Physical Education 2
Escrima is based on the baston
REVIEWER
Module 1: Arnis De Mano
Arnis (also known as Kali and Escrima) is a weapon
based Filipino martial arts. It is national sports of the
Philippines as stated in Republic Act 9850 which was
signed by the President Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo on December 11, 2009 and has a very long
history of combat effectiveness. Although it is weapons
based, it also includes striking – kicking, pushing,
wrestling and grappling.
Arnis is the system of Filipino martial arts founded by
late Remy Presas as self-defense. The term Modern
Arnis was used by Remy Presas, younger
brother Ernesto Presas to describe his style of Filipino
martial arts, since 1999 Ernesto Presas called his
system Kombatan. It is derived principally from the
traditional Presas family style of the Bolo (Machete) and
the stick-dueling art of Balintawak Eskrima, with
influence from other Filipino and Japanese martial arts.
1.1: History of Arnis
Arnis is a Filipino martial art that can be performed
individually or with a partner, using a single stick or a
pair of sticks for striking and blocking; it may also be
used for self-defense.
Arnis/Kali/Escrima was originally developed by the
people native to the islands using simple impact and
edged weapons such as kampilans, rattan, swords,  As its name implies, largo mano is a long-range style
daggers, spears and other assorted weapons for combat
and self-defense. These weapons were also sometimes
used as farm implements.
The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan’s force in 1521 was
met in battle with a group of islanders, led by Raja Lapu-
Lapu, who defeated Magellan using only a bladed
weapon. The practice of Arnis/Kali/Escrima was
prohibited, but continued and was preserved through
native ritual dance, performance, and mock battles.
Thus, the arts were passed down in families from
generation to generation, honing their skill, speed,
accuracy and agility.
The terms Arnis, Kali and Escrima are all used to refer to
the Filipino martial arts. There has been some confusion
as to what word refers to which part of the martial art.
It is believed that Arnis, Kali, and Escrima are all a part
of the same art and depending on the location, dialect
and type of training taught. One interpretation is that
Kali is the mother art of Arnis and Escrima. Arnis focuses
on the knife, including dagger, sword, and any other
form of bladed weapon.
or stick. It has also become very popular in the sport
aspect of full contact stick fighting.
To this day Arnis/Kali/Escrima has retained a strong
Spanish influence not only in the names and titles used
in training, but in the impact, it has had on Filipino
culture. Thus, the reference to it being a “complete”
martial art.
1.2: Terminologies
 ARNIS – “harnass,” terms used in the Northern
Phillipines for FMA, synonymous with the middle-
Philippines term, “escrima,” or the southern term,
“kali.”
 BASTON – Stick or baton used in
FMA. The baston (Spanish and Filipino for "cane") is
one of the primary weapons of Arnis and Filipino
martial arts. It is also known
as yantok, olisi, palo, pamalo, garrote, caña,
cane, arnis stick, eskrima stick or simply, stick.
 EKIS – X- strikes. The letter X is another term coined
for this combo strike.
 DULO-DULO – Palm stick (dulo), spoken twice to
indicate style of fighting with said weapon. Made
from Carabao (Buffalo) Horn.
 GARROTE – Another name for olisi. The Garrote
stick it is a highly effective self-defense weapon that
if often used against a blade wielding opponent.
 LARGO – Long distance. The largo mano (long hand)
utilizing distance. The stick used in largo mano is
about 30 inches, considerably longer than common
escrima sticks.
 MANO Y MANO - “Hand to hand” combat. Mano y
Mano often referred to as Empty Hand, Kamao
(knuckles), Kuntao, or simply Mano represents the
interpretation and adaptation of weapon
techniques to empty hands. 
 PANUKAD – Stance. Tayo in Tagalog
 REDONDO – A circular power- strike
 SALAMAT – A greeting derived from the Muslim
“salaam” (or peace) and connoting gratitude.
 SALUDO – Salutation. Pagpupugay (salutation or
bow) is a recent development in Arnis de Mano.
