n2 Al
l -ve sign shows that ‘e’ opposes the change of
W.E-35: Two different coils have self inductance current I in the inductor.
L1  8mH and L2  2mH . The currents in To drive the current through the inductor against
both are increasing at the same constant rate. the induced emf ‘e’, the external voltage is
At a certain instant of time, the power given applied. Here external voltage is emf of the
to the two coils is the same. At this moment battery = E
the current, the induced voltage and energy According to Kirchoff’s voltage law, E+e=0
stored in the first coil are i 1 , V 1 and U 1 dI
respectively. The corresponding values in the E  e ; E  L dt
second coil are i2, V2 and U2 respectively. Let an infinitesimal charge dq be driven through
i1 V1 U1 the inductor in time dt. So, the rate of work
Then the values of i , V and U are done by the external voltage is given by
2 2 2
respectively dW dI dI
 EI  L  I  LI
dt dt dt
i1 L2 2 1 v1 L1 8
Sol: i  L  8  4 ; v  L  2  4 The total work done in establishing a current
2 1 2 2 through the inductor from 0 to I is given by
U1 L2 2 1 I
 I2  1
   W   dW   LI dI ; W  L    LI 2
U 2 L1 8 4
0  2 2
W.E-36: Two coaxial solenoids are made by wind-
ing thin insulated wire over a pipe of cross- 1 2
W LI
sectional area A  10cm 2 and length = 20cm. 2
If one of the solenoids has 300 turns and the The work done in maintaining the current through
other 400 turns, their mutual inductance is
the inductor is stored as the potential energy (U)
 0  4  10 7 TmA1  in its magnetic field. Hence energy stored inthe
0 N1 N 2 A inductor is given by
Sol: M 
L 1 2
7  2 3
U LI
410  3 10  4  10  10 2
M
2 101 1 2
 2.4 104 H  The equation U  LI is similar to the
2
NARAYANAGROUP 19
1 2 dI LdI 5  2
expression for kinetic energy E  mv . It shows that Now, e L or dt   s
2 dt e 50
L is analogues to mass ‘m’ and self inductance is
called electrical inertia. 10 1
s  s  0.2 s
 The self inductance of a coil is numerically equal to 50 8
twice the energy stored in it when unit current flows So, the desired emf can be produced by reducing
through it. the given current to zero in 0.2 second
i.e., When i=1A, L=2U WE-40: Two different coils have self-inductances
di
  L1  16 mH and L2  12 mH . At a certain
 Induced power P  e  i  Li   .
 dt  instant, the current in the two coils is
 In case of solenoid L   0 n Al 2 increasing at the same rate of power supplied
to the two coils is the same. Find the ratio of
 Magnetic energy stored per unit volume i) induced voltage ii) current iii) energy stored
1 2 2 in the two coils at that instant.
Li B
1
uB  2  uB  u0 n 2i 2 Hence u B  2 dI dI V1 L1 16 
Al 2 0 Sol: i) V1  L1 ;V2  L2 ; V  L  12  3
dt dt 2 2
 The magnetic energy stored per unit volume
similar to electrostatic energy stored per unit I1 V1 3
ii) P  V1 I1  V2 I 2  I  V  4
1 2 2 2
volume in a parallel plate capacitor u B   0 E
2 1
In both cases the energy is proportional to the L I2 2 2
U1 2 1 1  L1   I1  4  3  3
square of field stregth.         
iii) U 2 1
W.E-37: The self-inductance of a coil having 200 L2 I 22  L2   I 2  3  4  4
2
turns is 10 milli henry. Calculate the WE-41: The network shown is a part of the closed
magnetic flux through the cross-section of the circuit in which the current is changing. At
coil corresponding to current of 4 an instant, current in it is 5A. Potential
milliampere. Also determine the total flux difference between the points A and B if the
linked with each turn. current is
Sol: Total magnetic flux linked with the coil, A B
N   LI  102  4  103  4  105Wb 5A 1 5H
15V
1) Increasing at 1A/sec
4 105 7 2) Decreasing at 1A/sec
 Flux per turn,    2 10 Wb
200 Sol: 1) The coil can be imagined as a cell of emf
WE-38 : A coil of inductance 0.2 henry is  di 
connected to 600 volt battery. At what rate, e  L    5  1  5V ;  Equivalent circuit is
 dt 
will the current in the coil grow when circuit
is completed ? A B
5A 1
Sol: As the battery and inductor are in parallel, at 15V 5V
any instant, emf of the battery and self emf in the VA  5(1)  15  5  VB
inductor are equal Hence VA  VB  5  15  5  25V
dI dI e 600V 2) The coil can be imagined as a cell of emf
e L or    3000 A s 1
dt dt L 0.2 H  di 
e  L    5  1  5V ;  Equivalent circuit is
W.E-39: An inductor of 5H inductance carries a  dt 
steady current of 2A. How can a 50V self-
A B
induced emf be made to appear in the inductor 5A 1
15V 5V
Sol: L  5H ; e  50 V ; Let us produce the required VA  5(1)  15  5  VB
emf by reducing current to zero Hence VA  VB  5  15  5  15V
20 NARAYANAGROUP
RELATION BETWEEN L1, L2 AND M : INDUCTORS IN PARALLEL :

