GBADEHAN ADELEKE EMMANUEL

12CN013998

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

400 LEVEL

SIWES REPORT
 DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to Almighty God Jehovah who gave me the strength and knowledge
to write the SIWES report.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to show appreciation to all those that helped to the successful completion
of this industrial training program, All Staffs of PIPELINES AND PRODUCTS MARKETING
COMPANY, Ejigbo, Lagos for their cooperation and opportunity afforded me to undergo
this work experience scheme in their establishment.

My special appreciation goes to the following staff for their support morally and
technically;

 MR IBRAHIM S.S
 Engr. SILAS H.B
 MR ASIRU S.A
 MR UDOFA A.J
 MR EKANEM N.O
 TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Title pages

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of contents

Abstract

Chapter One

1.0 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation

1.1 Company Objectives, Vision and Business Mission

1.2 PPMC satellite depot

1.3 Company objectives, vision and business mission

1.4 The department superintendents

Chapter Two

2.0 The departments

2.1 fire/safety

2.2 Maintenance

2.3 Administration

2.4 Account

2.5 Sales

2.6.0 Operations department

2.6.1 Stock
2.6.2 Lab

2.6.3 Loaders
2.6.4 P.R.A
2.7 PPMC’s mode of operations

Chapter Three

3.0 My activities/ P.R.A

3.1 Reception of product

3.2 Different parts of a tank

3.3.0 Formula’s use for reception calculations

3.3.1 Process flow diagram for the reception of PMS

3.4 Sales of product

3.5 Dewatering

3.5.1 Dynamics of water draining

3.6 Decantation / decanting

3.6.0Decantation

3.6.1 Decanting

3.6.2 Re-injection

3.6.3 Tank to tank transfer

3.7 The most regular valves present in satellite depot

3.7.1 Functions of valves

3.8 The Manifold

3.9 The pig receiver

3.10 The Sump pit

3.11 The Pump pit

3.12 Transmitting of radio messages

3.12.1 Terminologies used

Chapter Four

4.0 Conclusions

4.1 Problems encountered

4.2 Recommendation
4.3 Relevance to field of study
 ABSTRACT
These pieces of work are the report of my six months Industrial Training Program at
PIPELINE AND PRODUCTS MARKETING COMPANY satellite depot Ejigbo, Lagos. It is a
program that was set up by the SIWES (Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme) to
expose and prepare students of Universities/Polytechnics and other Institutions of
Higher Learning for the Industrial Works they are likely to meet after graduation.

An oil depot is a fairly sophisticated facility. The main Purpose is to store refined or
crude oil before it is distributed to the final consumer. PPMC satellite depot is
specialized in the sales of PMS only currently after receiving via Idimu tie-in through
pipelines from Atlas-cove in Takwa bay marina Lagos.
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a program designed to
expose student (undergraduate) to practical experience in the fields relevant to their
respective disciplines to compliment the knowledge acquired in the classroom which
might seem abstract. As a result of complaints from the industries about the practical
deficiencies in the graduates of the nation’s higher institutions, the industrial Training
Fund a body established by the Federal Government which engages in the training of
manpower, undertook to make up for the deficiencies by structuring and establishing
Students Industrial Training (SIT) as it was then called, in 1973/74 By then students went
out to the industries only to familiarize them with equipment and plants for which
bench scale types exist in institutions workshop and laboratory. The Industrial Training
Fund (ITF) was charged with the responsibility of promoting and acquiring the
application of basic skills in industrial and commercial fields but due to the rapid growth
in the higher institutions, the funding was a problem as ITF singlehandedly funded it
themselves. The management was then transferred to (NUC) in 1979 as a regulatory
body for universities. The Students Industrial Training Program is aimed at achieving the
following;

 Providing avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire

industrial skill and experience in their courses of study.
 To enable student match theoretical knowledge with the application in the
industry.
 To promote the desired technological, know – how, for the development of
this Nation.
 Preparing for the industrial work situation they are to meet after graduation.
  To enable students, understand the company`s operation and function
thereby building interpersonal relationship between the student and work
community.
 To enable a high sense of responsibility among students.
 To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge
in real work situation, thereby bridging the gap between university work and
actual practices regarding the theory taught.

My Industrial Training took place at PIPELINE AND PRODUCTS MARKETING

COMPANY, (PPMC), Lagos state, a subsidiary of the Nigerian National Petroleum
Corporation (NNPC).

1.1 HISTORY THE NIGERIAN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

Developers in the pursuit of commercially available oil struck it big in 1956. Prior to the
discovery of oil, Nigeria like many other African countries strongly relied on agricultural
exports to other countries to supply their economy. In fact, that is what many Nigerians
thought the developers were looking for. But after nearly 50 years searching for oil in
the country, Shell-BP discovered the oil at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta. Wishing to utilize
this new found oil opportunity, the first oil field began production in 1958. When oil
was first shipped out of Nigeria in 1958, government was only concerned with
regulating importation, storage shipping and transportation of oil. It later expanded
those regulatory functions to include the issuing of permits and licenses for exploration,
exploitation, pipelines, drilling and other field installation activities. At this time, the
hydrocarbon unit of the mining division of the then ministry of mines and power was
established to handle these regulatory functions for the oil companies. In 1960, the unit
was upgraded to become the Department of Petroleum Resources in the same ministry
and in 1975 it became the ministry of petroleum and Energy Resources. The primary
responsibility of the ministry was to advice the federal government on the policy
matters affecting the management of petroleum resources of the country. In 1971, the
Nigeria National Oil Corporation, (NNOC) was created and it metamorphosed into the
Nigeria National petroleum corporation (NNPC) in 1976. The Nigeria government
acquired participation interest in the oil companies following its becoming a member of
the oil cartel, the Oil Producing and Exporting Countries, (OPEC) formed in 1960 in order
to prevent competition and avoid excessive price drop. This interest was vested in the
Nigeria National petroleum corporation (NNPC) in 1985, the government of Nigeria
restructured NNPC into a parastatal to cope with its intended commercialization in 1988
with five semi-autonomous sectors. It comprised of a corporate head office and twelve
Strategic Business Units (SBSs) with responsibility for exploration and production, gas
development, refining distribution and petrochemicals, commerce and investments.
These business units were saddled with different specific duties to perform or oversee
for the corporation.
Currently the subsidiary companies are:
1. PIPELINES AND PRODUCT MARKETING COMPANY
When in March, 1988 the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) was
reorganized for the purpose of proper capitalization and commercialization, one
of the subsidiaries created was the Pipeline and Product Marketing Company
(PPMC).
The creation of PPMC is perhaps the most significant event of the 1988
reorganization of the NNPC, because the establishment of this subsidiary is
directly responsible for the comparative ease with which petroleum products are
sourced and distributed to all parts of the country, at a uniform price.
Today, the marketing companies (Major and Independent) now distribute most
of the products to the end users after receiving supply from this NNPC subsidiary.