 SUMBRADA – An upward, oblique “umbrella” block.
 SUNGKITI – Hooking thrust
 TAPI-TAPI-ON – Series of parries and blocks
 TUYOK – Spinning movement
1.3: Code of Ethics
1. Arnis is an event that aims to bond and develop
friendship and brotherhood.
2. It is never a sport to hurt and defeat the opponent
but to improve the skills of the players.
3. It aims to develop the mind, the physique and the
character of the player.
4. Arnis is played to develop the social aspect that will
lead to the close bonding of all practitioners.
5. All the practitioners respect each other. They salute
each other when they meet and from a meeting
before they depart. The juniors must salute first and
maintain the position until the seniors answer their
salute.
6. The juniors do not have the right to challenge to
fight the seniors unless in the program set by their
association to fulfill an objective.
7. All the practitioners continue to move on as there is
room for improvement or advancement.
8. Each practitioner must share with other beginners
or practitioners the advancement attained.
9. Practitioners must desire to strengthen the Arnis
family he belongs to by sharing love, knowledge and
understanding.
10. Practitioners must remember that Arnis is not a
means to fight people but to bond with them for life
improvement.
1.4: Equipment used in Arnis
 White t-shirt with Philippine Flag on the left chest
 Red trouser pants  Backward Stance
 Belt's
 Cane or arnis stick with the standard size of 28
inches of length and 1 inch in diameter.
 Competition area: 8x8m equal size for Combat/
10x10 for Anyo Competition.
 Head gear
 Body armor
 Armed guard
 Shin Guard
 Groin guard (Male and Female)
 Hand Protector
1.5: Fundamental Skills
Grip: Proper hold of the stick
 Hold the stick one fist away from the punyo (butt)
of the stick.
 Close the grip with the thumb.
Kinds of Stances and Salutation
Pugay
 Place the weapon hand across the chest.
 Bow by bending at the waist.
Handa/Ready Stance
 Stand with your feet apart parallel to the shoulder
with both toes pointing forward.
 The knees should be straight, the waist and the
body facing forward.
 Hands are on waist level and the hands should hold
the sticks on both sides.
Attention Stance
 Heels should be close to each other, knees should
be straight, the waist and body facing forward.
 Shoulders are dropped to the side and both hands
are at waist level.
Handa sa Paglaban/Fighting Stance
 One foot in front (foot the same as the weapon
hand), the other foot on the rear.
 Keep feet apart, distance of one foot.
 Both knees slightly bent.
 Toes facing forward.
Forward Stance
 Both toes are pointing in front, the waist and the
body is facing forward.
 The body should not be too low or the lead foot too
extended otherwise it will be hard to maneuver.
 Forward stances can be right foot lead, which is the
Right Foot Forward Stance, or it can be left foot lead
which is Left Foot Forward Stance.
 Forward Stance are commonly used with frontal
striking or blocking techniques.
 The heels of the foot should form an imaginary “L”
shape while the legs are in a straddle position.
 The body should not be too low or extended
otherwise it will be hard to maneuver.
 Back stances can be right foot lead, which is the
Right Foot Back Stance, or it can be left foot lead
which is Left Foot Back Stance.
 Back stances are used for blocking and backward
evasion techniques.
Oblique Stance
 Both toes are pointing in front, the waist and the
body is facing forward.
 The body should not be too low or the lead foot too
extended otherwise it will be hard to maneuver.
 Oblique stances can be right foot lead, which is the
Right Foot Oblique Stance, or it can be left foot lead
which is Left Foot Oblique Stance.
 Oblique Stances are commonly used for forward
blocking and evasion techniques.
Straddle Stance
 Both toes are pointing in front, the waist and the
body is facing forward.
 Distribute the weight or center of gravity to both
legs. Straddle stance are also called Horseback
Riding Stance since it mimics position when riding
on a horse back.
 Straddle stances are commonly used for blocking
the strikes to the side of the body.
Side Stance
 Moving foot will be perpendicular to the ground
while the other leg is extended thereby creating a
position like that of a side kick.
