For the Learners

Math 11(Statistics and Probability)

Quarter 4-Week 4
MELC and Code:

 Calculate the test-statistic value (population mean

(M11/12SP-IVd-1).

Written by:

Lonila B. Evangelista, T-II

Pioneer National High School

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A. Mini Lesson
Test-Statistic value for the population mean on how to calculate the test -
statistic value ( population mean) using the z- score.

Recall that a test statistic is a quantity calculated from sample data. Its value
is used to decide whether the null hypothesis should be rejected in a hypothesis
test. The choice of test statistic depends on the population distribution, sample
size, and whether the population variance is known.

Remember this one , there are the two types of test statistic used in
hypothesis testing for population mean the z -score and the t -score.

A z-score (or standard score) represents the number of standard deviations

a given value x falls from the mean 𝜇.

What does the z-score tell you?

A z-score describes the position of a raw score in terms of its distance from
the mean, when measured in standard deviation units. The z-score is positive if
the value lies above the mean, and negative if it lies below the mean. It is also
known as a standard score, because it allows comparison of scores on different
kinds of variables by standardizing the distribution.

A standard normal distribution (SND) is a normally shaped distribution with a

mean of 0 and a standard deviation (SD) of 1. (see Fig. 1).

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 Why are z-scores important?

It is useful to standardized the values (raw scores) of a normal distribution by

converting them into z-scores because:

(a) it allows researchers to calculate the probability of a score occurring within

a standard normal distribution;

(b) and enables us to compare two scores that are from different samples
(which may have different means and standard deviations).

How do you calculate the z-score?

The formula for calculating a z-score is z = (x-μ)/σ, where x is the raw score,
μ is the population mean, and σ is the population standard deviation , and 𝑛 is the
sample size.

As the formula shows, the z-score is simply the raw score minus the
population mean, divided by the population standard deviation.

To obtain the z-score, we use the following formula:

𝑧=𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝜎𝑥

Take note, when the population mean and the population standard deviation
are unknown, the standard score may be calculated using the sample mean (x̄)
and sample standard deviation (s) as estimates of the population values.

The z-test is used when the population variance 𝜎 2 is known OR when the

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sample size is sufficiently large, that is 𝓃 ≥ 30, . But if the population variance is
unknown and the sample size is not sufficiently large, the t-test is used. However,
the z-test also requires that the population is normally distributed.

Consider two cases when conducting a significance test for a single mean.

Example 1. Case 1 .The population mean 𝜇 and the population standard

deviation 𝜎 are known.
Given : 𝜇=41, 𝑛 =50, 𝑥̅ =40.5, and 𝜎 =4.8. Find the value of z.

Steps Solution
𝑧=𝑥̅ − 𝜇
1. Write the 𝜎𝑥
computing 𝑧=𝑥̅ − 𝜇
formula 𝜎
√𝑛

z= 40.5 – 41
2. Replace the 4.8
term in the √50
formula by z= .5
the given .68
values.
z=-0.74
Case 2. The population mean 𝜇 is known but not the population standard
deviation 𝜎.
Test Statistic: z=𝑥̅ − 𝜇

𝜎𝑥

Note that in the case 2 statistic, the sample standard deviation s is used as
an estimate for the population standard deviation 𝜎.

Example 2.
It is claimed that the average weight of a bag of biscuits is 250 g with a
standard deviation of 20.5 g. A random sample of 50 bags of biscuits has an
average weight of 240 g. Calculate the test statistic.

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 Solution: We have the following given information:
𝜇=250, 𝑛 = 50. 𝑥̅ = 240, 𝑠 = 20.5

Since the population standard deviation is known and the sample size is
greater than 30, z-test should be used.

Steps Solution
𝑧=𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝜎𝑥
1. Write the that simplifies to
computing 𝑧=𝑥̅ − 𝜇
formula 𝑠
√𝑛

z= 240-250
2. Replace the 20.5
term in the √50
formula by z= .10
the given 2.9
values. z= -3.45

Example 3.
Identify the appropriate test statistic to be used given the following:
𝜇=105 , 𝑥̅ = 101.8 , s = 8.5 , n = 20.Then compute for the test statistic.