1 2 If two coils of inductances L 1 and L2 are
connected in parallel then the current divides.
The flux linked with coil 1 is L1
N i1
N11  L1i1  L1  1 1 N1 N2
i1
The flux linked with coil 2 is i i2 L2
N
N 2 2  L2i2  L2  2 2
i2 L1 L2
e
N11
M on 1 because of 2 ; M 12  i di di1 di2  e  e1  e2
2 i.e., i  i1  i2 (or)  
dt dt dt LP L1 L2
N 2 2 However in parallel as potential difference
M on 2 because of 1 ; M 21  i1 remains same i.e, e  e1  e2 , so
 If the flux in linkage is maximum, then
1 1 1 L1L2
N 2 2 N11   (or) LP 
M 12  M 21  M ; M 12  M 21  i  i LP L1 L2  L1  L2 
1 2
If n coil of inductances L1 , L2 , L3 .........Ln are
M 2  L1 L2 ;  M  L1 L2 connected in parallel then effetive inductance of
This is the maximum mutual inductance when the arrangement,
all the flux linked with one coil is also 1 1 1 1
completely linked with the other.    ......... 
In general, only a fraction of the total flux will LP L1 L2 Ln
be linked with the coil due to the flux leakage. (when coils are far away)
 Let two coils of inductances L1 and L2 are
 M  K L1L2 connected in series and M is their mutual
Where K-coefficient of coupling  K  1 inductance. The flux linked with one coil will
For tight coupling (or) if the coils are closely be the sum of two fluxes which exist
wound, then K=1. independently. When the flux in the two coils
support each other
 M max  L1 L2 N11  L1i1  M 12i2
INDUCTORS IN SERIES : di di
If two coils of inductances L 1 and L2 are From Faraday’s law, e1   L1 1  M 12 2
connected in series then the potential divides. dt dt
L1 L2 Similarly N 22  L2i2  M 21i1
e1 e2 di di
e2   L2 2  M 21 1
dt dt
di di di di
e e  e1  e2   L1 1  M 12 2  L2 2  M 21 1
dt dt dt dt
di di di
i.e., e  e1  e2 (or) LS  L1  L2
dt dt dt In series the current i and the change in current
di di
Since in series, is same for all coils di is same e    L1  M 21  L2  M 12 
dt dt
 LS  L1  L2 L   L1  M 21  L2  M12   L1  L2  2 M
If n coils of inductances L1 , L2 , L3 ..........Ln are If the two coils oppose each other, then
connected in series then effective inductance of
the arrangement,
L  L1  L2  L3  ..........  Ln
(when coils are far away) L   L1  M    L2  M   L1  L2  2 M
NARAYANAGROUP 21
WE-42: Calculate the mutual inductance between

two coils when a current of 2A changes to 6A 0 I 2
in 2 seconds and induces an emf of 20 mV in B2 
the secondary coil 2r2
dI The second co-axially placed coil has very small
Sol: e  M
dt radius. So B2 may be considered constant over
its cross-sectional area.
20 10 3  M
6  2
(or) M = 10mH
2 2 2  0 I 2  0 r12
  r B  r 1  
 or 1  I2
WE-43 : If the coefficient of mutual induction of Now, 1 1 2
 2r2  2r2
the primary and secondary coils of an
induction coil is 6H and a current of 5A is 0 r12
M 
cut off in 1/5000 second, calculate the emf Comparing with 1  M 12 I 2 , we get ; 12 2r2
induced in the secondary coil.
 0 r12 r12
dI 5 4 Also, 21M  M   M 
Sol: e  M ; e  6 V  15 10 V 12
2r2 r2
dt 1/ 000
WE-44 : A solenoid is of length 50 cm and has a It would have been difficult to calculate the flux
radius of 2cm. It has 500 turns. Around its through the bigger coil of the nouniform field
central section a coil of 50 turns is wound. due to the current in the smaller coil and hence
Calculate the mutual inductance of the the mutual inductance M 12 . The equality
system. M 12  M 21 is helpful. Note also that mutual
Sol: N P  500, N S  50 ; A   0.02  0.02m 2 inductance depends solely on the geometry.
 0  4 107 Hm 1 ,1  50 cm  0.5 m WE-47: A small square loop of wire of side l is
placed inside a large square loop of wire of
0 N P N S A
Now, M  side L   l  . The loops are coplanar and
l
their centres coincide. What is the mutual
7 2
4 10  500  50    0.02  inductance of the system ?
 H Sol: Considering the large loop to be made up of four
0.5
rod each of length L, the field at the centre, i.e.,
 789.8  107 H  78.98 H at a distance (L/2) from each rod, will be
WE-45: A solenoidal coil has 50 turns per  I
centimetre along its length and a cross- B  4  0 sin   sin 
4 d
sectional area of 4  104 m 2 . 200 turns of
another wire is wound round the first solenoid  I
i.e., B  4 0  2sin 45
co-axially. The two coils are electrically 4  L / 2 
insulated from each other. Calculate the
mutual inductance between the two coils. l
Sol: n1  50 turns per cm ; = 5000 turns per metre L
n2l  200, A  4  10 4 m 2 ; M  0 n1  n2l  A

0 8 2
 4  107  5000  200  4  104 H  5.03  104 H i.e., B1  I
WE-46 : Two circular coils, one of smaller radius 4 L
r1 and the other of very large radius r2 are So the flux linked with smaller loop
placed co-axially with centres coinciding.  0 8 21 2
Obtain the mutual inductance of the 2  B1 S 2  l
4 L
arrangement.
Sol: Suppose a current I2 flows through the outer 2  l2 l2
circular coil. The field at the centre of the coil and hence, M  2 2 0 M 
I  L L
is
22 NARAYANAGROUP
WE-48: (a) A toroidal solenoid with an air core d B d
has an average radius of 0.15m, area of cross       NBA cos t   NBA  sin t
dt dt
section 12  104 m 2 and 1200 turns. Obtain  The magnitude of induced emf is
the self inductance of the toroid. Ignore field
  NBA  sin t  0 sin t
variation across the cross section of the toroid.
(b) A second coil of 300 turns is wound closely where e0  NBA  is the maximum value of the
on the toroid above. If the current in the emf.
primary coil is increased from zero to 2.0 A in
0 is called the amplitude or peak value of emf.
0.05s, obtain the induced emf in the secondary
coil.  The induced emf depends upon (i) strength of
the magnetic field, (ii) area of the coil, (iii) speed
0 N1 I  0 N1 I of rotation, and (iv) the number of turns of the
Sol: (a) B  0 n1 I  
l 2r coil.
0 N12 IA If f be the frequency of rotation of coil, then
Total magnetic flux, B   N 1 BA    0 sin 2ft
2r
 A graph plotted between  and t , is a sine
 0 N12 A curve as shown in Fig.
But  B  LI L 
2r
4107  1200  1200  12  104 e
L H
2 0.15
 2.3  103 H  2.3mH
d
(b) e   2  , where 2 is the total magnetic t
dt
flux linked with the second coil. WE-49: A boy pedals a stationary bicycle at one
d d   NI  revolution per second. The pedals are attached
e   N 2 BA    N 2 0 1 A to 100 turns coil of are 0.1m2 and placed in a
dt dt  2r 
uniform magnetic field of 0.1T. What is the
 0 N1 N 2 A dI maximum voltage generated in the coil ?
or e 
2r dt Sol:  0  NBA  NBA  2 f  f  1
4107 1200  300  12 104  2  0  100  0.1 0.1 2  3.14  1 V  6.28V
or e  V
2  0.15  0.05
WE-50: A coil of 800 turns and 50 cm 2 area
=0.023 V
AC GENERATOR : makes 10 rps about an axis in its own plane
 An ac generator converts mechanical energy into in a magnetic field of 100 gauss perpendicular
electrical energy. The device used for the to this axis. What is the instantaneous induced
purpose is called ac generator. emf in the coil?
 When the coil having N turns is rotated with a Sol: A  50cm 2  50 10 4 m 2
constant angular speed  , the angle between the n  10 rps, N  800
area vector A and the magnetic field vector B is
B  100 gauss  100  104 T  102 T
at any instant t is   t (assuming   00 at t=0).
The flux linked with the coil at any instant t is Now,    0 sin t  NBA sin t
B  NBA cos   NBA cos t  800 102  50 10 4  2  10sin  20 t 
From Faraday’s law, the induced emf for the
rotating coil of N turns is, or   2.5sin  20 t  volt
NARAYANAGROUP 23
WE-51: A person peddles a stationary bicyle the e