2. NIGERIAN PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT COMPANY (NPDC).

The Nigerian Petroleum Development Company Limited is a wholly owned
commercial subsidiary of the NNPC. It was set up in June 1988. The NPDC was
established to profitably operate a Petroleum Exploration and Production
business both nationally and internationally.

3. NATIONAL PETROLEUM INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT SERVICE (NAPIMS).

NAPIMS is a subsidiary of NNPC set up to optimize the benefits accruing to the
federation from its investments in the upstream sector of the petroleum
industry. NAPIMS 13 has a vision of being a world-class oil operating company.
NAPIMS’ major role is to protect the nation’s strategic interests in the upstream
sector of the industry, and in performing this task it earns a margin on
investments made in the sector. This is achieved through cost reduction
 strategies to maximize Petroleum Profit Tax (PPT) and also enhance margin;
promote local content input by developing in-country technological capability
and use of local supplies and materials; encourage gas utilization and
commercialization; promote maximum co-operation in communities of oil and
gas producing areas as well as ensure that environmental protection standards
are maintained.

4. INTEGRATED DATA SERVICE LIMITED (IDSL)

The Integrated Data Service Limited (IDSL) is one of the subsidiary companies of
NNPC. It is the foremost indigenous service company operating in the Nigerian Oil
industry. IDSL markets Geophysical and Petroleum Engineering services. It
maintains joint venture relationship with several international service companies
operating in Nigeria. Services offered by IDSL include:
 Seismic Data Acquisition
 Seismic Data Processing
 Seismic/Engineering Services
 Data Storage and management

5. THE NIGERIAN GAS COMPANY (NGC)

The Nigerian Gas Company is charged with the development of an efficient gas
industry to fully serve Nigeria’s energy and industrial feedstock needs through an
integrated gas pipeline network and also export gas and its derivatives abroad,
particularly to the West African sub-region. Today, NGC is a profit-oriented gas
transmission company committed to effectively and efficiently providing its
customers’ requirements and promoting gas utilization.
6. NATIONAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL COMPANY LIMITED (NETCO)

NETCO is an engineering company established to provide an effective and reliable

engineering base for the NNPC group and the entire oil and gas industry. Its
services however extend to the rest of the national economy and beyond. NETCO
provides an innovative and effective engineering, procurement and project
management service with technical excellence and highest business ethics.

7. NIGERIAN LNG LIMITED (NLNG)

 This is a Liquefied natural gas company with a liquefied natural gas plant on
bonny island. They have the sole responsibility of producing liquefied natural gas
and natural gas liquids and making them ready for exportation.
8. HYDROCARBON SERVICES OF NIGERIA LIMITED (HYSON)

They are involved in the marketing and distribution of petroleum products

activities in
9. WARRI REFINERY AND PETROCHEMICAL COMPANY (WRPC)

A subsidiary of NNPC situated in Warri, Delta State of Nigeria. They have the
responsibility of efficiently and profitably process crude oil into petroleum
products, manufacture and market petrochemical products through effective
resource utilization, while exploiting new business opportunities.
10. KADUNA REFINERY AND PETROCHEMICAL COMPANY (KRPC)

Another subsidiary of NNPC situated in Kaduna. KRPC LIMITED is in the business

of refining crude oil into high quality petroleum products and the manufacturing
of and packaging products to the satisfaction of her customers.
11. PORTHARCOURT REFINING COMPANY LIMITED

The Port Harcourt Refining Company Limited is in business to optimally process

hydrocarbon into petroleum products for the benefit of all stakeholders.
12. DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES (DPR)

In addition to all these subsidiaries, the industry is also regulated by the

department of petroleum resources (DPR) a department within the ministry of
petroleum resources that ensures compliance with industry regulations,
processes application for licenses, leases and permits, establishes and enforces
environmental regulation.

1.2 THE COMPANY MISSION, VISION AND THE KEY BUSINESS OBJECTIVES OF PPMC.
THE COMPANY MISSION
Pipeline and Product Marketing Company (PPMC) was set up with the objectives to
provide excellent customer services by:
Transporting crude oil to the refineries and moving white petroleum to the existing and
future markets efficiently and at low cost through safe and well maintained network of
pipelines and depots.

To profitably and efficiently market refined petroleum products in the domestic as well
as export markets especially in the ECOWAS sub-region, provide marine services and
also maintain uninterrupted movement of refined petroleum products from the local
refineries.

THE VISION

To be the dominant supplier of all refined petroleum products to the existing domestic
and growing export markets within the West African sub-region.

THE KEY BUSINESS OBJECTIVES

 Safe operation at minimal cost.
 Competitive marketing of refined petroleum products.
 Security of supply of refined petroleum products to the domestic markets.
 Efficient and effective evacuation of refined petroleum products from the
refineries.
1.3 PPMC SATELLITE DEPOT
An oil depot sometimes called a tank farm, installation or oil terminal is an industrial
facility for the storage of oil and/or petrochemical products from, which these products
are usually transported to end users or further storage and processing facilities. An oil
depot typically has tank age either above ground or underground and gantries for the
discharge of products into road tankers or other vehicles such as barges and pipelines.

Oil depots are usually situated close to oil refineries or in locations where marine
tankers containing products can discharge their cargo. Some depots are attached to
pipelines from which they draw their supplies and depot can also be fed by rail, by barge
and by road tanker (sometimes known as “bridging”).

Most oil depots have road tankers operating from the grounds and these vehicles
transport products to petrol stations or other users

Satellite depot Ejigbo is one of the loading PPMC (Pipeline and marketing company)
depot in Lagos state which is currently basically focused on the sales of PMS (Premium
Motor Spirit), although the depot was initially designed for the sales of four different
products namely;

 APK (AVIATION KEROSENE)

 DPK (DUAL PURPOSE KEROSENE)
 AGO (AUTOMATIC GAS OIL)
 PMS (PREMIUM MOTOR SPIRIT)

The industry stopped the sales of the other products since most of the product have
been left for the private sectors especially the DPK, so currently as at the day of these
the industry is specialized in the sales of PMS.
Satellite depot Lagos is an oil depot that has tankage above the ground and is attached
to pipelines from which it draws its supplies. It has gantries for the discharge of products
into road tankers (trucks), there is no processing or other transformation on site.

Below is the organizational chart of the industry.

FIG 1.0 PPMC ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

1.4 THE DEPARTMENT SUPERINTENDENTS

DEPOT SUPERVISOR

The depot supervisor oversees the activities of all the department in the depot, he
ensures that there is a strict compliance of the rules and regulations of the industry,
ensuring that all the department is in order and will be liable for any misconduct of any
department, in a nutshell he is the manager of the depot i.e. He is saddled with the
responsibility of planning, organizing, integrating the activities of others in the
organization.

OPERATIONS SUPERINTENDENTS

Similar to the depot supervisor the OPS oversee the operations in the depot which
include the tank farm and control room operations assigned to the operators, the duties
of the depot chemist assigned to the lab attendant, the stock assistants and also the
loaders, and also if the need for maintenance duty arises he forwards the work request
to the D.S.