 Both toes are pointing in front, the waist and the
body is facing forward.
 Distribute the weight or center of gravity to both
legs. If the left foot moves to the side it becomes
Left Foot Side Stance, if the right foot moves to the
side it becomes Right Foot Side Stance.
 Side Stances are commonly used for strike
deflection and evasion techniques.
1.6: 12 Striking Techniques
Strike 1 – Left Temple
 Strike 2 – Right Temple
Strike 3 – Left Shoulder
Strike 4 – Right Shoulder
Strike 5 – Thrust.
Strike 6 – Left Chest stab
Strike 7– Right chest stab.
Strike 8 – Right lower leg!
Strike 9 – Left lower leg.
Strike 10 – Left Eye poke
Strike 11 – Right Eye poke
Strike 12 – Crown/top of head.
Module 2: Badminton
is a racket sport played by either two opposing players
(singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles). The
badminton court is rectangular and is divided by a net.
Players score points by hitting a shuttlecock with their
racket so that it passes over the net and lands in the
other side of the court.
Competitive badminton is best played indoors because
shuttlecock flight is affected by wind. But badminton, as
a casual recreational activity, can also be played
outdoors. Badminton has been an Olympic sport since
1992 (Barcelona).
"The objective of the game is simple, that is to hit the
shuttle over the net so that it lands in your opponent's
court before it can be returned. you can hit the shuttle
fast, slows high, flat, or low. You can smash it with
maximum power or use the most delicate touch shots".
2.1: History of Badminton
Badminton evolved from a similar game
called battledore played in fifth-century B.C. China. The
people in China then played a game called ti jian zi. A
direct translation from the word “ti jian zi” is kicking the
shuttle. As the name suggest, the objective of the game
is to keep the shuttle from hitting the ground without
using hand. It was however the first game that uses a
Shuttle.
A game named Battledore and Shuttlecock was played
in China, Japan, India, and Greece. This is a game where
you use the Battledore (a paddle) to hit the Shuttlecock
back and forth. In Europe this game was known as jeu
de volant to them. In the 1860s, a game
named Poona was played in India. This game is much
like the Battledore and Shuttlecock but with an added
net.
The game we all know as badminton began in the
19th century (1870) and was named by the Duke of
Beaufort after Badminton House in Gloucestershire. The
International Badminton Federation now has its base in
Gloucestershire.
In England there had long been a children’s game
known as “battledore and shuttlecock.”
The Bath Badminton Club standardized the rules and
regulations. The Badminton Association of England
published the first set of rules in line with the new
regulations in 1893 and officially launched the game of
Badminton. The All-England Open badminton
championships began in 1899 and were the world’s first
badminton competition.
In 1934 the International Badminton Federation (IBF),
which now known as the Badminton world Federation,
was established. England, France, Canada, Denmark,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Ireland, Scotland and Wales
were the first members. Globally, the Badminton world
Federation (BWF) governs and promotes the sport.
The history of badminton in the United States began
with the first Badminton club, the Badminton Club of
New York, founded in1878. Badminton became a
popular pastime for many Hollywood stars including
James Cagney, Bette Davis, Ginger Rogers and Douglas
Fairbanks, which also helped to promote the sport in
the 1930s.
The United State singles player, David Freeman, won
the All-England World Championships in 1949, while the
All-England World Championship doubles were won the
same year by the American players Clinton and Patsy
Stevens, although the All-England championships were
considered the unofficial world championship until
1977.
Although the history of badminton originated in
England this international sport has been largely
dominated by Asian countries and Denmark over the
last few decades. Countries including South Korea,
Malaysia, China and Indonesia have all produced world
class players. China is currently the strongest
badminton country, winning many major
championships consistently over the last few years.
2.2: Badminton 101
Nature and Purpose of the Game
The object is to serve the shuttle strategically and
thereafter direct it with speed or accuracy to an
unprotected point on the opponent’s court so that the
opponent is unable to return the shuttle across the net
or into the proper boundaries of the court area.