pedals of the bicycle are attached to a 100 turn qe  qE  2r  ; E 
2r
coil of area 0.10 m2. The coil rotates at half a
Using this result along with Faraday’s law and the
revolution per second and it is placed in a
uniform magnetic field of 0.01 T fact that  B  BA  Br 2 for a circular loop, the
perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the coil, induced electric field can be expressed as
What is the maximum voltage generated in the 1  d B  1 d r dB
coil ? E 
2r  dt 

2r dt
 Br 2   
2 dt
Sol: Here f  0.5 Hz : N  100, A  0.1 m 2 and
The emf for any closed path can be expressed as
B  0.01T from t he equat ion  
the line integral of E.dl over that path. Hence,
   0 sin  t  NBA  sin t maximum emf the general form of Faraday’s law of induction
 0  NBA   NBA  2 f  is
  d 
 0  100  0.01 0.1 2  3.14  0.5  0.314V e   E.dl  B
dt
INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS : It is important to recognize that the induced
When a conducting loop is placed in a varying electric field E that appears in the equation is a
magnetic field, a varying electric field produced non-convervative field that is generated by a
in the loop, is called induced electric field. changing magnetic field.
An electric field is always generated by a  Points to remember about induced electric field.
changing magnetic field, even in free space 1) The induced electric field is produced only
where no charges are present. by changing magnetic field and not by charged
Consider a conducting loop of radius R, situated particles.
in a uniform magnet ic field B t hat is 2) One cannot define potentials w.r.t this induced
perpendicular to the plane of the loop as shown field
in the figure 3) The lines of induced electric field are closed
curves and have no starting and terminating
E points.
E
4) As long as the magnetic field keeps on
r changing, the induced electric field will be
present because this electric field is produced
only by variable magnetic field.
E WE-52: A uniform magnetic field of induction B
E
Bin is confined in a cylinderical region of radius
R. If the field is increasing at a constant rate
If the magnetic field changes with time, then an
dB
d  of   T / s , then the intensity of the
emf e  is induced in the loop. The dt
dt electric field induced at point P, distant r from
induced current thus produced implies the the axis as shown in the figure is proportional
presence of an induced electric field E that must to :
be tangential to the loop in order to provide an
electric force on the charge around the loop. B
The work done by the electric field on the loop r
in moving a test charge q once around the R P
d B
loop=qe. Because the magnitude of electric force Sol: For r < R ; e   E.ds ; 
onthe charge is qE, the work done by the electric dt
 dB  2  dB 
field can also be expressed as qE  2r  , where E.2r   A   ; E.2r  r  
 dt   dt 
2r is the circumference of the loop. These r  dB  r r
two expressions for the work must be equal; E   
2  dt  2
 
 ; E    ; E   ; Er
2
therefore, we see that
24 NARAYANAGROUP
WE-53: Magnetic flux linked with a stationary WE-56: The magnetic field at all points within
loop of resistance R varies with respect to time the cylindrical region whose cross- section is
during the tim e period T as follows: indicated in the accompanying figure starts
  at T  t  the amount of heat generated in increasing at a constant rate ' ' . Find the
magnitude of electric field as a function of r,
the loop during that time (inductance of the
the distance from the geometric centre of the
coil is negligible) is
region.
d
Sol: Give that   at  T  t  ; induced emf, E 
dt
d Sol: Case -1 : For r < R
  at T  t   ;  at  0  1  a T  1 ;  a T  2t 
dt  R
So, induced emf is also a function of time Heat Case -2 : r = R
generated
dB dB
T
E2 a2
T 2 3 E.2 r   A ; E.2 R   R 2
H  dt ;    T  2t  dt ;  a T dt dt
R R 3R dB R dB
0 0
E.2 r   r 2 ; E
WE-54: A closed loop of cross-sectional area dt 2 dt
2 2 which has inductance L=10 mH and
10 m r dB r R
negligible resistance is placed in a time- E    ;E   ;E  r
2 dt 2 2
varying magnetic field. Figure shows the
variation of B with time for the interval 4 s. Case - 3 r > R ; E.2 r   R 2 dB
The field is perpendicular to the plane of the dt E
loop (given at t  0, B  0, I  0 ). The value of
the maximum current induced in the loop is R
R 2 dB R2 1 2 Er E
1
B(T) E   ; E    ; E out  r
2r dt r
2r
R r
di 0.1
Sol: Induced emf (e)  L WE-57: A wire is bent in the form of a square of
dt side ‘a’ in a varying magnetic field
 dB  di A  dB 
 A   L  di  
 dt  dt
  dt
L  dt  B   B t k . If the resistance per unit length
0
t(s)
l B
 A A A
is  , then find the following.
Y
 di    L  dB ; I  L B ;  I max 
L
Bmax a Q
0 0
P
2
10
i)The direction of induced current B a
  0.1 ; =0.1A = 100mA
10 103
WE-55: A magnetic field directed into the page ii) The current in the loop S R
changes with time according to the expression iii) Potential difference between P and Q X
B   0.03t 2  1.4  T , where t is in seconds. The Sol: i) Direction of current is closewise.
field has a circular cross - section of radius R - d d
2.5cm. What is the magnitude and direction of ii) e    BA   a 2  B0 .t   a 2 B
dt dt
electric field at P, when t = 3.0s and r = 0.02 m.
e a 2 B0 a  B0
d Current : i    R  4a  
Sol: e   E .dl 
dt R 4a 4
dB d e
E  2 r   A.   r 2   0.03t 2  1.4  iii) v p   i.a  VQ ,where ‘e’ is the total emf
dt dt 4
r 2
r e
E   0.06t    0.06t  induced or VP  VQ  ia 
2 r 2 4
0.02 e e e e
E   0.06  3  18  10 4 N / C or VP  VQ  .a  ; VP  VQ    0
2 4a 4 4 4
NARAYANAGROUP 25
WE-58: Shown in the figure is a circular loop of E