SUPERVISOR HR

He oversees the duty of the administration office and ensures that all complaint gets to
the area office or headquarters at the appropriate time and if the need to
engage/disengage new SIWES/ I.T students he is responsible for it.

SUPERVISOR ACCOUNT

He oversees the duty of the depot accountant and audit and also makes sure that that
the depot account is up to date and in order.

CHIEF SECURITY OFFICER

He ensures that the depot is safe from unauthorized personnel, by overseeing the
security officers making sure that all is assigned to a desired designation and also
emphasizes the need to put on identity cards by all staffs and SIWES for easy
recognition, also make sure that the security men do their job properly.

SAFETY SUPERINTENDENTS
He ensures that the safety personnel are doing their work properly, he is responsible for
the safety of the depot and make sure that the fire extinguishers, are properly situated
at all the desired designation and is in good conditions. In a nutshell he is like the depot
watch dog against fire outbreaks and suspected hazards.

SUPERVISOR SALES

He oversees the duty of the FAD and records of daily sales of product making sure that
the industry is not running at a loss and also ensures that the loading program is
prepared.

MAINTENANCE SUPERINTENDENTS

He oversees the maintenance department and ensures that all maintenance works are
done, send work request to the OPS and also ensures that the department under him is
doing their work.
 CHAPTER TWO.

2.0 THE DEPARTMENTS

Below are the various departments and their mode of operations;

2.1 FIRE/SAFETY

This section ensures that all safety regulations are observed in the depot. It maintains
standard firefighting equipment for use in the depot and its environs. The department
carries out regular inspections of trucks to ensure that they adhere strictly to safety to
safety precautions by carrying fire extinguishers, spare tires; observation of color code
and driver’s safety wears before gaining entry into the loading gantry.

SAFETY is the state of being safe from harm or danger.

HEALTH is the condition of the body and the extent to which it is free from illness or
able to resist illness.
ENVIRONMENT is all the circumstances, people, things and events around us that
influence our life and wellbeing.
It is mandatory that all staff of NPDC including the S.I.W.E.S and I.T students doing their
training undergo a compulsory HSE training headed by the QHSED. This is in accordance
to the improvement efforts and initiatives being made in order to promote the health
and safety of her employees, assets and all the public as well as the environment.
ACCIDENTS AND INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS.
An accident is an unforeseen and unplanned event or circumstance, often with the lack
of intention or necessity. It usually implies a generally negative outcome which may
have been avoided or prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been
recognized and acted upon prior to its occurrence. The QHSE training provides us with
basic knowledge concerning our health and safety precautions at work in the industry
and home and possible ways to prevent and minimize accidents.
INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS consist of four principle hazards. This is because industries
employ many different processes involving a wide range of different raw materials,
intermediate, waste products and final products. In order to ensure the safety and well-
being of her employees, the employers must provide technology hazard information
which is known as “technology safety summary” which should be implemented for
safely conducting process work activities. On a general note, to ensure that hazards are
properly prevented:
1. A designated pre-modification review should be carried out.
2. Clear placement of well-maintained pedestrian and traffic routes in the work
place and also placement of emergency exits should be provided.
3. Chemical risk assessment should be carried out.

4. Proper management.
5. Emergency planning unit should be created.
6. Proper storage of hazardous materials.
7. Regular safety drills and most importantly,
8. Public awareness.

SAFETY WEARS, EQUIPMENT AND THEIR USES.

On arrival in the work place (field, workshop or laboratory) all field operators and any
other related persons must be properly dressed in their personal protective equipment
gear (or laboratory gear for those in the laboratory). This is in strict obedience to the
HSE regulatory demands.

A complete PPE set should include the following:

  Coverall
 Safety boots
 Gloves
 Safety helmets
 Ear muffs
 Safety belts
 Safety glasses/goggles

a) COVERALL: Coveralls are most often used as protective clothing over “street” clothes
at work, it covers every inch of the body except the head, hands and feet. It is not
fitted to the body so as to ensure comfort and easy movement around the work
area.

FIG 2.1.1 Typical example of a coverall.

b) SAFETY BOOTS: This is also called rain boots as it is also worn as a protective foot
wear against rain. There are different types depending on the sole of the boots,
generally it is worn to protect the feet and ankle during operations or working hours
from injuries in case of any.
 FIG 2.1.2 A typical example of the safety boots

c) GLOVES: Gloves protect, comfort and cushion the hands against heat or cold and
injuries by friction, abrasion or chemicals and disease. It also serves as a guard (for
what a bare hand cannot do).

FIG 2.1.3 A typical example of safety gloves.

d) SAFETY HELMETS: Safety helmets are also known as hard hats. These are protective
gears worn on the head to protect it from injuries which could result from a hard fall,
equipment falling from above e.t.c. The safety helmet must also have a strap to
ensure the helmet is properly strapped to the head of the individual wearing it.

FIG 2.1.4 The safety helmet/ hard hat

e) EAR MUFFS: The ear muffs consist of rigid cups with soft plastic cushion that seal
around the ears to reduce noise. They are a popular choice in hearing protection due
to their ease of use and greater comfort. They are available in head band, neck band,
 helmet-attachable and folding models to meet the needs in most common
applications.

FIG 2.1.5 Ear muffs.

f) SAFETY BELT: All field operators must use safety belts and shoulder restraints (if
available) whenever they operate a vehicle on company business. It is the
responsibility of the driver to ensure that all passengers’ seat belts are buckled
properly both the passenger in the front seat and those in the rear seats.

FIG 2.1.6 Safety belt

g) SAFETY GLASSES/GOGGLES: The safety glasses is a form of protective eyewear that

usually enclose or protect the eyes and the area surrounding the eyes in order to
prevent particles, water or chemicals from splashing into the eye.
 FIG 2.1.7 Safety glasses

FIRE-FIGHTING TRAINING

INTRODUCTION: Due to the hazardous environment individuals find themselves in,

there is obvious need for a basic training in fire-fighting. Fire-fighting is an issue of
safety and hence the necessary safety measures must be implemented to the highest
order.
BENEFITS OF FIRE-FIGHTING TRAINING: The benefits of fire-fighting training are
enormous of which a few are listed below:
 It saves lives.
 It improves productivity.
 Economic benefits such as protection of assets and properties are ensured
 Additional training and skill acquisition to the individual concerned.
WHAT CAUSES FIRE-FIGHTING?
Fires are mostly caused as a result of gross neglect and carelessness.
THE FIRE TRIANGLE/COMBUSTION TRIANGLE: It is only necessary that an individual
understands how fire can be ignited so as to understand the workings of a fire-
extinguisher. The fire-triangle is a simple model that can be used to illustrate the
essential ingredients for most fires.
Fig 2.1.8 The fire-triangle.