Likewise, the opponent attempts to prevent the shuttle
from falling to the court on his side of the net and to
return it to an unprotected spot in his opponent’s court.
Equipment
Racket- Badminton Rackets have an overall length of
26.18”-26.77” (665-680 mm), head width from 8.66”-
9.06” (220-230 mm), and a handle diameter of 1” (25.4
mm). The mass/weight of a modern Badminton Racket
is between 2.46-3.35 oz (85-100 g).
Shuttlecock- have 16 feathers fixed in a cork base
covered in kid leather. Interestingly, the best
Badminton Shuttlecocks are made from feathers from
the left wing of a goose. A shuttlecock weighs approx.
0.17 oz (5g). The diameter of the circle that the feathers
make is around 58 to 68 mm (2.3 to 2.7 in). Length of a
shuttlecock feathers 2.75 inches (70mm). Length of a
shuttlecock cork base 1 inch (25-28mm)
There are two types of shuttles- plastic and feather. The
synthetic or plastic shuttlecocks are made of plastic or
nylon material and is commonly referred to as plastic or
nylon shuttlecocks. The plastic shuttle is heavier, flies
differently but lasts a lot longer than the feather. The
feathered shuttlecock is commonly made from the
feathers of a goose or duck. The feather shuttle is used
for most official tournaments.
Court Dimensions- divided in half by a center
badminton net, courts are usually marked for both
singles or doubles games with boundary widths varying
between the two match types.
Badminton Courts have a length of 44’ (13.4 m), 20 feet
wide by 44 feet long for doubles while 17 feet wide by
44 feet long for singles Service courts are split by a
center line dividing the width of the court and are set
back from the net by a ‘short service line’ of 6.5 feet
(1.98 m).
Doubles games also require a ‘long service line’ that is
placed 2.5’ (.76 m) in from the back boundary.
Clearances of 2’ (.61 m) should be providing around the
entire badminton court.
Net- central gameplay element in a game of Badminton,
requiring players to return the shuttlecock from one
side of the court to the other during the match.
Badminton Nets span the entire 20’ (6.1 m) width of the
court and are placed over the doubles sidelines, even
when singles games are played. The net has a height of
5 ft.  (1.524 m) at the edges and sags slightly at the
center resulting in a height of 5’ (1.52 m). Badminton
nets are split into a 1:1 ratio with a 30’ (76 cm) opening
below the mesh and an equal surface above.
Posts- The posts are 1.55m high from the surface of the
court and remain vertical when the net is strained.
The posts are placed on the double side lines
irrespective of whether singles or doubles is played. The
posts or supports must not extend into the court
beyond the side lines.
2.3: Badminton Terminology
1. Side out- loss of service
2. Fault- a violation of the rules
3. Birdie- shuttlecock
4. Let- serve hitting the top of the net and landing in
the proper court, a serve retake
5. Match- winning 2 out of 3 games
6. Rally- a sequence of one or more strokes starting
with the service, until the shuttle ceases to be in
play.
7. Inside- team serving
8. Outside- the team receiving
9. Odd and Even Courts- In singles: At the beginning of
the game and when the score is even, the servers
from the right service court. When it is odd, the
server serves from the left service court. If the
server wins a rally, the server scores a point and
then serves again from alternate service court. If
the receiver wins a rally, the receiver scores a point
and becomes the new server.
10. Toss/spin – the method of deciding which side will
serve first at the beginning of the match.
11. Smash – a powerful overhand stroke that sends the
bird downward over the net.
12. Fault – any violation of the rules whose penalty is
loss of serve or the point.
13. Drop – a shot made that barely clears the net with
little speed.
14. Singles – a game involving one player on each end
of the court.
15. Doubles – a game of four players, two on each
team.
16. Double hit – contacting the bird twice in succession
on the same stroke.
17. Backhand – any stroke made on the side of the
body opposite the racket side.
18. Forehand – any stroke made on the racket side of
the body.
