Indoor Air Quality Trane

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live
Air Cleaning Technologies for Indoor Air Quality

with Trane Engineers Chris Hsieh, Ronnie Moffitt, and Eric Sturm
supply
reduce OA
heat/cool
return
Second Recovery Preconditioning

Exchanger Exchanger
Help with impact of Help with impact of

Higher Total ACH Higher Outdoor ACH
Trane program number: APP-CMC078-EN

September 2021
©2021 Trane. All Rights Reserved.
Agenda
Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Series

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has renewed focus on indoor environmental quality (IEQ), air quality, and air
cleaning technologies. This ENL will provide an overview of the components of IEQ with a focus on air
quality. A review of common air cleaning technologies will be presented, with emphasis on viral
mitigation.
Presenters: Chris Hsieh, Ronnie Moffitt, and Eric Sturm
After viewing attendees will be able to:

1. Explain how air change rates are used to improve indoor air quality.
2. Identify particulate matter size classifications (e.g., coarse, fine, and ultrafine).
3. Explain the five methods of air filter operation (i.e., straining, inertial impingement, interception,
diffusion, and electrostatic attraction).
4. Understand how bipolar ionization, photocatalytic oxidation, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, and
dry hydrogen peroxide systems operate to clean air.
5. Recognize distinct indoor air quality sensors and understand how to apply them in a building.
Agenda
• What is indoor environmental quality (IEQ)?
• Indoor air quality—before and during the pandemic
• Review of air cleaning technologies
• Monitoring IAQ
Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 3

Presenter biographies
CHRIS HSIEH | APPLICATIONS ENGINEER | TRANE

Chris has been with Trane since 1996. His ongoing charter includes system applications support,
industry-related green/environmental programs such as ENERGY STAR®, LEED, and ASHRAE 189.1 as well
as IAQ initiatives. Chris volunteers to serve on ASHRAE’s SSPC 189.1, SSPC 145, various TCs, and the ASHRAE
La Crosse Chapter. Chris also assisted LEED EB (Silver) certification for Trane St. Paul building and LEED NC
(Gold and Certified) certifications for Trane Taicang office and facility buildings. He is a LEED-AP BD+C,
Certified Energy Manager, UL Environment DfS (Design for Sustainability) Gold certified, and ASHRAE member.
Chris is passionate about youngsters’ education. To increase Trane’s local community involvement and focus
on STEM education, Chris has volunteered to serve as a math club team coach for a local middle school since
2018—which advanced to the Wisconsin State competition in 2019, 2020, and 2021.
ERIC STURM | APPLICATIONS ENGINEER | TRANE

Eric joined Trane in 2006 after graduating from the University of Wisconsin – Platteville with a Bachelor of Science degree
in mechanical engineering. Prior to joining the applications engineering team, he worked in the Customer Direct Services (C.D.S.)
department as a marketing engineer and product manager for the TRACE™ 700 load design and energy simulation application.
As a C.D.S. marketing engineer he supported and trained customers globally.
In his current role as an applications engineer, Eric’s areas of expertise include acoustics, airside systems, indoor agriculture,
and indoor air quality. He is currently involved with ASHRAE as a representative on Members Council and member of the
indoor agriculture and sound and vibration technical committees. Eric is the recipient of the ASHRAE Distinguished Service Award
and Young Engineers in ASHRAE Award of Individual Excellence.
RONNIE MOFFITT | SYSTEMS ENGINEER | TRANE

Ronnie is currently a systems development engineer for Trane Commercial HVAC Americas. His primary focus is developing
energy efficient systems that improve indoor environmental quality. Ronnie has 30 years’ experience in the HVAC industry.
His expertise includes dehumidification, air-to-air energy recovery and dedicated outdoor air system designsand holds
multiple patents related to these subjects.
Ronnie is actively involved in the HVAC industry and on the related AHRI and ASHRAE engineering committees. Over the years
has led the development of multiple industry standards including ERVs and DOAS rating and testing standards.
Over his 25-year career at Trane Ronnie led the development of the Trane CDQ™ dehumidification system,
a winner of the R&D 100 Award for The Most Technologically Significant New Products of 2005, and more currently
Trane patented SAM™ exhaust energy recovery solution. He is a licensed Professional Engineer and a Certified Energy Manager
by the Association of Energy Engineers. Ronnie earned his B.S. in Aerospace Engineering from Syracuse University.