The fire-triangle in fig 2.1.8 illustrates the 3 elements that must be present for a fire to
ignite:
1. Enough OXYGEN to sustain combustion.
2. Enough HEAT to raise the material to ignition temperature.
3. Some sort of FUEL or COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL.

A chemical exothermic reaction (fire) occurs in the presence of these 3 elements. It

should be noted thus that for this exothermic (combustion) reaction to be stopped, one
of the three elements in the fire triangle must be removed. For instance, covering a fire
with a blanket removes the OXYGEN part of the triangle and thus extinguishes the fire.

CLASSES OF FIRE: There are four main classes of fire and they include:

 CLASS A: These are solid fires which could be ignited using solid combustible
materials that are not metals. They include wood, paper, cloth, trash. Class A
fires generally leave ashes.
 CLASS B: These are oily fires which occur mainly in oil and gas industry. They are
usually caused by flammable liquids such as petrol, crude oil, kerosene, paints
 etc. (this classification also includes flammable gases such as acetylene, L.P.G,
L.N.G).It can be control by water and foam.
 CLASS C: Class C fires generally deal with electrical current. So long as the
electrical energized equipment is “plugged in” it would be considered a CLASS C
fire.
 CLASS D: Class D fires are usually called metal fires. These include metals like
potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium. Unless the individual works in a
laboratory or an industry that uses these materials a CLASS D fire is rather
unlikely.

HOW TO EXTINGUISH A FIRE: Fire safety is basically keeping fuel sources and ignition
sources separate. The portable fire extinguishers are commonly used. They are first aid
firefighting appliances that are used at the early or incipient stages. When a fire is
allowed to get out of hand, these portable fire extinguishers can no longer be used.

FIG 2.1.9 Typical example of a portable fire extinguisher.

There are different types of fire extinguishers which are designed to fight the different
classes of fire. The three most common types of fire extinguishers are:

 WATER AND FOAM (B)

 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
  DRY CHEMICAL (ABC, BC,DC)

Fires can be very dangerous and one should always be certain that he/she will not
endanger him/herself or others when attempting to put out a fire. For this reason,
when a fire is discovered:

 Assist any person in immediate danger to safety, if it can be accomplished

without risk to you.
 Activate the building fire alarm system or notify the fire department by dialing
911 (or designating someone else to notify them for you). When you activate the
building fire alarm system, it will automatically notify the fire department and get
help on the way. It will also sound the building alarms to notify other occupants,
and it will shut down the air handling units to prevent the spread of smoke
throughout the building.
 Only after having done these two things, if the fire is small, you may attempt to
use an extinguisher to put it out.

However, before deciding to fight the fire, the following rules have to be kept in mind:

 Know what is burning. If you don't know what is burning, you don't know what
type of extinguisher to use. Even if you have an ABC extinguisher, there may be
something in the fire that is going to explode or produce highly toxic smoke.

Chances are, you will know what's burning, or at least have a pretty good idea,
but if you don't, let the fire department handle it.

 The fire is spreading rapidly beyond the spot where it started. The time to use an
extinguisher is in the incipient, or beginning, stages of a fire. If the fire is already
 spreading quickly, it is best to simply evacuate the building, closing doors and
windows behind you as you leave.

DO NOT FIGHT THE FIRE IF:

 You don't have adequate or appropriate equipment. If you don't have the
correct type or large enough extinguisher, it is best not to try to fight the fire.

 You might inhale toxic smoke. If the fire is producing large amounts of smoke
that you would have to breathe in order to fight it, it is best not to try. Any sort of
combustion will produce some amount of carbon monoxide, but when synthetic
materials such as the nylon in carpeting or foam padding in a sofa burn, they can
produce highly toxic gases such as hydrogen cyanide and ammonia in addition to
carbon monoxide. These gases can be fatal in very small amounts.

 Your instincts tell you not to. If you are uncomfortable with the situation for any
reason, just let the fire department do their job.

 The final rule is to always position yourself with an exit or means of escape at
your back before you attempt to use an extinguisher to put out a fire. In case the
extinguisher malfunctions, or something unexpected happens, you need to be
able to get out quickly, and you don't want to become trapped. Just remember;
always keep an exit at your back.

It's easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you can remember the acronym
PASS, which stands for Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep.

 Pull the pin. This will allow you to discharge the extinguisher.
 Aim at the base of the fire.
If you aim at the flames (which is frequently the temptation), the extinguishing agent
will fly right through
 Squeeze the top handle or lever.
This depresses a button that releases the pressurized extinguishing agent in the
extinguisher.
 Sweep from side to side
until the fire is completely out. Start using the extinguisher from a safe distance
away, and then move forward. Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case it
re-ignites

Permit to work:
This is a license or certificate giving clearance to carry out a particular activity which
must be signed by a competent person i.e. an authority who has rights to assets and
liabilities. I was informed on the very importance and purpose of issuing a permit to
work.

2.2 MAINTENANCE

The section is responsible for all repairs and maintenance of all depot operational
equipment to ensure smooth continuity in operations. This department is responsible
for all the engineering matters in the compound, from servicing of generators to
installation and troubleshooting of mechanical equipment. The maintenance
department as earlier stated is responsible for the proper running of all equipment in
the depot to make sure that it functions optimally.

This means that repair and installation of all mechanical equipment in the depot in
performed by them.
Equipment’s that were frequently repaired are as follows:

 Meters for loading arms

 Loading Pumps
 Industrial Generators
 Valves
 Loading arms
 Fractured Pipelines
 Product Tanks
 Transformers
 Pump Supply Cubicles etc.
Practical Knowledge was gained as to how to handle repair work on most of this
equipment.

During this period, the most frequent exercise was the Calibration of Meters.

2.2.1 METER CALIBRATION

Tankers are usually designed to carry 33000litres of petroleum product but due to aging
of equipment, some of the loading equipment do over-discharged or under discharge.

To correct this, the meters loading equipment are usually calibrated on regular basis.
This is always done with the aid of a proving tank which is graduated to carry 2500Ltrs
of liquid

THE PROVER TANK.

The Proving tank is loaded on its first trial. If the value it produces is higher or lower
than 2500Ltrs, then the meter is faulty and needs to be calibrated.

2.2.2 WORK PROCESS DOCUMENTATION.

These are example of them;

PIPELINES AND PRODUCTS MARKETING COMPANY

LIMITED

WORK PROCESS DOCUMENTATION

Company: PPMC Department: Maintenance

Title: Maintenance Of Pipeline Document NO:2009/01
Prepared by: Maintenance Supt. Date of Issue:06/06/2009
Control Copy NO:MTCE/SAT/01 Page:01/02
Approved By: DM, Satellite Reference NO:PPMC/SAT/MTCE/09/01

1.0 PURPOSE: To provide guidelines for maintenance of pipelines.

2.0 SCOPE: This work instruction shall apply to maintenance of liquid petroleum
pipeline excluding gas pipeline by depot pipeline maintenance team

3.0 RESPONSIBILITY: DM, Supt Mtce, Mech Tech, Supt Ops, operators, HSE

Officers, Security officials, Host community Representative, Depot Accountant,

Warehouse Personnel.
4.0 RESOURCES REQUIRED: Tool box, hand gloves, PPE, shovel, diggers, buckets,
clamps, hard wood, cold weld material, metal saddles, welding machine, and Vacuum
truck

5.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENT: Pipeline failure vandalism report, operators log book
and report, local government and host community report, security report, pipeline
integrity report.

