Physical Science Week 5

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES (COMTECH) Inc.
CODL UP! Learning Module

1st Quarter
S.Y. 2020-2021
SUBJECT & GRADE LEVEL: PHYSICAL Week Number: 5 Email: cyriljseguerrabalboa@gmail.com

SCIENCE
Topic: POLARITY OF MOLECULES Learning Competency: • Teacher: Ms. Cyril-J S. Balboa
1. Determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar
given its structure.
2. Relate the polarity of a molecule to its
properties CP #: 09533929012
KAMUSTA
Kamusta ka? I hope you are feeling great today! Last week you have learned
about the periodic table of elements and now, you have already an idea on
the characters that can be seen on it. Today we will be learning more about
polarity of molecules and its shape!Are ready? Let’s go and let’s learn
together!
Polarity of Molecules
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Have you ever watched toddlers playing together with
a toy? Sometimes they equally share toys, and other
times, one child takes the other child's toy away. Some
types of chemical bonding are very similar to the way that
children play with toys. Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of bond
that occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons with each
other. These shared electrons glue two or more atoms together to
form a molecule. Like children who share toys, atoms involved in a
nonpolar covalent bond equally share electrons. An example of a
nonpolar covalent bond is the bond between two hydrogen atoms
because they equally share the electrons. Another example of a
nonpolar covalent bond is the bond between two chlorine atoms
because they also equally share the electrons. Nonpolar covalent
bonds are very strong bonds requiring a large amount of energy to
break the bond.
Nonpolar covalent bonds are extremely important in biology. They

form the oxygen we breathe and help make up our living cells. One kind of nonpolar covalent bond that is very important in biology
is called a peptide bond. A peptide bond joins together chains of amino acids, which are involved in the construction of our DNA.
Amino acids are comprised of several atoms like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE 1 | P a g e
1st Quarter
S.Y. 2020-2021
Polar Covalent Bonds

Have you ever seen two children play and one child acts like a
bully toward the other child? The bully child seems to spend more
time playing with the toy than the other child. They are not
equally sharing the toys.
This unequal sharing also happens with a type of bond called polar
covalent bonding. Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical
bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two
atoms. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are not equally
shared because one atom spends more time with the electrons
than the other atom. In polar covalent bonds, one atom has a
stronger pull than the other atom and attracts electrons.
Remember how electrons carry a negative charge? Well, when
electrons spend more time with one atom, it causes that atom to
carry a partial negative charge. The atom that does not spend as
much time with the electrons carries a partial positive charge. To
remember a polar covalent bond, instead say 'puller covalent,' and remember one atom has more 'pull' on electrons than the other
atom.
In a polar covalent bond, one atom spends more time with the electrons than the other.
Polar Covalent Bonds
Your life actually depends on polar covalent bonding. You drink water, right? A water molecule, abbreviated as H2O, is an example
of a polar covalent bond. The electrons are unequally shared, with the oxygen atom spending more time with electrons than the
hydrogen atoms. Since electrons spend more time with the oxygen atom, it carries a partial negative charge.
Another example of a polar covalent bond is between a hydrogen and a chlorine atom. In this bond, the chlorine atom spends more
time with the electrons than the hydrogen atom. Because of this unequal sharing of electrons, the chlorine atom carries a partial
negative charge, and the hydrogen atom carries a partial positive char ge.
VSEPR Table: Revisited
Magnetic & Molecules

1st Quarter
S.Y. 2020-2021
Molecules possess magnet-like properties. Magnets have poles (+)- end (-) end. Molecules too can behave
similarity to that of magnets with poles (dipole).
Magnets:
Magnet behavior - polar (with poles) Non magnet behavior - nonpolar (without poles)
Molecules
Symmetry and Leverage: Tug of War and

Polarity
The Charge distribution may cancel out (nonpolar) or there may be a net distortion (polar)
1st Quarter
S.Y. 2020-2021
Not all Covalent bonds are based on Mutual Sharing
Not all covalent bonds are made by bonding electrons being mutually shared between atoms
Electronegativity
Compounds: When atoms combine to form compounds, electrons can either transfer from one atom to another,
partially transfer from one atom to another or the electrons can be mutually shared between atoms.
Transfer, partially transferred or equally shared: The behavior of the electrons is determined by the strength by which
atoms attracts the bonding electrons.
Electronegativity. The degree of which an atom attracts an electron. The greediness of an atom for bonding electrons.
Small atoms with the highest ionization energy have the highest Electronegativity.
Most Stingy Atoms near the north east corner of the periodic table are the most electronegative.
1st Quarter
S.Y. 2020-2021
Electronegativity
When there is an unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms; the more stingy atom draws electrons bonded to
itself. Electronegativity - Ability of an atom to draw bonded e- on to itself.
If an atom is “stingy” for bonded electrons, then that atom is more electronegative that the atom it is bonded to.
1st Quarter
S.Y. 2020-2021
Dipoles and its mechanism
Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules
Polar Bonds- Electron cloud distortion due to electronegative atom drawing electrons on to itself.
Polar Molecules - If the electron cloud is distorted over the entire molecule (i.e., winner in the tug-of-war) then
molecule is polar.
Nonpolar molecule - If bonds are not polar or if polar bonds cancel each other (no winner in the tug-of-war), then
molecule is non-polar.
Polar Molecules in the presence of a magnetic field