“Trane” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of

Architects Continuing Education System. Credit earned on completion
of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members.
Certificates of Completion are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing

professional education. As such, it does not include content that may
be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA
of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling,
using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Credit for viewing today’s program can be applied toward LEED

credential maintenance requirements.
www.USGBC.org
Visit the Registered Continuing Education Programs (RCEP) Website

for individual state continuing education requirements for
Professional Engineers.
www.RCEP.net

Copyrighted Materials
This presentation is protected by U.S. and
international copyright laws. Reproduction,
distribution, display, and use of the
presentation or portion thereof without written
permission of Trane is prohibited.
© 2021 Trane. All Rights Reserved. All rights reserved.
© 2021 Trane I 3
This is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice.
Trane believes the facts and suggestions presented here to be accurate.
However, final design and application decisions are your responsibility. Trane
disclaims any responsibility for actions taken on the material presented. Due to
the changing nature of this market and our reliance on information provided by
outside sources, Trane makes no warranty or guarantee concerning accuracy
or completeness of the content.
There is evidence from ASHRAE® and other sources that HVAC technologies
can mitigate the risk of exposure to infectious aerosols in built environments;
however, the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and mitigation of COVID-19 in
buildings is yet to be tested and confirmed.
© 2021 Trane I 4

Learning Objectives
1. Explain how air change rates are used to improve indoor air quality.
2. Identify particulate matter size classifications (e.g., coarse, fine, and
ultrafine).
3. Explain the five methods of air filter operation (i.e., straining, inertial
impingement, interception, diffusion, and electrostatic attraction).
4. Understand how bipolar ionization, photocatalytic oxidation, ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation, and dry hydrogen peroxide systems operate to
clean air.
5. Recognize distinct indoor air quality sensors and understand how to
apply them in a building.
© 2021 Trane I 5
Agenda
• Monitoring IAQ
© 2021 Trane I 6

Today’s Presenters
Chris Hsieh Ronnie Moffitt Eric Sturm

Applications Engineer Systems Development Applications Engineer
Engineer
© 2021 Trane I 7
Agenda
• Monitoring IAQ
© 2021 Trane I 8

Indoor Environmental Quality
Human
experiences
inside the
occupied
space
© 2021 Trane I 9
© 2021 Trane I 10
10

Indoor Environmental Quality
• USGBC’s LEED® green building rating systems
• ICC’s International Green Construction Code® (IgCC)
- Powered by ASHRAE® 189.1 green building standard
• State green building codes / policies
(e.g., CalGreen® in California)
• IWBI’s WELL® Building Standard,
WELL Health-Safety rating
© 2021 Trane I 11
11
The Relationship Of Health And Indoor Air Quality

“Impact of indoor environmental quality on occupant well-being and comfort: A
review of the literature” - International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment”
Volume 5, issue 1, June 2016, pages 1-11
Literature Review-Year of Publication

• Significant influence between IEQ and occupant
70
well-being, comfort, and productivity. 63
60
• Sick building syndrome, indoor air quality, 50
thermal comfort, visual comfort and acoustic 40
40
comfort
30
• Green buildings do not necessarily guarantee 20
20
comfort and well-being.
10
3 3
0
1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010-2015
No. of Publications
© 2021 Trane I 12
12

The Relationship Of Health And Indoor Air Quality
Trane Technologies Center for

Healthy and Efficient Spaces
(CHES) website
• Internal and external experts
• IEQ policy, strategies and
solutions
• Resilient and sustainable
communities and spaces
© 2021 Trane I 13
13
Agenda
• Monitoring IAQ
© 2021 Trane I 14
14

indoor air quality—before and during the pandemic
Using Airflow to Clean a Space
• Clean air introduced to a

space to displace air
containing airborne
particulates Airflow Out
Airflow In
clean dirty
• How beneficial to the
IAQ is how often the
flushing of the space
conditioned space
occurs
• Air Change Rate measured ACH = Clean Airflow (CFM) x 60

in Air Changes Per Hour,
ACH Space Volume (ft3)
© 2021 Trane I 15
15
using airflow to clean a space

Impact of Air Change Rate
Theoretical Time To Clean Space with Air
240
Theoretical time required to 225
clean a space of airborne 210
195
contaminates with clean air.
Time Required (Min)
180
Contaminates present in 165
150
space at start time with no 135
new contaminates introduced 120
105
90
75
60
If there is no air moving… 45

