GE104

MODULE 2

Mathematics as a
Language
Module 2
Mathematics as a Language

2.01 Language of Variable

2.02 Language of Sets
2.03 Language of Relations and Functions
2.04 Language of Logic
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.03 Language of Relations and Functions

 Ordered Pairs – given elements a and b, the

symbol (a , b) denotes the ordered pair
consisting of a and b together with the specification
that a is the first element of the pair and b is the
second element.
Ex.
1) Is ( 1 , 2 ) = ( 2, 1 ) = ?
5 1
2) Is 3, 10 = √9, 2 = ?

3) What is the first element of (2, 5) = ?

Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.03 Language of Relations and Functions

 Ordered Pairs – given elements a and b, the  Cartesian Product– given sets A and B, the
symbol (a , b) denotes the ordered pair Cartesian product of A and B, denoted A × B and
consisting of a and b together with the specification read “A cross B”, is the set of all ordered pairs (a ,
that a is the first element of the pair and b is the b), where a is an element of A and b is an element
second element. of set B.
Ex. Ex.
1) Is ( 1 , 2 ) = ( 2, 1 ) = False Let C = { 1, 2, 3 } and D = {u, v}
5 1
2) Is 3, 10 = √9, 2 = True a.) Find C × D =
b.) Find D × C =
3) What is the first element of (2, 5) = 2
c.) Find D × D =
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.03 Language of Relations and Functions

 Ordered Pairs – given elements a and b, the

symbol (a , b) denotes the ordered pair
 Cartesian Product– given sets A and B, the
consisting of a and b together with the specification
Cartesian product of A and B, denoted A × B and
that a is the first element of the pair and b is the
read “A cross B”, is the set of all ordered pairs (a ,
second element.
b), where a is an element of A and b is an element
Ex. of set B.
1) Is ( 1 , 2 ) = ( 2, 1 ) = False Ex.
5 1 Let C = { 1, 2, 3 } and D = {u, v}
2) Is 3, 10 = √9, 2 = True
a.) Find C × D = {(1,u), (1,v), (2,u), (2,v), (3,u), (3,v)}
3) What is the first element of (2, 5) = 2
b.) Find D × C = {(u,1), (u,2), (u,3), (v,1), (v,2), (v,3)}
c.) Find D × D = {(u,u), (u,v), (v,u), (v,v)}
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.03 Language of Relations and Functions

 Relation – is a set of ordered pairs (x , y). The

domain of the relation is all the values of x. the
range of the relation is all the values of y.
 Function – is a relation in which each value of x is
paired w/ only one value of y. that is each value of x
occurs only once.
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.03 Language of Relations and Functions

 Relation – is a set of ordered pairs (x , y). The

domain of the relation is all the values of x. the
range of the relation is all the values of y.
 Function – is a relation in which each value of x is
paired w/ only one value of y. that is each value of x
occurs only once.
Ex.
A = { 1, 2 } B = { 1, 2, 3} An element of x in A is
related to an element of y in B if, and only if, ( x – y )
/ 2 is an integer
(x, y) ϵ A x B
(x, y) ϵ C ⇔ ( x – y ) / 2 is an integer
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.03 Language of Relations and Functions

 Relation – is a set of ordered pairs (x , y). The A x B = { (1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3) }

domain of the relation is all the values of x. the
Solutions of C formula: ( x – y ) / 2
range of the relation is all the values of y.
 Function – is a relation in which each value of x is
paired w/ only one value of y. that is each value of x
occurs only once.
Ex.
A = { 1, 2 } B = { 1, 2, 3} An element of x in A is
related to an element of y in B if, and only if, ( x – y )
/ 2 is an integer
(x, y) ϵ A x B
(x, y) ϵ C ⇔ ( x – y ) / 2 is an integer
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.03 Language of Relations and Functions

 Relation – is a set of ordered pairs (x , y). The A x B = { (1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3) }

domain of the relation is all the values of x. the
Solutions of C formula: ( x – y ) / 2
range of the relation is all the values of y.
(1,1) (1,2) (1,3)
 Function – is a relation in which each value of x is
paired w/ only one value of y. that is each value of x = (1-1) / 2 = (1-2) / 2 = (1-3) / 2
occurs only once. = (0)/2 = -1/2 = -2/2
Ex. =0 = -1
A = { 1, 2 } B = { 1, 2, 3} An element of x in A is
related to an element of y in B if, and only if, ( x – y )
/ 2 is an integer
(x, y) ϵ A x B
(x, y) ϵ C ⇔ ( x – y ) / 2 is an integer
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.03 Language of Relations and Functions

 Relation – is a set of ordered pairs (x , y). The A x B = { (1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3) }

domain of the relation is all the values of x. the range
of the relation is all the values of y. Solutions of C formula: ( x – y ) / 2
 Function – is a relation in which each value of x is (1,1) (1,2) (1,3)
paired w/ only one value of y. that is each value of x = (1-1) / 2 = (1-2) / 2 = (1-3) / 2
occurs only once.
= (0)/2 = -1/2 = -2/2
Ex.
=0 = -1
A = { 1, 2 } B = { 1, 2, 3} An element of x in A is
related to an element of y in B if, and only if, ( x – y ) /
2 is an integer (2,1) (2,2) (2,3)
(x, y) ϵ A x B = (2-1) / 2 = (2-2) / 2
(x, y) ϵ C ⇔ ( x – y ) / 2 is an integer = (2-3) / 2
=1/2 =0/2 = -1/2
=0
C = { (1,1), (1,3), (2,2) }
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.03 Language of Relations and Functions

 Arrow Diagram – For each x in A and y in B draw

an arrow from x to y if and only if x is related to y.
ARROW DIAGRAM OF C
Ex.
A = { 1, 2 } B = { 1, 2, 3} An element of x in A is
related to an element of y in B if, and only if, ( x – y )
/ 2 is an integer
(x, y) ϵ A x B
(x, y) ϵ C ⇔ ( x – y ) / 2 is an integer

C = { (1,1), (1,3), (2,2) }

Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.03 Language of Relations and Functions

 Arrow Diagram – For each x in A and y in B draw

an arrow from x to y if and only if x is related to y.
ARROW DIAGRAM OF C
Ex.
A = { 1, 2 } B = { 1, 2, 3} An element of x in A is
related to an element of y in B if, and only if, ( x – y )
/ 2 is an integer
(x, y) ϵ A x B
(x, y) ϵ C ⇔ ( x – y ) / 2 is an integer

C = { (1,1), (1,3), (2,2) }

NOT FUNCTION
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.03 Language of Relations and Functions

 FUNCTIONS

 NOT FUNCTIONS
END SLIDE