6.0 DESCRIPTION OF WORK

6.1 Receive directive, permission from the depot manager on the need to undertake
pipeline maintenance

6.2 Notify operators, HSE officers, and security personnel on their readiness to
mobilize to pipeline site that needs maintenance.

6.3 Receive proper clarification on the source of problem, nature and the pipeline.

Evaluate cost implication required for the maintenance of pipeline.

6.5 Obtain needed materials from the warehouse.

6.6 Assemble tools and mobilize maintenance personnel, safety, security personnel
and relevant labour with adequate tools.

6.7 Observe the site and obtain safety clearance before excavating to the pipeline.

6.8 Access the failure/problem and compare with level of preparedness and
expertise required if adequate for the job.

6.9 Request for stoppage of pumping.

6.10 Isolate relevant valves

6. 11 Peg the leaking spot, cold welds, or clamp the pipeline after stopping the leaks.

6.12 Program saddle welding of pipeline whenever operational window is created

6.13 Introduction of water on pipeline.

6.14 Recover the spillage where it exists

6.15 Inform operators and depot manager of readiness to commence pressure

testing.

6.16 Open all relevant valves and commence pressure testing.

6.17 If pressure testing is okay, inform operators of successful completion.

6.18 Clean up the worksite and demobilize tools and equipment’s.

6.19 Pay all laborers after work completion.

6.20 Document activities carried out and cost implication.

6.20 Notify Area Office.

2.3 ADMINISTRATION

This section is in-charge of the welfare of the staff. They are also in charge of engaging
and disengaging of staff and SIWES. They see to the protection of life and
property/security. They host meetings and do other activities like staff appraisal,
enlightens campaign and Human Resources
2.4 ACCOUNT

They receive the payment for the petroleum products in form of bank drafts, keep
record of all transaction taking place in the depot, sees to the collection and payment of
internally generated funds for the day to day running of the depot.

2.5 SALES

They prepare the monthly petroleum product loading programme, issue loading meter
tickets to all marketers, prepare daily loading batch/report, prepare daily meter tickets,
dispatch loaded meter tickets, documentation of left-over meter tickets and reconcile
daily loading report from other department.

2.6 OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT

The operation department in Lagos satellite depot Ejigbo is divided into four segments
namely;

 Stock
 Lab
 Loaders
 P.R.A (Product Reception Area)

2.6.1 STOCK

The Nigerian accounting board (NAB) in the statement of accounting standards defines
stock as items of value held for use or sale by an enterprise. Also stock taking exercise is
a process that enables the determination of the quantity and quality of product held in
the depot at any reference time. The main process in stock taking exercise is the
fiscalisation and defiscalization of product tanks at the stable state, I.e. stock is static
(Engr. Silas H.B 2016). The stock department accounts for the sales, reception of product
and the dewatering of the tanks when water is received in to the depot. The calculations
are done in liters and cubic meters. The stock department and P.R.A are expected to
work hand in hand.

2.6.2 LAB

The lab attendant also known as depot chemist is assigned to assist in quality control of
the product in order to do this he ensures that product are tested before sales on a daily
basis. And the test includes;

 Flash point test

 Color test
 Distillation test
 Temperature test
 Density test

The tables below show the products, test, and limits.

 Table 1; premium motor spirit specifications
S/N PROPERTY LIMIT

1 Appearance Clear and bright

2 colour reddish

3 Free water Nil

4 Specific gravity at 15oC 0.745-0.780

5 Suspended water Nil

6 Distillate evaporate at 700C 10-45

100oC 36-70
180oC 90
7 End boing point oC (max) 210
8 Residue % (v/v), max 2
9 Copper corrosion, 3h at 50 oC (max) class1

10 Sulphur content % (m/m) 0.10

11 Existing gum (solvent washed) mg/100ml max 4

12 Oxidation stability, oC (min) 360

13 Reid vapour pressure, Kpa (max) 62.0 (9psi)
14 Lead content 5ppm
15 Flash point oC (max) Not applicable
16 Benzene, % m/m ( max) 2.0
Note that the samples are expected to be kept for at least 3 months (90 days).

Table 2; specifications for AGO

 S/N CHARACTERISTICS REQUIREMENT
1 Appearance Clear and bright
2 Colour, ASTM (max) 3.0
3 Specific gravity at 15 oC 0.850-0.870
4 Acidity, (inorganic acid) Nil
5 Total acid number MgKOH/g max 0.5
6 Distillation % recovery at 357 oC,v/v (min) 90
Final boiling point, oC (max) 385
7 Flash point, oC, (min) 66
8 Kinematic viscosity at 37.8 oC 1.6-5.5
9 Cloud point, oC (max) 4.4
10 Ash, % wt (max) 0.01
11 Sediment, % wt (max) 0.01
12 Total sulphur % wt (max) 0.3
13 Water content, % vol (max) 0.5
14 Diesel index, min 47

With these limits, product can be identified easily and also with the aid of various
instrument the test can be faster and easier.

In the depot, daily sampling and analysis of white petroleum products like PMS is carried
out before sales of the product. This is done solely to know if such petroleum products
are within required specifications after which the analysis of this petroleum products
are dispatched to the different sections of the departments of the depot that need it for
the commencement of their own activities. Certificate of petroleum products quality are
issued out to customers that guarantee the product is within required specifications.
Note that the white petroleum products sold out in this depot is:

PMS (Premium Motor Spirit)

There are petroleum product quality specifications of parameters like Specific Gravity
(i.e. Density Correction to 15oC), Flash Point, Color and Final Boiling Point.

2.6.3 LOADERS
As their name implies they control all the loading operations in the depot and due to
this fact their office is 50M apart, to the loading gantry. With the use of power driven
machinery like pumps, and loading arms their work is done easily and faster. Provided
that that the meters are working well, each of the loaders can load up to 35-50 trucks a
day in as much as the product capacity for sale is much, and mind you each truck
minimum capacity is 33000 liters. Their daily routine is to load trucks, and switched on
the right pump for use and they might be in the loading gantry for up to 8 hours. If they
notice any fault in the meters being used, i.e. giving out more/less product, they notify
the O.P.S who tend to order the joint effort of the maintenance/operation department
for calibration of the faulty meter, and these calibration is done using a meter prover.

CALIBRATION OF METER/ METER CALIBRATION

This is the act of correcting the errors of particular meter/meters. In order to achieve
these, the meter has to be calibrated severally using the meter prover and setting it
manually until it attains the allowable/desirable limit.

Also the loaders also account for the sales of product alongside the stock assistants.