30
airborne contaminants will 15
not be removed 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Clean Air Changes Per Hour (ACH)
Data Source for plots

(ASHRAE Applications Handbook Chapter 9 Health Care Applications Table 2) © 2021 Trane I 16
16

Total Air Changes vs Outdoor Air Changes
air handler outdoor

supply
return
exhaust
Zone Total ACH = supply Airflow(CFM) x 60

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone Volume(ft3)
Zone Outdoor ACH = Outdoor Airflow(CFM) x 60

Zone Volume(ft3)
© 2021 Trane I 17
17

Open Office Example: Total ACH from cooling load
Supply Air @ cooling design= 1000 cfm
Airflow
55ºF ACH = 1000 x 60 / 14400
1000 cfm Sensible Load
21,000 btuh Total ACH @ cooling design= 4.2 ACH
75ºF conditioned office space
ACH = Airflow Required to Condition (cfm) x 60

14,400 (ft3)
© 2021 Trane I 18
18

Open Office Example: Total ACH from heating load
Supply Air @ heating design= 620 cfm
Airflow
95ºF ACH = 620 x 60 / 14400
620 cfm Sensible Load
-17,000 btuh Total ACH @ heating design= 2.6 ACH
70ºF conditioned office space
ACH = Airflow Required to Condition (cfm) x 60

14,400 (ft3)
© 2021 Trane I 19
19

Open Office Example: Total ACH from ventilation
Outdoor Air @ design occ.= 151 cfm

Outdoor
Airflow
ACH = 151 x 60 / 14400
151cfm 9 people
1600 ft2 floor area ACHOA @ design= 0.6 ACH
conditioned office space
ACHOA @ min occ= 0.4 ACH
ACHOA = Outdoor Airflow for Ventilation (cfm) x 60

14,400(ft3)
© 2021 Trane I 20
20

Open Office Example: Total ACH range by control mode
Example Office Rates

90%
85
80%
180
Total Air Changes Outdoor Air Changes
HUMIDITY RATIO (grains of moisture/lb of dry air)

70%
80 160
60%
ACH ACH ACHoa ACHoa
75 140 Control Mode Min Max Min Max
50%
A
A Cooling 2.1 4.2 0.4 0.6
70 40%
120
B Cooling Economizing 2.1 4.2 2.1 4.2
65
30%
100 C Economizing 2.1 ≈3.2 0.4 ≈3.2
60
80
D Heating 2.1 2.6 0.4 0.6
55
space
20%
50 60
40
45
B 40
Zone ACHtotal each hour is greatest of:
C
35 10%
30
D 20
ACHcool/heat = Air Required to Cool/Heat
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (°F) ACHoutdoor air = DCV OA required
ACHequipment min = Mech or Design Limit
© 2021 Trane I 21
21

Healthcare Example: Total ACH prescribed
Air
supply outdoor Changes
per Hour Min Outdoor Min
(ACH) ACH %OA
return 20 4 25%
exhaust ACHRequired x Zone Volume(ft3)

Zone Flow =
60
Operating
Rooms
VSA = 20 ACH × 4,500 ft3 / 60 = 1,500 cfm
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
OR 1 OR 2 OR 3 VOA = 0.25 × 1,500 cfm = 375 cfm
4500 ft3 4500 ft3 4500 ft3
f (V SA, sensible load) = Supply Air Temp
f (V SA, latent load) = Supply Dew Point
© 2021 Trane I 22
22

ACH controlled vs coincidental
Cooling Design Heating Design

Total Outdoor Total Outdoor
Application ACH ACH ACH ACH
Operating Room 20 4 20 4 air changes prescribed,
Hospital Critical Care 6 2 6 2
Clean Room >>20 >>20 >>20 >>20 controlled and designed
Open Office (Example) 4.2 0.6 2.6 0.6

k-12 Classroom (Example) 6.9 3.0 3.7 3.0 air changes coincidental,
Conference Room (Example) 3.4 1.1 1.8 1.1 change with load and
Gym/Weight Room (Example) 5.6 2.1 2.4 2.1
occupancy
Lecture Hall/Theatre (Example) 3.5 1.7 1.7 1.7
ASHRAE Epidemic Recommendations (1/2021)