19. Game scoring- Played to 21. The side winning a rally
adds a point to its score. At 20 all, the sides which
gains a 2-point lead first, wins that game. At 29 all,
the side scoring the 30th point, wins the game. The
side winning a game serves first in the next game.
2.4: Badminton Techniques
Forehand Grip- ‘shake hands’ with your racket.
Backhand Grip- To use the backhand grip your thumb
must sit on the flat part of the racket handle (you must
be able to see the strings).
High Serve (Single Serve)- to get the shuttle as high and
as far back in the court as possible. Here are the steps:
NOTE: It’s a fault serve if you slide or lift your feet
during a serve.
Doubles Serve (Back hand)- to serve as low to the net
and as close to the short single line as possible. You can
use either a forehand or backhand grip.
Return of Service
In singles- players should be stand in the middle of the
area to be served into. In doubles, the player can stand
a little closer towards the service line.
Positioning for Serving
In men’s or ladies’ doubles, the server will stand close
to the service line and their partner should stand in the
middle of the court behind the server so they are ready
to cover the back of the court.
In Mixed doubles it’s normal for the lady to stand in
front of her partner on the service line when he is
serving. Also, when the pair is receiving, the partner
should stand behind the receiver in the middle of the
court.
Overhead Shot
There are three kinds of overhead shots:
Clear- The clear is one of 4 overhead strokes played
with the forehand grip- the others are the smash, drop
and the snap. The aim is to produce these shots in the
same way so that the opponent cannot pick which shot
is going to be played until the last split second.
Drop Shot- to bring the opponent in close to the net so
they have to lunge down low to retrieve the shuttle.
Smash- the most powerful and dynamic shot. It is an
attacking shot that is used a lot to put the opponent
under pressure and to win rallies.
Once again, the preparation for the smash is the same
for all overheads.
Net Shots- to play the shuttle as close as possible to the
net so that it is difficult to return. It is not so important
to keep the shuttle flat in its trajectory over the net- it’s
more important for it to be close to the net (tight).
Net Lift- is played with either the forehand or the
backhand and aims to land the shuttle in the tramlines
at the back of the court.
Defense Block- The basic technique for defense- this is
used more in doubles and mixed doubles.
Your body position is important- face the net with both
your shoulders and feet square on to the net. The
easiest and often the most effective way of returning at
smash is to play a block just over the net. The idea is to
take the pace off the smash and just block the shuttle so
it lands inside the short service line and makes it very
difficult for the opposition to keep attacking service line
and makes it very difficult for the opposition to keep
attacking.
Drives- is a hard flat shot from half court to half court.
This is a good shot for beginners to start with to practice
with the shuttle.
Footwork
Stance- An effective stance will enable players to move
quickly from the base (the central position of the court
the player starts from and returns to between shots) in
any direction. Players should be ready to move quickly. 
Front of Court- To move to the front is simply- chasse
from the base then a lunge
Back of Court
Side of Court- To move to the side of the court to reach
a smash or half-court shot is the same
movement/footwork as to the front- fast small chasse
and lunge.
Everybody is different and has different abilities-
therefore some footwork will be slightly different for
players but the basics are the same. With large groups it
is possible to have many players on each court to
practice footwork.
2.5: General Rules and Regulations
Serving
A. The server must keep both feet in contact with the
floor at the time of the serve.
B. The bird must be connected below the waist.
C. The racket head must be below the server’s wrist.
D. The server should not serve until the receiver is
ready, the opponent is deemed ready if a return is
attempted.
E. Partners of the server and receiver may stand
anywhere on the court providing they do not obstruct
the opponent’s view.
F. A bird that touches the net on the serve and goes into
the proper service court is legal.
G. If the server misses the bird on the serve attempt, it
still counts. In singles and doubles the serve would go to
the opponent. The serve is lost to the opponent.
Serving Order-Singles
A. The first serve of the game and all following serves,
when the server’s score is an even number, are made
from the right service court.
B. All serves, when the server’s score is an odd number,
are made from the left service court.
C. When a rally is lost, the receiving player becomes the
server and scores a point.