Steps Solution
1. Write the ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑥 −𝜇
computing 𝑧= 𝑠
formula
√𝑛
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
101.8 − 105
𝑧=
8.5
2. Replace the term √20
in the formula by ̅̅̅̅̅̅
−3.2
the given values. 𝑧=
1.90
𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟔𝟖

Today we will learn the other type of test statistic in hypothesis testing for
population mean which is the t-score. As we discussed yesterday both z-score and
t-score are used in hypothesis testing.

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 A t-score is one form of a standardized test statistic .

When to use the t-score?

The general rule of thumb for when to use a t- score is when your sample:
 Has a sample size below 30,
 Has an unknown population standard deviation.

What is the statistical significant of t-test?

T-test result is one in which a difference between two groups is unlikely to

have occurred because the sample happened to be atypical. Statistical
significance is determined by the size of the difference between the group
averages, the sample size, and the standard deviations of the groups.

To obtain the t-score, we use the following similar formula:

t=𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑠
𝜎𝑥 where 𝜎𝑥
√𝑛

Where 𝑥̅ is the sample mean, 𝜇 is the hypothesized population mean, s is

the sample standard deviation, and 𝑛 is the sample size.

The t-score formula enables you to take an individual score and transform it
into a standardized form > one which helps you to compare scores.

You’ll want to use the t score formula when you don’t know the
population standard deviation and you have a small sample (under 30).

Example 4.
Identify the appropriate test statistic to be used given the following:
𝜇=44.5 , 𝑛 = 25 . 𝑥̅ = 54.2. s = 7.5.

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 Solution: Since the sample size is less than 30 and the population standard
deviation is unknown, t-test should be used.
𝑥̅ −𝜇
Using the given formula: 𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛

54.2 − 44.5
=
7.5
−√25

9.7
=
1.5

54.2 − 44.5
=
7.5

𝒕 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟕

Example 5.
An ice cream machine dispenses 5 ounces of ice cream per serving. The
owner wants to test whether the machine is properly working. A sample of 25
servings showed an average amount of 5.08 ounces with a standard deviation of
0.68 ounces. What is the value of the test statistic?

Solution: We have the following given:

𝜇=5 𝑛 = 25 𝑥̅ = 5.08 s = 0.68

Since the population standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is
less than 30, t-test should be used.
𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛

5.08 − 5
𝑡=
0.68
√25

𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗

B. Guided/ Practice Activity

Activity 1: Using the formula of z-score, compute for the test statistic. Write
your answer on the space provided before the number.

________1. Find z: 𝜇=79 𝑛 = 60 𝑥̅ = 45.2 s = 6.5

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 a.40.24 b. - 40.24 c. 24.40 d. - 41.24

________2. Find z: 𝜇=65 𝑛= 50 𝑥̅ = 25 s=4

a.– 18.25 b. 18.25 c.-25.18 d. 25.18

________3. Find z: 𝜇=80 𝑛= 83 𝑥̅ = 100 s=5

a.10 b. 8 c. 6 d. 5
Now we will consider several examples that illustrate the use of the z-score
formula. Compute the test hypothesis.

Suppose that we know about a population of a particular breed of dogs having

weights that are normally distributed. Furthermore, suppose we know that the mean
of the distribution is 15 pounds and the standard deviation is 3.5 pounds. Consider
the following questions:

________4. What is the z-score for 20 pounds?

a. 1.52 b. 2.0 c.1.43 d. 1.60

________5. What is the z-score for 12 pounds?

a. -57 b. - .57 c. 0.75 d. -.75

________6. How many pounds corresponds to a z-score of 1.25?

a. 13.475 b. 13.457 c. 14.375 d. 14.735

C. Independent Practice Activity

Activity 1: Suppose that the z is the test statistic for hypothesis testing,
calculate the value of z for each of the following:
1. 𝜇 =10 𝜎 = 3.2 𝑥̅ = 9.2. n = 68
2. 𝜇=26 𝜎 = 4.5 𝑥̅ = 28.3 n = 80
3. 𝜇=75 𝜎 = 5.8 𝑥̅ = 35.6 n = 90

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Make Me Complete. Look for the missing value of z-score to complete the table.