When necessary flush space three air changes between occupancy
When occupant(s) present maintain required design clean air flow
© 2021 Trane I 23
23

Finding ACH Limit for IAQ Goals
Room Volume
Contaminate Source Details
Contaminate Generation Rate
Air Cleaning Method Per Air Stream
Recirculated Air Flow Rate

Outdoor Air Flow Rate
Predicted Exposure
(FATIMA www.-------------)
© 2021 Trane I 24
24

Air To Air Energy Recovery to help with higher ACH
outdoor
supply
change reduce OA
SHR heat/cool
return exhaust
Second Recovery Preconditioning

Exchanger Exchanger
Help with impact of Help with impact of

Higher Total ACH Higher Outdoor ACH
Exhaust Air Transfer—Proper design will remove or

reduce exhaust air leakage potential for good IAQ
© 2021 Trane I 25
25

Directional zone to zone flow control
Using zone-to-zone pressure differential to minimize

particulate flow from dirty spaces to clean
Cleanest Clean General Dirty
++++ +++ ++ + - --
0.001 to 0.003 in. H20 (2.5-8 Pa) Pressure Differential
© 2021 Trane I 26
26

Building directional flow control
ΔP1
{
classroom classroom
classroom
central
Airflow transfer
exhaust/relief classroom classroom from occupant portion
of building to
classroom
visit/admin
central
visitor/public areas.
ΔP1 > ΔP2
exhaust/relief
reception /
admin visitor waiting
{
ΔP2
© 2021 Trane I 27
27

Directional zone to zone flow control
supply air
VAV box
pressure-independent damper
return air
VAV box
classroom classroom
classroom classroom
classroom
Supply air IN and Exhaust air OUT both measured

reception /
Return flow offset set to help direct room to room flow admin visitor waiting
© 2021 Trane I 28
28

indoor air quality—before and during the pandemic
Air System Design for Air Cleaning
HVAC Design Requirements Air Cleaning Requirements
How Much Supply Air Flow? Cooling or Heating Total ACH target
How Much Outdoor Air? Ventilation OA ACH target
Exhaust Air Control? Building Pressure Area Directional Flow
Energy Recovery ? Reduce Peak Loads Support Higher ACH
© 2021 Trane I 29
29
Agenda
• Monitoring IAQ
© 2021 Trane I 30
30

What and How Large Is The Pathogen?
Particulate Matter
Particulate Matter
• Mixture of very small particles or liquid droplets
• U.S. EPA most concerned with “respirable” particles
• Typically measured in micrometers (µm)
1 µm = 0.000001 meter
General size classification

• Coarse (<10 µm) PM10
human hair, skin flakes, dust, pollens, mites
• Fine (< 2.5µm) PM2.5
combustion products, many bacteria and fungi
• Ultrafine (< 0.1µm) PM0.1
vehicle emissions, viruses Source: www.greenfacts.org
© 2021 Trane I 31
31
Particulate Sizes
Particle Diameter, µm
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Common Pollens
Common Spores
Plant
Molds
Carbon Black
Bacteria
Animal Droplet Nuclei
Unattached Viruses
Cement Dust
Mineral Coal Dust
Paint Pigments
Auto Emissions
Combustion Fly Ash
Products Oil Smoke
Tobacco Smoke
Ultrafine (PM0.1)
Fine (PM2.5)
Respirable
Coarse (PM10) Visible to the human eye
© 2021 Trane I 32
32

Air Filtration
Panel (MERV 1-4)
Pleated (MERV 4-13) Bag/Pocket (MERV 8-14) Cartridge (MERV 8-16, HEPA/ULPA)
Photos courtesy of Parker Hannifin Corporation © 2021 Trane I 33
33
How Filters Work

Straining Inertial Impingement Interception
Diffusion Electrostatic Attraction
© 2021 Trane I 34
34

Filter Rating
Standards
35
Flat vs. Angled Filters
• Least amount of unit length • Extended change-out intervals

• More filter options • Lower air pressure drop
• More filter depths
© 2021 Trane I 36
36

Loading Options – Side-Load vs. Front-Load
• Least amount of access area (shorter unit • Reduced air bypass around filter
length, lower cost) • Vertical supports may block some filter
• Largest filter face area with minimal media
airstream block off • Wide filters may require inspection
© 2021 Trane I 37
37
Trane Air Cleaning Device Testing