radius r connected to a resistance R. A variable  i0 
R
magnetic field of induction B  e  t is II. Decay of Current
established inside the coil. If the key(k) is a) When circuit is disconnected from the battery
closed, find the electric power developed ? and switch ‘s’ is connected to point ‘b’, the
R current now beings to fall. But inductor opposes
di
decay of current   L  Ri
dt
K t
 d dB d Where i is the current at any instant and i  i e 
Sol: E 
dt
  A.
dt
or E   r 2
dt
 
e t 0
L
2 4 where t   
E 2  2 r 4 e 2t  r R
 E   r 2 e  t ; P  R  R ; at t = 0 ; P 
R i
D.C. CIRCUITS i0
Growth and decay of current in an inductor
Resistor (L - R) circuit 0.37 i0
I. Growth of current
Consider a circuit shown in the diagram t= t
i
b) At t   , i  0  0.37 i0
e
c) The inductive time constant (  ) can also be
defined as the time interval during which the
current decays to 37% of the maximum current.
a) When a switch S is connected to ‘a’ , the d) For small value of ‘L’, rate of decay of current
current in the circuit beings to increase from zero will be large.
to a maximum value ‘ i0 ’. The Inductor opposes e) Current becomes zero after infinite time.
the growth of the current. WE-59 : In the given circuit, current through the
5 mH inductor in steady state is
di
 E  L  Ri 5 mH
dt
Where ‘i ’ is the current in the circuit at any
t
 
 10 mH
instant ‘t ’ and i  i0 1  e 
5 20 V
 
Where i0 is the maximum current. Sol: 5mH, 10mH are connected in parallel
L  Equivalent inductance
Here   called Inductive time constant 5  10 50 10
R Leq   ;  mH
5  10 15 3
 1
b) At t   , i  i0  1  e   0.63 i0 20
Current at steady state ; I   4A
c) Thus the inductive time constant of a circuit 5
is defined as the time in which the current rises As L1 and L2 are in parallel
from zero to 63% of its final value.
d) Greater the value of ‘  ’ smaller will be the  L2   10 
I1   I ;   4
rate of growth of current.  L1  L2   10  5 
e) Current reaches i0 after infinite time. 10 8
f) When current attains maximum value, Inductor ; 4;  Amp
15 3
doesn’t work.
26 NARAYANAGROUP
WE-60: In the given circuit diagram, key K is WE-63: A cell of 1.5V is connected across an
switched on at t  0 . The ratio of current inductor of 2mH in series with a 2  resistor..
i through the cell at t 0 to that at t  will What is the rate of growth of current
be L immediately after the cell is switched on.
3R
C R dI dI E   IR
Sol: E  L  IR , therefore, 
6R dt dt L
E  1.5Volt , R  2 , L  2mH  2  103 H
E K
Sol: At t = 0, the branch containing L will offer infinite When the cell is switched on, I = 0
resistance while the branch containing the capacitor dI E 1.5
will be effectively a short circuit. Hence   As 1  750 As 1
dt L 2  103
Hence,
WE-64: A coil having resistance 15 and
E
(i )t 0  inductance 10H is connected across a 90 Volt
R dc supply. Determine the value of current after
Similarly, at t   , L will offer zero, resistance, 2sec. What is the energy stored in the
where as ‘c’ will be an open circuit. magnetic field at that instant.
Hence, effective resistance
Sol: Give that ; R  15 , L  10 H , E  90Volt
6 R  3R e
 R ; (i )t   Peak value of current
6 R  3R 3R
E 90 L 10
e 3R I0   A  6 A also, L    0.67sec
The required ratio ;   ; =3:1 R 15 R 15
R e
 Rt
WE-61: An inductor of inductance L  400 mH  L

Now, I  I 0 1  e  , After 2sec,
and resistors of resistance R1  4 and  
R2  2 are connected to battery of emf 12V I  6 1  e2 / 0.67   6 1  0.05  5.7 A
as shown in the figure. The internal resis- Energy stored in the magnetic field
tance of the battery is negligible. The swich
1 1 2
S is closed at t  0 . The potential drop across U  LI 2   10   5.7  J  162.45 J .
L as a function of time is 2 2
E 12 dl2 WE-65: Calculate the back e.m.f of a 10H, 200 
I
Sol: 1 R    6 A ; E  L  R2  l 2 coil 100 ms after a 100V d.c supply is
1 2 dt connected to it.
E 12 Sol: The value of current at 100ms after the switch is
I 2  I 0 1  e t / tc  ;  I 0    6A
closed is
R2 2
t
L 400 103  
tc    0.2 ; I 2  6 1  e t /0.2  I  I 0 1  e  , Here, I 0  100  0.5 amp;
T0
R 2   200
Potential drop across L
L 10
VL  E  R2 I 2  12  2  6 1  ebt  ;  12e 5t 0    0.05sec; t  0.1sec
R 200
WE-62: An inductor of 3H is connected to a
battery of emf 6V through a resistance of I  0.5 1  e0.1/ 0.05   0.5 1  e 2   0.4325 A
100  . Calculate the time constant. What dI
will be the maximum value of current in the Now, E  IR  L , or
circuit ? dt
Sol: Give that L  3H , E  6V , R  100  dI
100  0.4325  200  L
L 3 dt
Time constant L    0.03sec
R 100 dI
E 6 Back e.m.f  L  100  0.4325  200  13.5V
Maximum Current I0   amp  0.06 amp dt
R 100
NARAYANAGROUP 27
WE-66: A coil of resistance 20  and inductance  1

