INCLUSIONS

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ENGR. RIMAR CUIZON LIGUAN

Civil Engineer/Author/Subject Code Instructor

MATH 21
CALCULUS 1 (Differential Calculus)
 SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
National Highway, Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
____________________________________________________
LEARNING MODULE
FOR
MATH 21: CALCULUS 1 (DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS)
_____________________________________________________

WEEK 3
September 21, 2021

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

MODULE 03:
FUNCTIONS (PART 3)

OBJECTIVES:
 Evaluate function operations
 Apply functions as a mathematical model

OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Given the two functions f and g:
i. Their sum, denoted by 𝑓 + 𝑔, is the function defined by
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
ii. Their difference, denoted by 𝑓 − 𝑔, is the function defined by
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
iii. Their product, denoted by 𝑓 • 𝑔, is the function defined by
(𝑓 • 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) • 𝑔(𝑥)
iv. Their quotient, denoted by 𝑓/𝑔, is the function defined by
(𝑓/𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)/𝑔(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0

EXAMPLE 1:
Given that f and g are the functions defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 4
Define the following function and determine the domain of the resulting function:
a. 𝑓 + 𝑔 b. 𝑓 − 𝑔 c. 𝑓 • 𝑔 d. 𝑓/𝑔

A. 𝑓 + 𝑔 = √𝒙 + 𝟏 + √𝒙 − 𝟒
B. 𝑓 − 𝑔 = √𝒙 + 𝟏 − √𝒙 − 𝟒
C. 𝑓 • 𝑔 = (√𝑥 + 1)(√𝑥 − 4)
𝑓•𝑔 = √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒
𝑓 √𝑥+1
D. =
𝑔 √𝑥−4
√𝑥+1 √𝑥−4
= •
√𝑥−4 √𝑥−4
𝑓 √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒
=
𝑔 𝒙−𝟒

COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Given the two functions f and g, the composite function, denoted by 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔, is defined by
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
and the domain of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 is the set of all numbers x in the domain of g such that g(x) is in the domain of f.

EXAMPLE 2:
If f and g are defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3
Determine: (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

SOLUTION:
For
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥)

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Where the value of domain, 𝑥 is the 𝑔(𝑥).
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = √𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑

EXAMPLE 3:
Given:
5
𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥−2
Compute (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(3) by two methods:
a. Find 𝑔(3) and use that number to find 𝑓(𝑔(3)).
b. Compute (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) and use that value to find (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(3).

SOLUTION:
For a, to get the value of 𝑔(3) substitute the value of 𝑥 = 3 in the expression, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑔(3) = 2(3) + 1 = 7
Since we obtained the value of range, 𝑔(3), the value of 𝑔(3) will be the domain, 𝑥 for 𝑓(𝑥).
5
𝑓(7) =
7−2
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(3) = 𝑓(𝑔(3)) = 𝑓(7) = 𝟏
For b,
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
Substitute first the expression, 𝑔(𝑥) as 𝑥 to 𝑓(𝑥)
5
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) =
(2𝑥 + 1) − 2
5
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) =
2𝑥 − 1
Then, substitute the value of 𝑥 = 3 to the expression, 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
5
𝑓(𝑔(3)) =
2(3) − 1
𝑓(𝑔(3)) = 𝟏

EXAMPLE 4:
Given that f and g are defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1
Find:
a. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 b.𝑔 ∘ 𝑔 c. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 d. 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓
Also determine the domain of the composite function of each part.

SOLUTION:
A.
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))

𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = √(√𝑥)
𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 4√𝑥
Or
𝒇(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒙𝟏/𝟒

B.
𝑔 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥))
𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 2 − 1)

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

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 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑥 2 − 1)2 − 1
𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1) − 1
𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2
𝒈(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐)

C.
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

D.
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
2
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = (√𝑥) − 1
1⁄ 2
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = (𝑥 2) −1
𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒙 − 𝟏

EXAMPLE 5:
If ℎ(𝑥) = (4𝑥 2 + 1)3 , express h as the composition of the two functions f and g.

SOLUTION:
ℎ(𝑥) can be expressed as 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑
𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
Or 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
𝒈(𝒙) = (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐

EXAMPLE 6:
Given:
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥 2
+3
Express ℎ as the composition of two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 in two ways:
a. The function 𝑓 contains the radical
b. The function 𝑔 contains the radical

SOLUTION:
For a,
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥
𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑
For b,
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

INVERSE FUNCTION
If f is a function, it will map a member x of set P onto a unique member y of a set Q. Two numbers are multiplicative
inverses of their product is 1. The function 𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑥 is identity function, since for any function f, (𝑓 • 𝐿)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) and
(𝐿 = 𝑓) • (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). Two functions are inverse functions if both their compositions are the identity function.
To find the inverse of 𝑓, use the following procedure:
1. Test to see that 𝑓 is one-to-one.
2. Write the function in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and interchange the roles of x and y.
3. Solve for y in terms of x, and replace y by 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).
4. Check to see that the domain of f is the range of 𝑓 −1, and that the domain of 𝑓 −1 is the range of 𝑓.