• Third-party laboratory utilized
• Two device scenarios:
- In-duct
- In-room
• Testing with:
- Aerosolized and surface-bound
MS2 virus
- Aerosolized staphylococcus
aureus bacteria
- VOC reduction capability
(formaldehyde and toluene)
- Particle reduction capability – both
small (15-650 nm) and very small
(< 100 nm)
- Byproduct generation (ozone,
ions, etc.)
© 2021 Trane I 38
38

MERV 13 Filtration Performance
© 2021 Trane I 39
39
Filter Performance Over Time

pressure drop (in wc)
dirty
mid-life
clean
time (filter loading)
© 2021 Trane I 40
40

Air Filter Considerations
• Allowable airside pressure drop
• Dirt holding capacity
• Available space
• Budget
© 2021 Trane I 41
41
Air Filtration
Advantages and Drawbacks
Advantages Drawbacks
• Flexible installation locations • Does not treat surfaces in occupied space
(in system, portable space devices)
• Higher pressure drop ∴ higher fan energy
• Varying degree of particulate capture
(e.g., need high MERV filtration for smallest
• No effect on VOCs
aerosols) • Maintenance
• Periodic filter replacements
• Filter disposal procedures and
personnel safety
© 2021 Trane I 42
42

What is Bipolar Ionization?
Installation location: rooftop units, air handling units, terminal units, ductwork, standalone in room
Operation:
1. Device creates plasma field of charged molecules, called ions
2. Ions attach to airborne particles
3. Oppositely charged particles agglomerate together forming larger particles
Plasma field: reaches 3 – 5 feet from device
Ions: short half-lives (<60 sec) within airstream, may not reach space
+ + -
-
+ +
- -
+
- + -
+
- +
- +
+ -
+
+
© 2021 Trane I 43
43
Bipolar Ionization Devices

Bipolar Ionization Systems Needlepoint Bipolar Ionization
(also called corona discharge ionization or Plasma tubes) (NPBI)
• Constructed of an inner filament, a glass tube, and • NPBI consists “needles” of carbon fiber, titanium, silver,
an outer filament gold, stainless steel, or any other corrosion resistant
• Voltage and current must be high enough to pass and conductive material
through the dielectric material (glass tube)… • Some NBPI devices are UL 2998 certified… considered
resulting in a corona discharge “zero ozone”
• Ozone can be created with the corona discharge
Source: Global Plasma Solutions, “An Overview of Needlepoint Bipolar Ionization.” Feb 2019
© 2021 Trane I 44
44

Bipolar Ionization
Third Party Lab Testing Result
For microbiological organisms
• BPI with filter upstream
• BPI without filter
• BPI with filter downstream
• Natural decay (control)
© 2021 Trane I 45
45
Bipolar Ionization
• Increases particulate capture through • Long duct runs may require downstream placement
agglomeration • BPI testing conducted by the 3rd party did not show
• Low air pressure drop efficacy for surface pathogens
• Low power requirements • BPI testing conducted by the 3rd party did not show
• Effectiveness for airborne MS2 (virus) and reduction of VOCs
Staphylococcus Aureus (bacteria) reduction was • Maintenance
observed from the 3rd party test
– Glass tubes require periodic/annual replacement
– Composite tubes last several years
• Some devices may produce ozone
– UL 867 (50 ppb)
– UL 2998 (5 ppb)
© 2021 Trane I 46
46

Aerosolized and Vaporized
Hydrogen Peroxide
Installation location: standalone in the room, operation during unoccupied periods only
Hydrogen Peroxide: Aerosolized – 5-6% solution | Vaporized – 30-35% solution
(OSHA: 8-hour TWA is 1 ppm/1000 ppb)
Common applications: hospitals, laboratories
Operation:
1. The occupied space is emptied of personnel
2. Empty space must be sealed (e.g., doors, wall penetrations, HVAC supply and return grilles)
3. Hydrogen peroxide solution is aerosolized or vaporized and distributed into the occupied space for
prescribed exposure time for surface and air disinfection
4. Hydrogen peroxide vapor removed from space through dilution or natural decomposition over time
© 2021 Trane I 47
47
Dry Hydrogen Peroxide