2.6.4 P.R.A (PRODUCT RECEPTION AREA)

The term P.R.A is an abbreviation for the word product reception area, and the P.R.A
subsection consist of tank farm/control room operator. And in Lagos satellite depot
currently as at the day of this article there are four (4) shift operators and a daily
operator. And these operators’ daily routine include reception of product from pipeline,
tank to tank transfer, lining up of tanks for sales of product, dewatering, decanting, re-
injection, transmitting of radio messages to control center and preparing of stock report
for each day’s operation, just to mention a few.

2.7 PPMC’S MODE OF OPERATIONS.

How does the company operate, one may ask? The PPMC receives crude oil from the
NNPC unit/subsidiary called NAPIMS (National Petroleum Investment Management
Services). PPMC then supplies the crude oil to the NNPC local refineries however;
petroleum products are sometimes imported to supplement local production when the
local refineries are unable to process enough for the country’s need. Petroleum
products either imported or refined locally are received by the PPMC through pipelines
jetties and pipelines and distribution through pipelines to depots strategically located all
over the country.

There is also provision for using the rail system to move petroleum product from some
of the PPMC depots to another.

In Lagos satellite depot, product is received simultaneously from atlas cove in marina VI
while pumping to Mosimi depot via Idimu tie-in which is a pipeline channel. And this
product is imported refined products.

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 OFFICE ACTIVITIES, CONTRIBUTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
I carried out my six months industrial training under the Operations department and
worked in the product reception area (P.R.A) department but I was encouraged to learn
about other department and unit at my spare time.

During my time with the P.R.A department, I took part in all practical activities which the
staff undertook. As an operator my daily routine includes:

 Reception of product
 Tank to tank transfer
 Sales of product
 Dewatering
 Decanting
 Re-injection
 Transmitting of radio messages to the control center
 Preparation of daily stock report for each day’s operation
3.1 RECEPTION OF PRODUCT

Reception of product has many procedure and guidelines in order to achieve maximum
balance and avoid spillage and fire outbreak. In Lagos satellite depot we have a total of
nine (9) storage tanks and (2) two slop tanks and the tanks have numbers for easy
identification they are:

 Tank 61
 Tank 41 and 42
 Tank 21 and 22
 Tank 11 and 12
 Tank 31 and 32
 Slop tank 51 and 52
TANK 61
This is the tank that holds water mixed with chemicals for safety purpose and this tank is
controlled by the safety department i.e. they do the dipping and other necessary things.

TANK 41 AND 42

This is the tanks that hold the AGO product, it has a fixed roof and has a height of
14600m with a net capacity of 4600m3 and has a side gauge installed for automatic
dipping and in the absence of this, the tank could also be dipped manually using a
dipping tape that will be fixed from the hatch at the top of the tank.

TANK 21 AND 22

This tank was initially meant for APK storage but have been converted to PMS storage,
because APK is no longer been received in the depot. They have a nominal diameter of
10.7m and height of 12.200m and net capacity of 963m3. And they have a Floating roof
because of environmental or economic reasons to limit product loss and reduce the
emission of volatile compound.

An external floating roof tank is commonly used to store large Quantities of petroleum
products such as crude oil, or condensate. It comprises an open- topped cylindrical steel
shell equipped with a roof that floats on the surface of the stored liquid. The Roof rises
and falls with the liquid level in the tank. As opposed to a fixed roof tank there is no
Vapor space (ullage) in the floating roof tank (except for very low liquid level situations).
In Principle, this eliminates breathing losses and greatly reduces the evaporative loss of
the stored liquid. There is a rim seal system between the tank shell and roof to reduce
rim evaporation. The roof has support legs hanging down into the liquid. At low liquid
levels the roof eventually lands and a vapor space forms between the liquid surface and
the roof, similar to a fixed roof tank. The support legs are usually retractable to increase
the working volume of the tank. And due to the above fact, Rain water can accumulate
on the roof; eventually the roof may sink or leads to corrosion of the tanks top layer
which gives way to water slipping into the product.

Water on the roof is usually drained from a special drain line system that runs from a
drain-sump on the roof, through the stored liquid to a drain valve on the shell at the
base of the tank. But sometimes the tank might leak product alongside water so caution
is required.

It also has a side gauge attached for dipping.

TANK 11 AND 12

These are the main PMS tanks with a height of 16800m and size 14.6 ×22.1m and a net
capacity of 5025m3 and gross capacity of 5600m3 they also have a side gauge for dipping
and a floating roof. And they also have a common head or suction like the previous
tanks mentioned above.

TANK 31 AND 32

These are the DPK tanks with similar diameter and height with tank 21 and 22 and just
like them they have a common head and also a floating roof and also a side gauge for
dipping.

SLOP TANK 51 AND 52

They are used to store slop product i.e. product that may contain water, product
received from vandals via vandalized pipelines, decanted product from trucks due to
under/over loading, products received from the meter prover while calibrating or after
calibration, a mixture of two or more products, the slop tank is a horizontal tank. These
tanks serve as a storage tank for the product before they are re-injected to the main
tank but after collecting confirmation certificate from the depot chemist. The slop tank
does not have a side gauge so to get the volume present in the tank, we have to
perform manual dipping using the dipping tape.

FIG 3.1.1 Picture of the Slop Tank.

 Pictures of the Floating Roof Tank.

FIG 3.1.2 Picture of a Floating Roof tank filled to the maximum filling height.
 FIG 3.1.3 Picture of a Floating Roof tank whose product level has been reduced to the
dead stock.

FIG 3.1.4 The external view of a Floating Roof tank.

FIG 3.1.5 Pictures of the top of a Fixed Roof tank.

FIG 3.1.6 The external view of a Fixed Roof Tank.

3.2 THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF A TANK.

 The Man-Hole: the manhole is a part of the tank designed to allow the easy
entrance of engineers for the maintenance of the interiors of the tank. It is
usually located at the bottom level of the tank. Before the manhole is opened all
the products present in the tank most be evacuated, the manhole is then left
opened for 9 days so as to get rid of the cogent smell of the product that used to
be in the tank.
 The Side Gauge: this is an electrical equipment installed on the side of the tank
which is calibrated to monitor the tank levels and the temperature of the
products present inside the tank automatic. It is more accurate than the manual
dipping of the tank.
  The Dipping Arch: the dipping arch is installed on top of the tank so as to allow
the entrance of the dipping tape to measure the level of the product present in
the tank. This can be used when the side gauge is not available.
 The Thermometer: this is used to measure the temperature of the product
present in the tank.
 The Reception and Loading valves: this valves are the most important valves on
the tank, they are installed to allow the entrance and exit of products from the
tank.
 The Water-draining valves: this valves are installed at the bottom of the tank, the
valves are mounted on a pipe also at the bottom of the tank, this pipe goes into
the tank and stops at the center of the tank. The valve is installed to effectively
evacuate water from the tank and into the oil and water separator. The valve is
located at the bottom of the tank as a result of the difference in the density of
water and the product (water has a higher density than the product), therefore
water settles at the bottom of the tank, this is why the water draining valve and
pipe are always located at the bottom of the tank.
 The Tank to Tank transfer valves: this valves are very important and they are
installed with the sole purpose of creating a means of transferring products from
one tank to another using GRAVITATION METHOD.