0.5 henry is switched to dc 200 volt supply. c) When t   . q  q0 1    0.63 q0
 e
Calculate the rate of increase of current:
d) Thus the capacitive time constant is the time
a) At the instant of closing the switch and
in which the charge on the plates of the capacitor
b) After one time constant
c) Find the steady state current in the circuit. becomes 0.63 q0
Sol: a) This is the case of growth of current in an e) Smaller the value of CR, more rapid is the growth
L - R circuit. Hence, current at time t is given of charge on the condenser.
t f) Charge on the capacitor becomes maximum
 L

by i  i0 l  e  Rate of increase of current, after infinite time and it is q0  EC . Then
 
  current in the circuit becomes zero.
t II. Decay of charge :
di i0 L di i E/R E
 e ; At t  0  0   a) When the capacitor is fully charged the key is
dt  L dt  L L / R L connected to point ‘b’.
b) Charge slowly reduces to zero after infinite
di 200
  400 A / s time.
dt 0.5
q q dq t
di 1
   Ri (or) R and q  q0e 
b) At t   L ,  400  e   0.37  400   148 A / s c c dt
dt q
c) The steady state current in the circuit, is
q0
E 200
i0   10 A
R 20 0.37 q0
GROWTH AND DECAY OF CHARGE IN
A CAPACITOR - RESISTOR (C - R) t= t
CIRCUIT q0
I. Growth of Charge : Consider a circuit shown c) At t   , q   0.37 q0
e
in the diagram d) Thus capacitive time constant can also be
q defined as the time interval in which the charge
q0
R C b decreases to 37% of the maximum charge
K 0.63q0 e) Smaller the time constant, quicker is the
a discharge of the condenser.
E t= t WE-67: In the circuit shown in figure switch S is
a) When the key’s is connected to point ‘a’, the closed at time t = 0. Find the current through
charging of capacitor takes place until the different wires and charge stored on the
potential difference across the plates of the capacitor at any time t.
condenser becomes E. 6R
b) But charge attained already on the plates S R 3R
opposes further introduction of charge V C
q q dq Sol: Calculation of equivalent time constant
E   Ri (or) E   R 6R
c c dt
Where ‘q’ is the instantaneous charge, i is the R 3R
instaneous current in the circuit.
In the circuit shown in figure, after short circuiting
t
 
 the battery 3R and 6R are parallel, so their
and q  q0 1  e 
   6R  3R   2R
combined resistance is . Now
where q0 is the maximum charge. 6 R  3R
Where   CR , called capacitive time this 2R is in series with the remaining R.
constant Hence, Rnet  2 R  R  3R ; c   Rnet  C  3RC
28 NARAYANAGROUP
Calculation of steady state charge q0 : WE-68: 4F capacitor and a resistance 2.5 M 
At t   , capacitor is fully charged and no are in series with 12V battery. Find the time
current flows through it. after which the potential difference across the
P.D across capacitor = P.D across 3R
capacitor is 3 times the potential difference
V  V CV across the resistor. [Given ln(2)=0.693]
   3R   , q0 
 9 R  3 3 t
Now, let charge on the capacitor at any time t be q Sol: a) Charging current i  V0 e RC
and current through it is i1 . Then R
 t
  Potential difference across R is
q  q0 1  e  i.e., q  q0 1  e 
 t / c 3 RC
t

RC
VR  iR  V0 e
1
dq q0  t / c q  Pot ential difference across ‘C’ is
and i1   e  0 e 3 RC ...(1)
dt c 3RC t t

RC
 
RC

VC  V0  VR ;  V0  V0 e  V0 1  e 
 
q0 but given VC  3VR , we get
1  e t / RC  3e t / RC or 4e t / RC
Applying Kirchhoff’s second law in loop t
ACDFA, we have 6iR  3i2 R  V  0 RC
t
e 4  ln 4  t  2 RC ln 2
RC
V
2i  i2  ...(ii)
3R t  2.5  106  4  106  2  0.693
Applying Kirchoff’s junction law at B, we have or t = 13.86 sec
i  i1  i2 ...(iii) WE-69: In a circuit inductance L and capacitance
Solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we have C are connected as shown in figure and A1
V 2 V 2q0  t / tc and A2 are ammeters. When key k is pressed
i2   i1   e
9R 3 9 R 3tc to complete the circuit, then just after closing
t key k, the reading of A1 and A2 will be :
CV V 2q0 3 RC
where q0  i.e., i2   e
3 9 R 3RC A1 c R1
t
V q0 t / tc V q0 3 RC
i  e   e L A2
9 R 3tc 9 R 3RC
WE-67: A parallel - plate capacitor, filled with a R2
dielectric of dielectric constant k, is charged
k E
to a potential V0. It is now disconnected Battery
fromthe cell and the slab is removed. If it
now discharges, with time constant  , Sol: At t = 0 capacitor offers zero resistance and acts
through a resistance, then find time after like a short circuit. While inductor offers infinite
which the potential difference across it will resistance and it acts like an open circuit.
be V0?
Sol: When slab is removed, the potential difference Therefore no current flow through inductor
across capacitor increases to kV0 branch and maximum current flows through

t capacitor branch.
CV0  kCV0 e  as q0  KCV0 Hence reading of A2 is zero and reading A1 is
t t
1  t E
 e  k  e ;  ln   t  lnk
 