Installation location: terminal units, in duct, standalone in the room
Dry hydrogen peroxide: hydrogen peroxide in gas format generated by a device at 1-10 ppb
(OSHA: 8-hour TWA is 1 ppm/1000 ppb)
Operation:
1. Device creates hydrogen peroxide gas by consuming oxygen and airborne water droplets through a
photocatalytic reaction
2. Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes microbiological cell membranes
H2O + O2 H2O2
© 2021 Trane I 48
48

Hydrogen Peroxide
• Effective against microbiological organisms for • [AHP/VHP] Do not expose people
both in-air and on-surface continuously • No effect on particulates
• Effective for odor and VOCs
• [DHP] maintenance
• Negligible air pressure drop
– Periodic photocatalytic system and/or filters
• [DHP] Low power requirements replacement
• [DHP] Operates during occupancy
– Some models may be standalone ∴ not require
simultaneous HVAC operation
– Continuous treatment 24/7
© 2021 Trane I 49
49

Third Party Lab Testing Result
• Sentry standalone
• Sphere standalone

• Blade in-duct
© 2021 Trane I 50
50

DHP Equipment Options
Portable Sphere
(In-Room) One unit per 1,000 ft2
Options Portable option for clients & aesthetics
Sentry
One unit per 1,500 ft2
For industrial facilities
In-Duct Blade
Option One unit per 500 ft2
Installed at the diffuser level,
downstream from any coil, filter, or fan
© 2021 Trane I 51
51

Applications Consideration
Selection Criteria
• Determine the location of the DHP unit
– In AHU, in duct, or near the diffuser
• Coverage/reached area, ceiling height, and long duct runs and/or many corners (for in-duct unit)
• Special consideration on complex environments
– More often changeout for photocatalysts and/or filters.
• Close the windows and outside doors
• Place away from exhaust fan to avoid short-cutting
• Run 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
• Maintenance schedule according to manufacturer’s recommendation
– Photocatalyst and MERV 11 filter replacement: first 7-14 days and then every 3 months
– Carbon filter: every 6 months
© 2021 Trane I 52
52

Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO)
Installation location: air handlers, rooftops, in duct
Operation:
1. Ultraviolet irradiation upon a catalyst (often titanium dioxide-coated mesh) producing hydroxyl
radicals (short-lived oxidizing agent)
2. Microbiological organism cells that contact the hydroxyl
radicals are destroyed (lysis)
3. Hydroxyl radicals react with carbon-based compounds
4. Organic compounds with carbon atoms may be reduced to CO2
and H2O
© 2021 Trane I 53
53
Photocatalytic Oxidation + High-MERV Filtration
© 2021 Trane I 54
54

Photocatalytic Oxidation Performance
© 2021 Trane I 55
55
Photocatalytic Oxidation
• Flexible installation locations • Do not expose people and some materials
(AHUs, RTUs, in-duct, standalone) (UV)
• Effective against microbiological organisms, • Requires design expertise for
especially when paired with high-MERV sizing/specification
filtration • Requires separate pre-filter for particulates
• May reduce VOCs and odors (e.g., MERV 8-13)
• Low air pressure drop through PCO • Does not treat surfaces in occupied space
• Maintenance
– Pre-filter change outs
– UV lamp replacement
– PCO panel replacement (may last life of
device)
© 2021 Trane I 56
56

Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (GUV, UV, UVGI)
In-duct surface disinfection light
In-duct air disinfection light
In-room surface disinfection light

(unoccupied space only)
Upper room disinfection light
Image Source: Cooper Lighting
© 2021 Trane I 57
57

violet red
gamma radio
X-rays ultraviolet visible infrared microwaves
rays waves
10-13 10-9 10-7 10-6 10-1
vacuum short-wave middle-wave long-wave

UV UV UV UV
(UV-C) (UV-B) (UV-A)
100 185 254 300 315 400

(nm)
200 280
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_UV_mutation.svg
© 2021 Trane I 58
58

Installation location: rooftops, air handlers, in duct,
upper-air, in-room
Ultraviolet energy: dosage = irradiance × time
• Inactivates viral, bacterial, and fungal organisms by
damaging DNA and RNA preventing replication
• Entire UV spectrum can be used, however UV-C at
265-280 nanometers (nm) is most effective
Technologies:
• 95% of mercury-vapor lamps irradiation is 254
nanometers
• LEDs historically used in UV-A applications,
however newer models produce UV-C
© 2021 Trane I 59
59

Dosage
DosageUV = Irradiance × time
Where:
I = average irradiance in µW/cm2
t = time, seconds
© 2021 Trane I 60
60