3.2.1 GRAVITATION METHOD

This is a method of transferring products from one tank to another using the gravity as
the driving force, transferring products from one tank to another using this method
there are few things that most first be taken into consideration.

 The volume the product in the two tanks to be used most be known.
  The tank transferring the product most have a more volume of products than the
receiving tank, else this could lead to a catastrophic change of events whereby
the tank that ought to be receiving products will be discharging into the tank that
ought to be transferring.
 Also this transfer must only be done with tanks that store the same type of
product i.e. P.M.S to P.M.S, A.G.O to A.G.O etc.

At the end of this transfer process both tanks will have the same volume of products.
This method is applicable in the absence of tank transfer pumps.

FIG 3.2.1 Picture of the Man-Hole

FIG 3.2.2 Picture of the Dipping Arch

FIG 3.2.3 Picture of the Thermometer installed on the storage tank

FIG 3.2.4 Picture of the reception valve

FIG 3.2.5 Picture of the loading/sales valve

FIG 3.2.6 Picture of the water-draining valve

FIG 3.2.7 Picture of the side gauge

To receive a particular product, the following procedures need to be followed;

 Line up the desired tank (i.e. opening its reception valve) and making sure the
other tank with common head valve is closed. In order to avoid
 gravitation/ product loss to the other tank.
 Opening corresponding line valve at P.R.A (either big or small line).
 When instructed by control center join the line by opening the main reception
valve at P.R.A. provided that u have notice increase in pressure in the pressure
gauge.
 Check the inlet and outlet pressure to confirm flow
 Report to control center after joining the line
 In the next 1 hour, dip the tank and calculates the net product received using the
P.R.A calculation log sheet and the tank log sheet. Continue the process hourly.
 If a tank gets filled up with product, tank switch to the next available tank. ( e.g.to
tank switch from tank 12 to 11 we first open the reception valve of 11 then close
that of 12 thereafter and do it fast to minimize gravitation of product and
pressure trap which might eventually lead to spillage due to high flow rate). In
the case where tank 12 is not available and you have to switch to tank 21/22 you
have to line switch. And to do this first you open the reception line of the desired
line then you change the line from P.R.A by first opening the desired line before
closing the previous.
 In a situation where we have ullage constrain (no more available tank to receive)
we close up our main reception valve at P.R.A. then inform control center of this
development.
3.3 FORMULARS USE FOR RECEPTION CALCULATIONS

If the tank used is a floating roof tank, the roof displacement must first be calculated so
as to account for the increase in the product level in the tank as a result of the weight of
the floating roof on the product. The roof placement and calculated and subtracted
from the product volume to as to the actual gross volume of the product present in the
tank, but if the tank has a fixed roof, the volume obtained from the log sheet is used as
the actual gross volume of the product present in the tank.

The formula used for the calculation of the roof displacement is;

ROOF DISPLACEMENT = ROOF WEIGHT ÷ OBSERVED DENSITY

GROSS = VOLUME ─ ROOF DISPLACEMENT

The observed density is obtained by the lab attendants.

In order to get the volume, we convert the level at any material time (hourly) and using
the tank log sheet we convert to volume by subtracting the roof displacement from the
level that have been converted to volume.

For example, the level at 12:00 for tank 11 is 3310mm then to convert this i check the
log sheet; the log sheet is calibrated for each tank for every possible level from the
bottom of the tank to the maximum filling height of the tank, each tank has its own
dedicated log sheet. After check the level in the log sheet, the value obtained is 1123430
as the volume then I subtract the roof displacement which is 50433 the value I get is the
level at that material time.

Note that the roof weight roof weight for each tank varies:

Tank 21 and 22 = 12000

Tank 12 = 29999
Tank 11 = 36600

NET = GROSS × CORRECTION FACTOR

CORRECTION FACTOR = density at 15OC converted to value using C.F log sheet e.g.
density at 15 = 745 using the log sheet we convert the value and usually get values like
0.9846 etc.

FLOWRATE = PRESENT NET ─ INITIAL NET

BATCH TOTAL = INITIAL BATCH + PRESENT BATCH

In Lagos satellite depot their flow rate range is from 162- 168 but usually constant at
166m³.
3.4 SALES OF PRODUCT

Since the tanks have common head, to line up the tank for sales u need to make sure
the other tank sales line is close to avoid sales from both tanks, then after this is done
then the corresponding manifold valve is opened and then the desired pumps needed
for the operation is switched on to aid pumping to the loading island and with the aid of
a loading arm, products is loaded to trucks. After each day’s sales the record of sales is
recorded in the stock report in order to note losses and avoid them. And then all valves
opened are closed with the corresponding valves.

Note that before sale of product commences the tank need to be dewatered to avoid
selling mixed product to consumers.

3.5 DEWATERING

This is the process of eliminating water from a particular petroleum product.

3.5.1 DYNAMICS OF WATER DRAINING

Since the tank is very big and has a height of 16800m, water draining/dewatering is
usually done by gravity i.e. the force behind water draining is gravitational force. Density
plays a vital role in this process, since water has a higher density of 1000kg/cm³ while
PMS has a density of 740-770kg/cm³ and AGO 850-870kg/cm³ therefore water will
always be at the bottom of the tank while the product will float above and due to this
fact the tank has a drain valve that is positioned at the middle of the bottom of the tank
which enables the removal of the water that maybe in the product. Although u might
open the drain valve and first experience product coming out first this is the product
that is trapped in between the line before the product attain a static state, therefore
after some seconds of opening u will notice water coming out, when all the water might
have been removed the valve needs to be closed and this process is stopped when there
is a sharp difference in color and the flow of mixed product containing slough then the
drain valve is closed and the tank is allowed to settle in be in static situation for about 5
minutes then the valve is opened again to check if there is still any water left in the tank.

Water draining is done to avoid the sale of product mixed with water.

3.6 DECANTATION / DECANTING

3.6.0 DECANTATION: this is a process of separating mixtures by removing a layer of

liquid, generally one from which a precipitate has settled. The purpose may be either to
produce a clean decant or to remove undesired liquid from the precipitate (outer layer).

3.6.1 DECANTING: this is the process of receiving mixed product via the usage of a
pump and transferring it to a slop tank. Usually product received from vandals, trucks
due to confirmed presence of water, over/under loading, and product from the meter
prover used for calibration. And this product is sent either to slop tank 51 or 52.

3.6.2 RE-INJECTION

This is the dispersal of clean product into main parcels of product under strictly
controlled limits, protecting the quality of the main parcel. Before these operation is
carried out the depot chemist must have tested and confirmed that the product is okay
for transfer and with the aid of a pump (transfer pump), the product is transferred to
another tank while receiving product and mixes completely.