given by R
k  1
NARAYANAGROUP 29
8. Consider the situation shown in the figure. If
C. U. Q the current I in the long straight conducting
wire XY is increased at a steady rate then the
FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT, induced e.m.f.’s in loops A and B will be
INDUCED E.M.F & LENZ’S’ LAW Y 1) clockwise in A, anti clockwise in
1. When ever the flux linked with a coil changes, A 2) anti clockwise in A, clockwise in B
then
1) current is always induced B 3) clockwise in both A and B
X 4) anti clockwise in both A and B
2) an emf and a current are always induced
3) an emf is induced but a current is never induced FLEMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE
4) an emf is always induced and a current is 9. The direction of the induced e.m.f. is
induced, when the coil is a closed one determined by
2. Whenever the magnet flux linked with a coil 1) Fleming’s left hand rule
changes, then there is an induced emf in the 2) Fleming’s right hand rule
circuit. This emf lasts 3) Maxwell’s right hand screw rule
1) For a short time 2) For a long time 4) Ampere’s rule of swimming
3) For ever 10. A wire moves with a velocity “v” through a
4) So long as the change in the flux takes place magnetic field and experiences an induced
3. A magnet is moved towards the coil (i) quickly charge separation as shown. Then the
(ii) slowly then the induced emf is direction of the magnetic field is
1) Larger in case (i) 2) Smaller in case (i)
3) Equal in both - +
4) Larger or smaller depending upon the radius of v
the coil
1) in to the page 2) out of the page
4. The laws of electromagnetic induction have 3) towards the bottom of the page
been used in the construction of a
4) towards the top of the page
1) galvanometer 2) voltmeter 11. An electric potential difference will be induced
3) electric motor 4) electric generator
between the ends of the conductor shown in
5. When a rate of change of current in a circuit the figure, if the conductor moves in the
is unity, the induced emf is equal to
direction shown by M
1) Total flux linked with the coil L
2) induced charge N S
1) P 2) R R
3) Number of turns in the circle
4) Coefficient of self induction 3) L 4) M P
6. A bar magnet is dropped along the axis of 12. A horizontal straight conductor when placed
copper ring held horizontally. The acceleration along south-north direction falls under gravity;
of fall is there is
1) Equal to ‘g’ at the place 2) Less than ‘g’ 1) an induced current form south-to-north direction
3) More than ‘g’ 2) an induced current from north-to-south direction
4) Depends upon diameter of the ring and length 3) no induced emf along the length of the conductor
of the magnet 4) an induced emf along the length of the conductor
7. An annular circular brass disk of inner radius 13. Two circular, similar, coaxial loops carry equal
‘r’ and outer radius ‘R’ is rotating about an currents in the same direction. If the loops are
axis passing through its center and brought nearer, what will happen?
perpendicular to its plane with a uniform 1) Current will increase in each loop
angular velocity ‘  ’ in a uniform magnetic filed 2) Current will decrease in each loop
of induction ‘B’ normal to the plane of the disk. 3) Current will remain same in each loop
The induced emf between the inner and outer 4) Current will increase in one and decrease in the other
edge of the annular disk is 14. A long conducting wire AH is moved over a
B( r 2  R 2 ) B( R 2  r 2 ) conducting triangular wire CDE with a constant
1) 2) velocity v in a uniform magnetic field
2 2 
B directed into the plane of the paper..
B(r  R ) B(r  R ) Resistance per unit length of each wire is  .
3) 4)
2 2 Then
30 NARAYANAGROUP
D
B r
F G when the loop is pulled? I

A H b
v
a
C E
Induced Force on Force on
1) a constant clockwise induced current will flow Current Left side Right side
in the closed loop a.Cunterclockwise To the left To the left
2) an increasing anticlockwise induced current will
flow in the closed loop b. Counterclokwise To the right To the left
3) a decreasing anticlockwise induced current will c. Clokwise To the right To the left
flow in the closed loop
4) a constant anticlockwise induced current will flow d. Clockwise To the left To the right
in the closed loop 18. The four wire loops shown figure have vertical
15. A squar e coil ACDE with its plane vertical is edge lengths of either L, 2 L or 3L . They will
released from rest in a horizontal uniform move with the same speed into a region of
 
megnetic field B of length 2 L. The uniform magnetic field B directed out of the
acceleration of the coil is page. Rank them according to the maximum
C D magnitude of the induced emf greatest to least.
L
A E
B
B
1 2 3 4
2L
1) 1 and 2 tie, then 3 and 4 tie
2) 3 and 4 tie, then 1 and 2 tie
1) less than ‘g’ for all the time till the loop crosses 3) 4,2,3,1 4) 4 then, 2 and 3 tie and then 1
the magnetic field completely 19. A rod lies across frictionless rails in a uniform

2) less than ‘g’ when it enters the field and greater magnetic field B as shown in figure. The rod
than ‘g’ when it comes out of the field moves to the right with speed V . In order to
3) ‘g’ all the time make the induced emf in the circuit to be zero,
4) less than ‘g’ when it enters and comes out of the the magnitude of the magnetic field should
V
field but equal to ‘g’ when it is within the field
16. A conducting wire frame is placed in a magnetic
field which is directed into the plane of the 1) not change B
paper. The magnetic field is increasing at a

constant rate. The directions of induced 2) increase linearly with time
currents in wires AB and CD are C 3) decrease linearly with time
4) decrease nonlinearly with time
1) B to A and D to C A 20. An electron moves on a straight line path
2) A to B and C to D YY ' as shown in figure. A coil is kept on the
3) A to B and D to C B right such that YY ' is the plane of the coil. At
4) B to A and C to D D
the instant when the electron gets closest to
17. A rectangular loop of wire with dimensions the coil (neglect self-induction of the coil)
Y’
shown in figure is coplanar with a long wire c
carrying current ‘I’. The distance between the 1) The current in the
wire and the left side of the loop is r . The loop coil flows clockwise e
d b
is pulled to the right as indicated. What are 2) The current in the O O
coil flows anticlockwise

the directions of the induced current in the loop a
3) The current in the coil is zero Y
and the magnetic forces on the left and the right
4) The current in the coil does not change the
sides of the loop when the loop is pulled?
direction as the electron crosses point O
NARAYANAGROUP 31
21. In figure, there is a conducting ring having
resistance R placed in the plane of paper in a A IA C
uniform magnetic field B0 . If the ring is rotating

in the plane of paper about an axis passing
through point O and perpendicular to the plane P Q
D
of paper with constant angular speed  in B
clockwise direction, then