Dosage
DosageUV = Irradiance × time
Where:
I = average irradiance in µW/cm2
t = time, seconds
© 2021 Trane I 61
61

Other Considerations
• Temperature (e.g., 30% design UVC output drop from 78°F to 55°F)
• Distance from UVGI fixture(s)
• Surface reflectivity
© 2021 Trane I 62
62

UVGI Performance (URV-19)
© 2021 Trane I 63
63

• Versatile application • Do not expose people
(surface to upper-air to fly-by disinfection) • UV can degrade some materials (plastics, filters,
• Great for microbiological organisms etc.)
• Long history of usage • Requires design expertise for sizing/specification
• Negligible pressure drop • No effect on particulates

• No effect on VOCs
• Some configurations do not treat surfaces in
occupied space
• Lamp maintenance required when output degrades
beyond manufacturer specification
© 2021 Trane I 64
64

Agenda
• Monitoring IAQ
© 2021 Trane I 65
65
Monitoring IAQ
Owners Occupants
• Is there an IAQ problem? • Is this building safe?
• Where is the IAQ problem? • What has been done to
• How can I fix the problem? improve building IAQ?
• Are the building’s systems
functioning correctly?
© 2021 Trane I 66
66

IAQ Sensing
Traditional Zone Sensors
• Temperature
• Relative humidity
• Carbon dioxide
© 2021 Trane I 67
67
IAQ Sensors
IAQ Sensing
• Temperature
• Relative humidity
• Carbon dioxide
• Carbon monoxide
• Particulate matter
• Total VOCs (TVOCS)
• Lighting
• Sound pressure
© 2021 Trane I 68
68

Example IAQ Measurements
Temperature and Relative Humidity
Zone Comfort (Temperature and Relative Humidity)
85 100
90
80 80
Relative Humidity, %
Temperature, °F
70
75
60
70 50
40
65 30
20
60
10
55 0
Temperature (°F) Relative Humidity (%)
© 2021 Trane I 69
69

Contaminants
Zone Contaminants (TVOC and PM2.5)
500 10
450 9
400 8
350 7
PM2.5, µg/m3
TVOC, ppb
300 6
250 5
200 4
150 3
100 2
50 1
0 0
TVOC (ppb) PM2.5 (µg/m3)
© 2021 Trane I 70
70

Lighting and Noise
Zone Lighting and Sound Pressure

700 60
600 50
Sound Pressure, dBA

500
40
Light, lux
400
30
300
20
200
100 10
0 0
Light (lux) Sound Pressure (dBA)
© 2021 Trane I 71
71
IAQ Sensing
Distributed Measurements Centralized Measurements
• Displays information • Fewer instruments for
• More individual sensors calibration
throughout building • Ability to add more/different
sensors
© 2021 Trane I 72
72

Where to Learn More
www.trane.com – self-paced learning

© 2021 Trane I 73
73
Continuing Education Courses

on-demand, no charge, earn LEED, PDH, AIA credits
NEW Courses
• State of the Art Chilled-Water System Design
• Electrification/Decarbonization of HVAC Systems
• Applying VRF for a Complete Building Solution
© 2021 Trane I 74
74

All trademarks referenced are the trademarks of their respective owners.

© 2021 Trane. All Rights Reserved.
75

Trane Engineers Newsletter LIVE: Air Cleaning Technologies for Indoor Air Quality
APP-CMC078-EN QUIZ
1. TRUE or FALSE: Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) includes thermal comfort, lighting, indoor air quality, and
acoustics.
2. The 2019 version of ASHRAE Standard 62.1 requires indoor humidity to be limited to no higher than 60°F
dew point during __________, with some exceptions.
a. occupied hours only
b. unoccupied hours only
c. both occupied and unoccupied hours
3. Which of the following are design procedures allowed by ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2019? Select all that apply.
a. Ventilation Rate Procedure
b. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Procedure
c. Transfer Function Procedure
d. Natural Ventilation Procedure
4. TRUE or FALSE: For many occupancy categories, ASHRAE Standard 62.1 prescribes two ventilation rates; one
for people-related contaminant sources plus one area-based rate for building-related sources.
5. ASHRAE Standard 62.1 allows accounting for occupancy diversity (D) in which type of ventilation system?
a. Single-zone system
b. 100% outdoor-air system
c. Multiple-zone recirculating system
6. TRUE or FALSE: When using the IAQ Procedure, the designer must determine all of the potential
contaminants of concern for the space.
7. TRUE or FALSE: Dry hydrogen peroxide be used with people present in the occupied space.
8. Which are advantages of bipolar ionization?