z ̅
𝒙 𝝁 𝝈 n

A 9.20 20 3 58

B 4.57 26 4.5 80

C -5.24 72.2 75 118

D 4.34 49.60 7 160

D. Evaluation
DIRECTIONS: Read each item carefully. Write the letter of your answer on
the space before the number.

________1. What do you mean by quantity calculated from sample data?

a. z-score c. standard deviation
b. t-score d. test statistic

________2. Scores result on a math final examination have an average of 85 with a

standard deviation of 7. What is the z-score for a student who earned a
75 on the test?
a. 1.420 b. 1.329 c..833 d. 1.429
________3. What will be the z-score if 𝜇 = 50 𝑥̅ = 36 𝜎= 7
a. 4 b. -4 c. -2 d. 2

________4. What will be the z-score if 𝜇 = 104 𝑥̅ = 45 𝑛 = 60 𝑠 = 6.4

a. 71.95 b. -71.08 c. 95.71 d. - 18.95

________5. In a research university, the average IQ of students is 100 with a

standard deviation of 20. A team of scientists wants to test the effect of
a certain drug on the IQ of students. A sample of 50 participants who
have taken the drug has an average IQ of 115. Calculate the test
statistic.

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 a. 4.3 b.6.7 c.3.6 d.5.3

A. Guided/Practice Activity
Activity 1: For each of the following item calculate the value of t or z –score.
Write your answer on the space provided before the number.

________1. 𝜇 = 20 𝑠 = 2.5 𝑛 = 30 𝑥̅ = 16.5

a. 7.69 b. -7.61 c. -7.89 d. 7.99

________2. 𝜇 = 18 𝜎 = 1.5 𝑛 = 25 𝑥̅ = 20.5

a. 8.39 b. -8.33 c. 8.33 d. -8.39

________3. 𝜇 = 60 , 𝜎 = 3.6 , 𝑛 = 43, and 𝑥̅ = 55.8

a. -6.84 b. 6.76 c. -7.64 d. -7.90

B. Independent Practice Activity

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, calculate the value of t-score or z-score

of the following problems.

1. In a school, the average grade in mathematics of grade 11 is believed to be

at least 88. Patrick decides to verify if this claim is true. He got a random sample of
10 students and listed their grades: 80, 78, 85, 90, 93, 90, 95, 77, 88, and 85. If the
distribution of the grades is normal, calculate the test statistic that Patrick should use
in his hypothesis test.

2. A researcher in the field of educational psychology is interested in the

effects of open classroom on intellectual development. She obtained a random
sample of 49 Grade 4 students in an open classroom and administered a conceptual
problems solving test to them. It is known that grade 4 students in traditional classes
have an average score of 82 on the test. The sample students scored an average of
86 with a standard deviation of 5. What is the value of the test statistic?

C. Evaluation
Multiple Choice Test: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided before the number.

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________1. Calculate using test hypothesis 𝜇 = 100 𝜎 = 12 𝑛 = 130 𝑥̅ = 92
a. -7.62 c. 6.72
b. 7.62 d. -6.72
________2. Calculate using test hypothesis 𝜇 = 30 𝑠 = 1.4 𝑛 = 28 𝑥̅ =28.5
a. -5.67 c. -5.87
b. -5.77 d. -5.97

________3. When will you used z-score ?

a. n≤30 c. n = 30
b. n≥30 d. n n≥40

________4. What do you call an hypothesis that should be used when the
population is not greater than 30 and the standard deviation is unknown?
a. z- score c. null hypothesis
b. t- score d. test statistic

________5. What is a value used to determine the probability needed in decision-

making?
a. Test hypothesis c. test reference
b. Test statistic d. sample test

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References:

Albert, J.R. et al (2016). Teaching guide for senior high school: Statistic and
Probability, Commission
on Higher Education

Belecina, R., Baccay, E. & Mateo, E. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Rex Book
Store, pp. 239-242.

“Open Hemispheric Brain Dominance Scale 1.0, Eric Jorgenson, 29 April 2015”.
Accessed on
October 16, 2018.
https://openpsychometrics.org/tests/OHBDS/development/OHBDS1.0.pdf

Remoto-Ocampo, Shirlee, et al. Probability, Statistics, and Applications. Quezon

City: Abiva Publishing House, Inc. 2017

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