3.6.3 TANK TO TANK TRANSFER

This is the movement of product from one tank to the other usually from a tank with
higher level to that of a lower level via the aid of gravity or the use of a pump. In order
to perform this operation, you first need to open the reception line of the two tanks if
you tend to use gravity and when it attains the desired level you close up. But in the
case of using a pump you use the following sequence;

 Select / nominate source tank.

 Determine the volume of product to transfer.
 Dip to take initial reading and calculate depth.
 Select destination tank.
 Select transfer pump to use.
 Open sales valve of selected source tank pipe.
 Open the corresponding pipe manifold valve-ensuring that all other manifold
valves of common suction headers are closed.
 Open selected transfer pump suction valve.
 Open transfer pump discharge valve.
 Open sales valve of destination tank pipe.
 Open corresponding pipe manifold of destination tank.
 Start the pump and monitor pressure. (Note discharge pressure must begin to
rise gradually while the suction pressure reduces until it is relatively stable).
 Dip at predetermined intervals until the desired volume is completely
transferred.
 Observe the rise in pressure at pump suction take note of reading in pump
suction pressure gauge.
 Stop the pump and all the valves.
3.7 THE MOST REGULAR VALVES PRESENT IN SATELLITE DEPOT.

 Gate valve

 Globe valve
 Check valve

 Plug valve
 Ball valve
  Needle valve

 Butterfly valve

3.7.1 FUNCTION OF VALVES

1. Gate valve is used to avoid pressured drop and also is used reduce turbulent
flow in order to increase stability of fluid flow.
2. Check valve or one-way valve is used to allow flow only forward direction and no
back pressure.
3. Ball valve is used where pressure drop is required through the by-pass line.
4. Pneumatic valve controls the level of product and response to abnormal
pressure either low level or high level of product inside it.
5. By-pass valve line is opened to control and regulate fluid flow.
6. Plug valve is used for quick operation either closing or opening.
7. Needle valve is used to increase or decrease fluid flow
8. Butterfly valve is used where there is limited or narrow area.
9. Globe valve is used in large diameter with high pressure pipeline and it can also
in small diameter pipeline but on the pressure.
3.8 THE MANIFOLD

At the manifold adjustable chokes are used to control the flowrate and pressures. The
pressure for the respective header is set at this point. This is important as pressures
from the various product reception lines are different. For effective flow, the pressures
have to be unified.
3.9 PIG LAUNCHING

PIG is an acronym for PIPELINE INSPECTION GAUGE. This is maintenance procedure

carried on the export pipeline in order to clear the pipeline off debris, wax, scales that
may impede the flow of petroleum products through the pipeline. This is carried out by
launching the PIG in the pipeline with crude oil flow. To carry out this operation these
are the procedures to be followed:

 Maximize the stock of the products before pig launching. If possible, fill all the
tanks before starting.
 Close pipeline gate valves upstream and downstream of pig launcher.
 Open drain valve on pig launcher to drain all the products into sump pit.
 Open pig launcher barrel with brass hammer.
 Launch a befitting rigid pig into the pig barrels. Ensure tie-in pig is being pushed in
beyond the bye pass to export line.
 Close all drains, open bye – pass valve to pig launcher and gate valves upstream
and downstream of pig launcher.
 Commence shipment from one of the tanks after launching the pig
 Observe pig movement to ensure it flags off.
 Continue shipment non – stop for at least 5 to 7 hours to be sure that the pig
arrives at satellite depot P.R.A where the pig receiver is mounted.
 Mobilize the maintenance unit to receive pig during daylight hours.
 Close gate valve upstream and downstream of pig launcher.
 Open drain valves to drain product in the pig receiver into the sump pit.
 Open receiver barrel to remove the pig.
 Close back the receiver barrel.
The Pig Launcher.

The Pig Receiver.

3.10 The Sump Pit.
The sump pit is used to stored products drained from the reception lines and the pig
receivers due to maintenance activities temporarily before it is transferred to the slop
tank. It is usually located at the product reception area.

3.11 The Pump Pit.

The pump pit is where all the pumps used for operational activities in the satellite depot
are located. The type pf pump used is the centrifugal pump.
They are used for operational activities such as:
 Decanting.
 Re-injecting.
 Tank to Tank Transfer.
 Tank Stripping.
 Loading Operations.
3.12 TRANSMITTING OF RADIO MESSAGES

After hourly intervals of operation (especially when reception of product is on)

messages or update is relayed to the control center in Mosimi area office and also after
the day’s operation by 6:00 am every day, stock report is relayed to the control center.
Also when it is time to join the line for reception the information is gotten from this
medium and also level, net, flowrate, inlet/outlet pressure, and batch total is relayed to
control center when reception of product is on and also if there is a meeting of the
executives we get this information via these medium.

3.12.1 TERMINOLOGIES USED

 A = alpha
 B = bravo
 C = Charlie
 D = December
 E = echo
 F = foxtrot
 G = golf
 H = hotel
 I = India
 J = Juliet
 K = Kilo
 L =lima
 M = mike
 N = November
 O = Oscar
 P = papa
 Q = Quebec
 R = Romeo
 S = Sierra
 T = tango
 U = uniform
 V = victor
 W = Whiskey
 X = X-ray
 Y = Yankey
 Z = Zulu
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 CONCLUSION.

Pipeline and Product Marketing Company (PPMC) is run in conformity with the
management culture of total quality, pursuant to the directive of the parent corporation
– the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) in 1993, that all business and
service units in the group embrace Total Quality Management (TQM), to ensure
sustainable growth and survival. Most of the business operations carried out by PPMC is
guided by the total quality culture which seeks to provide goods and services that meets
and exceeds the desire of customers. PPMC management and staff are totally
committed to satisfying agreed customer requirements at the lowest possible cost.

This report introduces PPMC; Satellite Depot Lagos a subsidiary of NNPC which ensure
among other things, the availability of petroleum products to sustain our industries, run
automobiles and for domestic cooking.

4.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

The most encountered problem was the fact that most of the equipment that NNPC use
is obsolete and outdated and therefore we gained little knowledge of the mechanisms
available today.

Though a problem, it helped us develop our improvisation strategies. And also the five
months of no reception and there was only few operation during this period which
reduced rate of experience that would have been gained.
4.2 RECOMMENDATION

I would recommend that there be an equipment check and change exercise for NNPC to
enable them obtain newer and more sophisticated technologies. Satellite depot
currently need serious maintenance upkeep as most of its facilities are faulty, currently
one of their PMS storage tank (tank 12) is out of use due to faulty floating roof, and also
the maintenance of the valve especially the sales and reception valves just to mention a
few.

4.3 RELEVANCE TO FIELD OF STUDY.

The relevance of this program cannot be overemphasized in that it exposes the students
to the industrial based skills necessary for a smooth transition from the classroom to the
world of work.

The training has enabled me gain an understanding of the workings of an

engineering/technical environment which will be very useful in the future.