EXAMPLE 7:
Find the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1. Then, prove that 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥))

SOLUTION:
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 1
3𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
3𝑦 𝑥 + 1
=
3 3
𝑥+1
𝑦=
3
𝒙+𝟏
𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) =
𝟑

PROVE:
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥))
𝑥+1
𝑓( ) = 𝑓 −1 (3𝑥 − 1)
3
𝑥+1 (3𝑥 − 1) + 1
3( )−1 =
3 3
3𝑥
(𝑥 + 1) − 1 =
3
𝑥=𝑥

EVEN FUNCTION:
One whose graph is symmetric with respect to y axis.

ODD FUNCTION:
One whose graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.

Definition of even and odd function are as follows:

(i) A function f is even function if for every x in the domain of f, 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
(ii) A function f is an odd function if for every x in the domain of f,
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
In both parts (i) and (ii) it is understood that −𝑥 is the domain of 𝑓 whenever 𝑥 is.

EXAMPLE 8:
Determine whether the function is odd or even or neither.
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

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 SOLUTION:
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑥 2
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑥)
∴ 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏
b. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
SOLUTION:
𝑔(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3
𝑔(−𝑥) = −𝑥 3
𝑔(−𝑥) = −𝐺(𝑥)
∴ 𝑶𝒅𝒅
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 7
SOLUTION:
𝑓(−𝑥) = 3(−𝑥)4 − 2(−𝑥)2 + 7
𝑓(−𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 7
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑥)
∴ 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏
d. 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥
SOLUTION:
𝑔(−𝑥) = 3(−𝑥)5 − 4(−𝑥)3 − 9(−𝑥)
𝑔(−𝑥) = −3𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 + 9𝑥
𝑔(−𝑥) = −(3𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥)
𝑔(−𝑥) = −𝐺(𝑥)
∴ 𝑶𝒅𝒅
e. ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 9
SOLUTION:
ℎ(−𝑥) = 2(−𝑥)4 + 7(−𝑥)3 − (−𝑥)2 + 9
ℎ(−𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 9
Since the solved function cannot be distinguished whether the, therefore,

∴ 𝑩𝒐𝒕𝒉

EXAMPLE 9:
State whether the function is odd or even or neither.
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 + 3| − |𝑥 − 3|
SOLUTION:
Computing for the 𝐹(−𝑥) from the given equation:
𝑓(−𝑥) = |−𝑥 + 3| − |−𝑥 − 3|
𝑓(−𝑥) = |−(𝑥 − 3)| − |−(𝑥 + 3)|
𝑓(−𝑥) = |𝑥 − 3| − |𝑥 + 3|
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝐹(𝑥)
∴ 𝑶𝒅𝒅

FUNCTIONS AS MATHEMATICAL MODELS

 Mathematical model is an expression of a real-world situation in terms of a functional relationship.

Suggestions for solving Problems Involving a Function as a Mathematical Model:

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

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 1. Read the problem carefully so that you understand it. To gain understanding, it is often helpful to make up a
specific example that involves a similar situation in which all the quantities are known. Another aid is to draw a
picture if feasible.
2. Determine the known and unknown quantities. Use symbol, say x, for the independent variable, and a symbol,
say f, for the function you will obtain; then f(x) symbolizes the function value. Because x and f(x) are symbols
for numbers their definitions should indicate this fact. For example, if the independent variable represents
length and length is measured in feet, then if x is symbol for the variable, x should be defined as the number of
feet in the length or, equivalently, x feet is the length.
3. Write down any numerical facts known about the variable and the function value.
4. From the information in step 3, determine two algebraic expressions for the same number, one in terms of the
variable and one in terms of the function value. From these two expressions form an equation that defines the
function. You now have a function as a mathematical model of the problem.
5. To complete the problem once you have applied the mathematical model to solve for the unknown qualities,
write a conclusion, consisting of one or more sentences, that answers the questions of the problem. Be sure
your conclusion contains the correct units of measurement.

EXAMPLE 10:
The volume of a constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature, and at a temperature of 175˚
the gas occupies 100m3.
a. Find a mathematical model expressing volume as a function of temperature.
b. What is the volume of the gas at a temperature of 140˚?

SOLUTION:
Using direct linear variation:
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
Let,
𝑦 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠
𝑥 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
To find for k,
100𝑚3 = 𝑘(175°)
100𝑚3
𝑘=
175°
𝑘 = 4⁄7
Therefore, the expression should be,
𝟒
𝒚= 𝒙
𝟕
4
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
7
4
𝑓(140˚) = (140˚) = 𝟖𝟎𝒎𝟑
7

EXAMPLE 11:
A wholesaler sells a product by the pound (or fraction of pound); if not more than 10 pounds are ordered, the
wholesaler charges $2 per pound. However, to invite large orders the wholesaler charges only $1.80 per pound if
more than 10 pounds are ordered.
a. Find a mathematical model expressing the total cost of the order as a function of the amount of the product
ordered.
b. Sketch the graph of the function in part (a).
c. Determine the total cost of an order of 9.5lb and of an order of 10.5lb.