d. Increases particulate capture through agglomeration
e. Negligible air pressure drop
f. On-surface treatment
g. Low first cot
h. Some devices might produce ozone

9. The Air Change Rate in a space can directly impact air quality in a space. The air change rate used as a
metric of IAQ is
a. Outdoor Air Change Rate
b. Return Air Change Rate
c. Mixed Air Change Rate
d. Total Clean Air Change Rate
10. True or False: Setting a minimum air change rate during occupancy for air cleaning will require HVAC that
can independently control dehumidification and cooling.
11. When controlling a minimum air change rate in a space which there is requirement to reduce air transfer to
other spaces this will require
a. Supply flow measurement and control
b. Supply flow and Return flow measurement and control
c. Separate exhaust fan
d. 100% Outdoor air

Bibliography

INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND ARTICLES
• ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2017: Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for
Removal Efficiency by Particle Size. Available from www.ashrae.org/bookstore
• ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2019: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
Available from www.ashrae.org/bookstore
• ASHRAE Standard 62.1 User’s Manual. Available from www.ashrae.org/bookstore
TRANE RESOURCES
• Murphy, J. “ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2019 Update.” Trane Engineers Newsletter 49-3 (2020).
Available from www.trane.com/engineersnewsletter
• Trane. “A Taxonomy of Air-Cleaning Technologies Featuring Bipolar Ionization.” Whitepaper (2021).
Available from www.trane.com/iaq
• Trane. “A Taxonomy of Air-Cleaning Technologies Featuring Synexis.” Whitepaper (2021).
Available from www.trane.com/iaq
INDUSTRY RESOURCES
• ASHRAE Epidemic Task Force. Available from www.ashrae.org/covid19

Indoor Air Quality Trane

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Indoor Air Quality Trane

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live

Air Cleaning Technologies for Indoor Air Quality

Second Recovery Preconditioning

Help with impact of Help with impact of

Trane program number: APP-CMC078-EN

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live Series

Presenters: Chris Hsieh, Ronnie Moffitt, and Eric Sturm

After viewing attendees will be able to:

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 3

CHRIS HSIEH | APPLICATIONS ENGINEER | TRANE

ERIC STURM | APPLICATIONS ENGINEER | TRANE

RONNIE MOFFITT | SYSTEMS ENGINEER | TRANE

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 4

“Trane” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing

Credit for viewing today’s program can be applied toward LEED

Visit the Registered Continuing Education Programs (RCEP) Website

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 5

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 6

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 7

Chris Hsieh Ronnie Moffitt Eric Sturm

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 8

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 9

The Relationship Of Health And Indoor Air Quality

Literature Review-Year of Publication

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 10

Trane Technologies Center for

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 11

• Clean air introduced to a

• Air Change Rate measured ACH = Clean Airflow (CFM) x 60

using airflow to clean a space

clean a space of airborne 210

Contaminates present in 165

If there is no air moving… 45

Clean Air Changes Per Hour (ACH)

Data Source for plots

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 12

air handler outdoor

Zone Total ACH = supply Airflow(CFM) x 60

Zone Outdoor ACH = Outdoor Airflow(CFM) x 60

using airflow to clean a space

Supply Air @ cooling design= 1000 cfm

ACH = Airflow Required to Condition (cfm) x 60

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 13

Supply Air @ heating design= 620 cfm

ACH = Airflow Required to Condition (cfm) x 60

using airflow to clean a space

Outdoor Air @ design occ.= 151 cfm

ACHOA = Outdoor Airflow for Ventilation (cfm) x 60

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 14

Example Office Rates

HUMIDITY RATIO (grains of moisture/lb of dry air)

using airflow to clean a space

exhaust ACHRequired x Zone Volume(ft3)

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 15

Cooling Design Heating Design

Open Office (Example) 4.2 0.6 2.6 0.6

ASHRAE Epidemic Recommendations (1/2021)

using airflow to clean a space

Recirculated Air Flow Rate

Trane Engineers Newsletter Live (APP-CMC078-EN) 16

Second Recovery Preconditioning

Help with impact of Help with impact of