1st Quarter
S.Y. 2020-2021
The H2 molecules shown on the left are not influenced by a magnetic field since H 2 is a nonpolar chemical. On the other
hand the HF molecule orientated themselves such that the partially negative fluoride are orientated towards the
positive charge in the magnetic field. This also applies to molecules with more than two element. In H 2O, the molecule is
polar and it orientates itself in the presence of a magnetic field. Note however that dichloroethyne is nonpolar and is not
influenced by a magnetic field.
Water, a
specal polar molecule: More later
1st Quarter
S.Y. 2020-2021
1st Quarter
S.Y. 2020-2021
Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)
Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
There is no direct relationship between the formula of a compound and the shape of its molecules. The shapes of these
molecules can be predicted from their Lewis structures, however, with a model developed about 30 years ago, known as
the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
The VSEPR theory assumes that each atom in a molecule will achieve a geometry that minimizes the repulsion between
electrons in the valence shell of that atom. The five
compounds shown in the figure below can be used to
demonstrate how the VSEPR theory can be
applied to simple molecules.
1st Quarter
S.Y. 2020-2021
How to draw Lewis Diagrams
The following is an example of how to draw the "best" Lewis structure for NO 3- (learning by example).
1. First determine the total number of valence electrons in the molecule. This will be the sum of the group number of all atoms
plus the charge.
5
N
O (x 3) 18
charge 1
24
2. Draw a skeletal structure for the molecule which connects all atoms using only single bonds. The
central atom will be the one that can form the greatest number of bonds and/or expand its
octet. This usually means the atom lower and/or to the right in the Periodic Table, N in this case.
3. Now we need to add lone pairs of electrons. Of the 24 valence electrons available in NO 3-, 6
were used to make the skeletal structure. Add lone pairs of electrons on the terminal atoms until
their octet is complete or you run out of electrons.
4. If there are remaining electrons they can be used to complete the

octet of the central atom. If you have run out of electrons you are
required to use lone pairs of electrons from a terminal atom to
complete the octet on the central atom by forming multiple
bond(s). In this case the N is short 2 electrons so we can use a
lone pair from the left most O atom to form a double bond and
complete the octet on the N atom.
1st Quarter
S.Y. 2020-2021
5. Now you need to determine the FORMAL CHARGES for all of the atoms. The formal charge is calculated by:
(group number of atom) - (½ number of bonding electrons) - (number of lone pair electrons), i.e. see the figure
below.
REMEMBER!!!!
No Lewis structure is complete without the formal charges. In general you want:
the fewest number of formal charges possible, i.e. formal charges of 0 for as many of the atoms in a
structure as possible.
the formal charges should match the electronegativity of the atom, that is negative charges should be on
the more electronegative atoms and positive charges on the least electronegative atoms if possible.
Charges of -1 and +1 on adjacent atoms can usually be removed by using a lone pair of electrons from the -1
atom to form a double (or triple) bond to the atom with the +1 charge. Note: the octet can be expanded
beyond 8 electrons but only for atoms in period 3 or below in the periodic table. In our present example N
cannot expand beyond 8 electrons so retains a formal charge of +1, but the S atom below can expand its
octet.
You have determined the "best" Lewis structure (octets completed and lowest formal charges) for NO 3-, but
there are a number of ways to show this structure. Although it is most common to use a line to indicate a
bonding pair of electrons they can be shown as electrons, see the left most image below. It is also common
to show only the net charge on the ion rather than all of the formal charges, i.e. see the right most figure
below.
Key to determine Polarity of molecule.

Lewis Structure Atoms with different EN - Polar.
VSEPR Structure
1st Quarter
S.Y. 2020-2021
ACTIVITY TIME!
Directions: Draw the Lewis Dot Structure for the following compound and tell whether it is Polar Covalent
Bond or Nonpolar Covalent Bond
H2 F2 O2
N2 HCl HBr
H2O H2S NH3
1st Quarter
S.Y. 2020-2021
CH4 CCl4 NCl3
CS2 CHCl3 HCN

Physical Science Week 5

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Physical Science Week 5

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COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES (COMTECH) Inc.

CODL UP! Learning Module

SUBJECT & GRADE LEVEL: PHYSICAL Week Number: 5 Email: cyriljseguerrabalboa@gmail.com

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Nonpolar covalent bonds are extremely important in biology. They

Polar Covalent Bonds

VSEPR Table: Revisited

Magnetic & Molecules

Symmetry and Leverage: Tug of War and

Not all Covalent bonds are based on Mutual Sharing

Dipoles and its mechanism

Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules

Polar Molecules in the presence of a magnetic field

specal polar molecule: More later

Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)

Predicting the Shapes of Molecules

How to draw Lewis Diagrams

4. If there are remaining electrons they can be used to complete the

Key to determine Polarity of molecule.

H2O H2S NH3

CH4 CCl4 NCl3

CS2 CHCl3 HCN

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