In general, the development of logistics from logistics 1.0 to 4.

0 can be seen in
Figure 6.

Figure 1 Development of Logistic Process

(source: Wang (2016))

Hofmann and Rüsch (2017) explain that there are 2 dimensions in logistics
operations, namely the Physical Dimension of the Supply Chain and the Dimension of
the DigitalData Value Chain as illustrated in Figure 7.

Figure 2 Industry 4.0-oriented logistics application model.

2.1.3 Environmental Analysis

• Porter’s 5 Forces
Michael E. Porter developed a framework for analyzing industry and the development of
business strategies and their competitiveness known as the Five Forces Porter analysis. Firm
must search broadly to recognize current and potential competitors by identifying potential
customers as well (Hitt et