1) the rod PQ will move downward with constant
acceleration
r
2) the rod PQ will move upward with constant
acceleration
3) the rod will remain at rest 4) any of the above
25. Three identical coils A, B and C carrying
currents are placed coaxially with their planes
parallel to one another. A and C carry current
1) point O will be at higher potential than A as shown in figure B is kept fixed while A and
2) the potential of point B and C will be different C both are moved towards B with the same
3) the current in the ring will be zero speed. Initially, B is equally seperated from
A and C . The direction of the induced current
4) the current in the ring will be 2 B0 r 2 / R in the coil B is
22. In the space shown a non-uniform magnetic
 I I
0  
field B  B 1  x  kˆ tesla is present. A 1) same as that in coil A
closed loop of small resistance, placed in the 2) same as that in coil B
3) zero
xy plane is given velocity V0 . The force due to 4) none of these A B C
magnetic field on the loop is 26. Two identical conductors P and Q are placed
y on two frictionless rails R and S in a uniform
1) zero V
0
magnetic field directed into the plane. If P is
2) Along  x direction 
moved in the direction shown in figure with a
3) along  x direction constant speed, then rod Q P Q B
x
4) along  y direction
23. Two identical cycle wheels (geometrically)
R
have different number of spokes connected 1)will be attracted towards P
v
from centre to rim. One is having 20 spokes S
and the other having only 10 (the rim and the 2)will be repelled away from P
spokes are resistanceless). One resistance of 3) will remain stationary
value R is connected between centre and rim. 4) may be repelled away orattracted towards P
The current in R will be SELFINDUCTIONAND MUTUALINDUCTION
1) double in the first wheel than in the second wheel 27. An inductance stores energy in the
2) four times in the first wheel than in the second 1) electric filed 2) magnetic field
wheel 3) resistance of the coil
3) will be double in the second wheel than that of 4) electric and magnetic fields
the first wheel 28. If ‘N’is the number of turns in a coil, the value
4) will be equal in both these wheels of self inductance varies as
24. AB and CD are fixed conducting smooth rails 1) N0 2) N 3) N2 4) N-2
placed in a vertical palne and joined by a 29. A series combination of L and R is connected
constant current source at its upper end. PQ to a battery of emf E having negligible internal
is a conducting rod which is free to slide on the resistance. The final value of current depends
rails. A horizontal uniform magnetic field exists upon
in space as shown in figure. If the rod PQ is 1) L and R only 2) E and L only
released from rest then, 3) E and R only 4) L, R and E only
32 NARAYANAGROUP
30. Two coils of inductances L1, and L2 are linked 36. In the circuit shown in figure, a conducting wire
such that their mutual inductance is M HE is moved with a constant speed v towards
1 left. The complete circuit is placed in a uniform
1) L1+L2 2) ( L1  L2 ) 3) ( L1  L2 ) 4) L1 L2
2 
magnetic field B perpendicular to the plane of
31. The coefficient of self inductance and the
the circuit inwards. The current in HKDE is
coefficient of mutual inductance have A H K
1) same units but different dimensions
2) different units but same dimensions
3) different units and different dimensions 1) clockwise
C
R
4) same units and same dimensions 2) anticlockwise V
32. The mutual inductance between a pair of coils 3) alternating

B E D
each of ‘N’ turns is ‘M’. If a current is ‘I’ in 4) zero
the first coil is bought to zero in a time t, then 37. In which of the following cases the emf is induced
the average emf induced in the second coil is due to time varying magnetic field(induced field emf)?
1) MI/t 2) Mt/I 3) Mt/IN 4) It/MN Case I A magnet is moving along the axis of a
33. A circuit contains two inductors of self- conducting coil
inductance L1 and L2 in series. If M is the Case II A loop having varying area (due to mov-
mutual inductance then the effective ing jumper) is placed in a magnetic field
inductance of the circuit shown will be Case III The resistance of the coil is changing,
which is connected to an ideal battery. Case IV
A current carrying wire is approaching a con-
L L
1 2
ducting ring.
1) L1 +L 2 2) L1 +L2  2M
1) I, II and III only 2) I, III and IV only
3) L1 +L 2 +M 4) L1 +L 2 +2M 3) I, II and IV only 4) All the four
38. A closed conducting ring is placed in between
34. In the circuit of figure, (1) and (2) are two bar magnets as shown in the figure. The
ammeters. Just after key K is pressed to
pole str ength of M 1 is double that of M2. When
complete the circuit, the reading is
C R1 the two bar magnets are at same distance from
1 the centre of the ring, the bar magnet M1 has
1) maximum in both (1) and (2) L given a velocity 2v while M2 is given velocity
2 v in the direction as shown in the figure.
2) zero in both (1) and (2) R2
K
3) zero in (1), minimum in (2)
E 1
4) maximum in (1), zero in (2)
35. A pure inductor L, a capacitor C and a
resistance R are connected across a battery
of emf E and internal resistance r as shown in
the figure. Switch SW is closed at t  0 , select The direction of induced current in the ring as seen
the correct alternative(s). from XX from this moment to the moment till bar
L magnets collide is
1) always clockwise 2) always anticlockwise
R
3) first clockwise, and then anticlockwise
C 4) first anti-clockwise, and then clockwise
39. Two identical ciruclar loops of metal wire are
E r
lying on a table without touching each other.
Sw
Loop A carries a current which increases with
1) current through resistance R is zero all the time time. In response, the loop B
2) current through resistance R is zero at t  0 and 1) remains stationary
t 2) is attracted by the loop A
3) maximum charge stored in the capacitor is CE 3) is repelled by the loop A
4) maximum enrgy stored in the inductor is equal to 4) rotates about its CM , with CM fixed
the maximum energy stored in the capacitor
NARAYANAGROUP 33
40. A metallic square loop ABCD is moving in its

own plane with velocity v in a uniform mag-
netic field perpendicular to its plane as shown
in the figure. Electric field is induced.
A B
1) in AD, but not in BC
2) in BC, but not in AD 44. An infinitely long cylinder is kept parallel to
3) neither in AD nor in BC an uniform magnetic field B directed along
D C
4) in both AD and BC positive z-axis. The direction of induced cur-

