Three types of English colonies in America (продолжение)

New York

Around 1624 the island of Manhattan was bought for the trinkets worthy of 24$.
Henry Hudson established a fur trading post there. The Dutch, with Henry Hudson as
the leader, owned a colony called New Netherland. In 1664, Charles II granted New
Netherland to his brother James, Duke of York. He just had to take it from the Dutch.
He arrived with a fleet. The Dutch surrendered without a fight. That is how New
York appeared.

New Hampshire

In 1622, John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges received land in northern New
England. Mason eventually formed New Hampshire and Gorges land led to Maine.
Massachusetts controlled both until New Hampshire was given a royal charter in
1679 and Maine was made its own state in 1820.

Maryland 1632. Lord Baltimor 1st got a present from the king - a piece of land in the
New World. Unfortunately, he died before the charter was given to him and his son
(Lord Baltimor 2nd, Cecil Kalver) sent 200 Catholics who settled in some place in
Maryland (that was called in honor of the wife of the king - Mary). They founded a
place and called it the city of Baltimore.

In 1644 a rebellious clergymen Roger Williams fled from Massachusetts and

established a new colony Rhode Island. He argued for freedom of religion and the
separation of church and state.

Connecticut
A group of individuals led by Thomas Hooker left the Massachusetts Bay Colony due
to dissatisfaction with harsh rules and settled in the Connecticut River Valley. In
1639, three settlements joined to form a unified government creating a document
called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, the first written constitution in
America. King Charles II officially united Connecticut as a single colony in 1662.

North Carolina and South Carolina

Eight men received charters in 1663 from King Charles II to settle south of Virginia.
The area was called Carolina. The main port was Charles Town (Charleston). In
1729, North and South Carolina became separate royal colonies.

Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn the son of English Admiral Penn who
was granted this piece of land by king Charles 1 st in 1681. He established a city of
Philadelphia – which is in greek means “the city of brotherly love” because “Phila” is
1
(love) – delphia (brother)). His goal was to establish a place where all people could
practice different religions and live peacefully – tolerance to different religions.

New Jersey

The Duke of York granted some land to Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley
who named their colony New Jersey. They provided liberal grants of land and
freedom of religion. The two parts of the colony were not united into a royal colony
until 1702.

Delaware

When the Duke of York got New Netherland, he also received New Sweden which
had been founded by Peter Minuit. He renamed this area Delaware. This area became
part of Pennsylvania until 1703 when it created its own legislature.

The last to be founded was Georgia that was settled for Charity reasons in 1732.
Prisoners from England were sent there; the most southern colony; the prisoners had
to defend the territory from Spaniards. Seven years of work for the colony guaranteed
their future freedom.

By the middle of the 18th century on the Atlantic shore 13 permanent English
colonies appeared.
The reasons that made Englishmen go to America were:

1) people searched for better economic opportunity (England needed raw

materials), ≈ 50-60 years the crops in England were very poor;
2) religious freedom;
3) political reasons; many people were politically persecuted (Cromwell in 1640)
4) inducement – many women were kidnapped and charitable reasons (prisoners
from England).

The colonies could be subdivided into several territorial groups.

New England: 1) New Hampshire

(Northern) 2) Massachusetts
3) Rhode Island
4) Connecticut (+New Haven)
(they were engaged in shipbuilding and were industrially developed)

Southern 1) Virginia
2) Maryland
3) North Carolina
2
 4) South Carolina
5) Georgia
(agriculture; tar; tobacco), purely agricultural

Middle Colonies: 1) New York

2) New Jersey
3) Pennsylvania
4) Delaware
(agriculture + industry), they grew wheat and so on.
The British colonies co-existed with Britain under 2 conditions:
- the colonies should supply the mother country with raw materials;
the colonies were not supposed to complete with mother country in
manufacturing goods.
The colonies were governed by Governors sent by the king, but in the colonies
themselves there were elective bodies, called assembleys, they were elected by the
people living in the colonies. The governors had much power, but then less than
assembleys.