Serving Order-Doubles
A. There is only one server in doubles.
B. At the beginning of the game and when the score is
EVEN, the server serves from the RIGHT COURT. When
the score is ODD, the server serves from the LEFT
COURT.
C. If the serving side wins a rally, the serving side scores
a point and the same person serves again from the
alternate court.
D. If the receiving side wins a rally, the receiving side
scores appoint. The receiving side becomes the new
serving side.
E. The players do not change their respective service
courts until they win a point when their side is serving.
You only change sides of the court, from left to right,
when your team has scored while serving.
The winners of the first game serve first in the next
game.
Birds falling on the lines are considered good.
During a rally, a bird that touches the net and goes over
is in play.
A fault (violation of rules) occurs if:
A. On the service, any part of the racket head is higher
than the server’s wrist and contact is made above the
waist.
B. The service fails to cross the net or go into the proper
service court.
C. The feet of the server and receiver are not in the
proper courts at time of service.
D. The server hesitates or stops (feint/balk) the service
motion or misses the bird.
E. The improper receiver returns the bird on the serve.
F. A bird hit into the net, under the net, against the wall
or ceiling is out-of-bounds.
G. A player hits the bird before it crosses the net.
H. The bird touches a player or clothing.
I. The player touches the net while the bird is in play.
J. The bird is hit twice in succession by one/both
partners.
K. The bird is held, caught, or carried on the racket
when struck.
L. A player obstructs an opponent.
Let (a play allowed to be replayed)
A. The bird becomes caught in or on the net after
passing over the net.
B. The bird hits the basketball supports or net.
C. The following situations occur before the next serve
and if the offending side wins the rally:
 The correct server serves from the wrong court.
 The wrong serves from either the correct/incorrect
service court.
 The correct receiver receives in the wrong court.
2.6: Scoring Games
Since January 2006 World Badminton Federation
changed the scoring system so now points are scored
after all rallies. Games are played to 21 with advantages
of 2 and breaks are only at 11 or 21. Below is a basic
explanation for the new scoring system.
Simplified New Rally Points Scoring System
Scoring System
1. A match consists of the best of 3 games of 21
points.
2. The side winning a rally adds a point to its score.
3. At 20 all, the side which gains a 2-point lead first,
wins that game.
4. At 29 all, the side scoring the 30th point, wins that
game.
5. The side winning a game serves first in the next
game.
Intervals and Change of Ends
1. When the leading score reaches 11 points, players
have a 60 second interval.
2. A 2-minute interval between each game is allowed.
3. In the third game, players change ends when a side
scores 11 points.
Singles
1. At the beginning of the game and when the score is
even, the server serves from the right service court.
When it is odd, the server serves from the left
service court.
2. If the server wins a rally, the server scores a point
and then serves again from alternate service court.
3. If the receiver wins a rally, the receiver scores a
point and becomes the new server.
Doubles
1. There is only one serve in doubles.
2. At the beginning of the game and when the score is
even, the server serves from the right court. When
it is odd, the server serves from the left court.
3. If the serving side wins a rally, the serving side
scores a point and the same server serves again
from the alternative service court.
4. If the receiving side wins a rally, the receiving side
scores a point. The receiving side becomes the new
serving side.
5. The player of the receiving side who served last
stays in the same service court from where he
served last. The reverse pattern applies to the
receiver’s partner.
6. The players do not change their respective service
courts until they win a point when their side is
serving.
7. If players commit an error in the service court, the
error is corrected when the mistake is discovered.
Safety/Etiquette
1. Keep a firm grip on the racket.
2. Be careful not to hit your partner with the racket.
3. Stay in your own court to avoid the possibility of
collision with other players.
4. Stop play if other players enter your court.
5. Wait until there is a stop in the action to retrieve a
bird from another court.
6. Be aware of the walls and the net posts.
7. Before play, agree on the boundaries and
determine the first server.
8. Players call their own lines; replay the point if in
doubt.
9. Shake hands after the game/match.