rent as seen from the z-axis will be
41. Two circular coils can be arranged in any of 1) clockwise of the +ve z-axis
the three situations shown in the figure. Their 2) anticlockwise of the +ve z-axis
mutual inducatnce will be 3) zero 4) along the magnetic field
45. The figure shows certain wire segments joined
together to form a coplanar loop. The loop is
placed in a perpendicular magnetic field in the
(A) (B) C 
direction going into the plane of the figure. The
1) maximum in situation (A) 2)maximum in situation (B) magnitude of the field increases with time.
3) maximum in situation (C) 4) the same in all situations I1 and I 2 are the currents in the segments
42. As shown in the figure, P and Q are two coaxil ab and cd . Then,
conducting loops separated by some distance.
When the switch S is closed, a clockwise cur-- 1) I  I 2) I1  I 2 c d
1 2 a b
rent I p flows in P (as seen by E) and an in- 3) I1 is in the direction ba
and I 2 is in the direction cd
duced current I Q1 flows in Q . The switch re- 4) I is in the direction ab
1
mains closed for a long time. When S is and I 2 is in the direction dc
46. A coil is suspended in a uniform magnetic field
opened, a current I Q2 flows in Q . Then the with the plane of the coil parallel to the mag-
direction I Q1 and I Q2 (as seen by E) are netic lines of force. When a current is passed
through the coil, it starts oscillating; it is very
1) respectively clockwise and anticlockwise difficult to stop. But if an aluminium plate is
2) both clockwise 3) both anticlockwise placed near to the coil, it stops. This is due to
4) respectively anticlockwise and clockwise 1) development of air current when the plate is
43. The variation of induced emf  e  with time placed
2) induction of electrical charge on the plate
 t  in a coil if 3) shileding of magnetic lines of force as aluminium
is a paramagnetic material
4) electromagnetic induction in the aluminium plate
giving rise to electromagnetic damping
47. Which of the following units denotes the di-
a short bar magnet is moved along axis of mensions  ML2 / Q 2  , where Q denotes the
the coil shown with a constant velocity is best electric charge?
represented as 1) Wb / m2 2)henry (H) 3) H / m 2 4)weber (Wb)
  48. A rod of length l rotates with a small but uni-
form angular velocity  about its perpendicu-
lar bisector. A uniform magnetic field B exists
t parallel to the axis of rotation. The potential
difference between the centre of the rod and
t an end is
(1) (2)
1) zero 2) 1/ 8  Bl 2 3) 1/ 2  Bl 2 4) B l 2
34 NARAYANAGROUP
49. A rod of length l rotates with a uniform angu- 57. Assertion (A): Only a change in magnetic flux will
lar velocity  about its perpendicular bisec- maintain an induced current in a closed coil.
tor. A uniform magnetic field B exists parallel Reason (R): The presence of large magnetic flux
to the axis of rotation. The potential difference through a coil maintains a current in the coil if the
between the two ends of the rod is coil is continuous.
58. Magnetic flux in a circular coil of resistance
1) zero 2) 1/ 2 Bl 2 3) Bl 2 4) 2Bl 2
10 changes with time as shown in figure.
50. Consider the situation shown in figure . If the Symbol  indicates a direction perpendicular
switch is closed and after some time it is
to paper inwards. Match the following:
opened again, the closed loop will show
 wb 
1) an anticlockwise current-pulse
2) a clockwise current-pulse
3) an anticlockwise current-pulse and then a clock- Table - 1 Table-2
wise current-pulse 1) At 1s is induced current is p) clockwise
2) At 5s induced current is q) anticlockwise
4) a clockwise current-pulse and then an
3) At 9s induced current is r) zero
anticlockwise current-pulse
4) At 15s induced current is s) 2A
51. A bar magnet is released from rest along the
t) None
axis of a very long, vertical copper tube. Af- 1) a-q; b-r; c-p; d-q 2) a-p; b-r; c-q; d-p
ter some time the magnet 3) a-r; b-p; c-q; d-q 4) a-p; b-r; c-s; d-q
1) will stop in the tube 59. Three coils are placed infront of each other as
2) will move with almost contant speed shown. Currents in 1 and 2 are in same
3) will move with an acceleration g 4) will oscillate direction, while that in 3 is in opposite direction.
ASSERTION & REASON Match the following table.
1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct 1 2 3
explanation of A
2) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct
explanation of A
3) A is true but R is false 4) A is false but R is true.
52. Assertion : Magnetic flux is a vector qunatity Table - 1 Table - 2
Reason: Value of magnetic flux can be positive, a) When current is p) Current in 1 will
negative or zero increased increase
53. Assertion : Lenz’a law violates the principle of b) When current in q) Current in 2 will
conservation of energy 2 is increased increase
Reason: Induced emf always oppose the change c) When current in r) Current in 3 will
in magnetic flux responsible for its production 3 is increased increase
54. Assertion: When number of turns in a coil is s) None
doubled, coefficient of self-inductance of the coil 1) a-r; b-r; c-p,q 2) a-p; b-p; c-q
becomes 4 times. 3) a-q; b-q; c-r 4) a-r; b-q; c-p
Reason: This is because L  N 2
55. Assertion : The induced emf and current will be C. U. Q - KEY
same in two identical loops of copper and 1) 4 2) 4 3) 1 4) 4 5) 4 6) 2 7) 2 8) 1
aluminium, when rotated with same speed in the 9) 2 10) 1 11) 4 12) 3 13) 2 14) 4 15) 4 16) 1
same magnetic field. 17) 4 18) 4 19) 4 20) 3 21) 3 22) 3 23) 4 24) 4
Reason: Mutual induction does not depend on the 25) 3 26) 1 27) 2 28) 3 29) 3 30) 4 31) 4 32) 1
orientation of the coils 33) 4 34) 4 35) 2 36) 4 37) 2 38) 2 39) 3 40) 4
56. Assertion : When two coils are wound on each
other, the mutual induction between the coils is 41) 1 42) 4 43) 2 44) 3 45) 4 46) 4 47) 2 48) 2
maximum. 49) 1 50) 4 51) 2 52) 4 53) 4 54) 1 55) 3 56) 3
Reason: Mutual induction does not depend on the 57) 3 58) 1 59) 1
orientation of the coils.
NARAYANAGROUP 35

Electro Magnetic Induction: Synopsis

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JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- IV ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION

ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION

e) a net  g Magnet falls with an acceleration = g

current and its direction ? e

10i1  5  i1  i2   4 103 0i

1 2  If a rod of length l is rotated with a constant

e  3.14 110  2  2  125.6 volt 10

Substituting for V0 in equation (ii),  The net emf induced

laminations of metal to make a metal core. The

parallel to the magnetic field, so that they cut

RELATION BETWEEN L1, L2 AND M : INDUCTORS IN PARALLEL :

WE-42: Calculate the mutual inductance between

Sol: n1  50 turns per cm ; = 5000 turns per metre L

n2l  200, A  4  10 4 m 2 ; M  0 n1  n2l  A

WE-51: A person peddles a stationary bicyle the e

WE-58: Shown in the figure is a circular loop of E

WE-66: A coil of resistance 20  and inductance  1

F G when the loop is pulled? I

paper. The magnetic field is increasing at a

is pulled to the right as indicated. What are 2) The current in the O O

coil flows anticlockwise

uniform magnetic field B0 . If the ring is rotating

clockwise direction, then

32. The mutual inductance between a pair of coils 3) alternating

40. A metallic square loop ABCD is moving in its

4) in both AD and BC positive z-axis. The direction of induced cur-

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