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

SOLUTION:
Let,
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
For not more than 10 pounds,
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙, 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟎

Figure 2.16
For more than 10 pounds,

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏. 𝟖𝒙, 𝒙 > 𝟏𝟎

Figure 2.17
𝟐𝒙 if 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏. 𝟖𝒙 if 𝒙 > 𝟏𝟎
For 9.5lb, use
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ 10
𝑓(9.5) = 2(9.5) = 𝟏𝟗𝒍𝒃𝒔
For 10.5lb, use
𝑓(𝑥) = 1.8𝑥, 𝑥 > 10
𝑓(10.5) = 2(10.5) = 𝟐𝟏𝒍𝒃𝒔

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

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EXAMPLE 12:
In a forest a predator feeds on prey, and for the first fifteen weeks since the end of the hunting season the predator
population is a function 𝑓 of 𝑥, the number of prey in the forest, which in turn is a function 𝑔 of 𝑡, the number of weeks
that have elapsed since the end of the hunting season. If
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 48 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 50 and 𝑔(𝑡) = 4𝑡 + 52
where 0≤ 𝑡 ≤15.
a. Find a mathematical model expressing the predator population as a function of the number of weeks since the
end of the hunting season.
b. Find the predator population 11 weeks after the close of the hunting season.

SOLUTION:
Predator population as a function of the number of weeks
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑡))
1
𝑓(𝑔(𝑡)) = (4𝑡 + 52)2 − 2(4𝑡 + 52) + 50
48
1
= (16𝑡 2 + 416𝑡 + 2704) − 2(4𝑡 + 52) + 50
48
𝑡 2 26 169
= + 𝑡+ − 8𝑡 − 104 + 50
3 3 3
𝑡2 2 7
= + 𝑡+
3 3 3
𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟕
𝒇(𝒈(𝒕)) =
𝟑
(11)2 + 2(11) + 7
𝑓(𝑔(11)) = = 𝟓𝟎
3

EXAMPLE 13:
A cardboard box manufacturer wishes to make open boxes from rectangular pieces of cardboard with dimensions
10in. by 17in. by cutting equal squares from the four corners and turning up the sides.
a. Find a mathematical model expressing the volume of the box as a function of the length of the side of the
square cut out.
b. What is the domain of the function obtained in part (a)?
c. Find accurate to two decimal places the length of the side of the square cut out so that the box has the largest
possible volume. What is the maximum volume?

SOLUTION:
Let 𝑥 be the edge of the square to be cut out in every corner of the cardboard to be used in order to form a box.
𝑉(𝑥) = 𝐿𝑊𝐻
𝑉(𝑥) = 𝑥(10 − 2𝑥)(17 − 2𝑥)
𝑽(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝒙

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

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 (a) (b)
Figure 2.18

When the value of 𝑉(𝑥) = 𝑦 = 0 the graph passes through the x-axis at 𝑥 = {0,5, 8.5}
From Figure 2.18a, it can be observed that the graph has its lower and upper extremes, those values below x-axis will
be absurd, since there is no negative values exist for volume. The domain or the values of x in inches can only be
obtained from 𝟎 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓.

For maximized value of volume is based on the zoomed image of the graph at Figure 2.18b, that is the value of the
maximum point on the graph, somewhere @ 2in. Let us check.

𝒙, in 𝑽(𝒙), cu.in.
1.9 155.496
2.0 156.000
2.1 155.904
𝒙, in 𝑽(𝒙), cu.in.
2.01 156.017
2.02 156.028
2.03 156.033
2.04 156.032
2.05 156.026
𝒙, in 𝑽(𝒙), cu.in.
2.031 156.0333
2.032 156.0334
2.033 156.0335
2.034 156.0335
2.035 156.0334

Maximum value of the Volume can be obtained at 𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟑𝟑in, with 𝑉 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟓 cubic inches. (at least four (4)-
Significant digits)

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

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Learning Resources
A. PRINT RESOURCES
 Feliciano, F. T. & Uy, F. B. (1983). Differential and integral calculus. Merriam & Webster Bookstore, Inc.
 Leithold, L. (1996) The calculus 7. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
 Thomas, Jr., G. B. & Finney, R.L(1996). Calculus and analytic geometry (9th ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company
 Peterson, T. S. (1964). Calculus with analytic geometry. KEN Incorporated.
 Love, C.E. & Rainville, E.D. (1962). Differential and integral calculus (6th ed.). The Maximillan Company
 Obaña, G.G. & Mangaldan, E.R. (2009). Making connections in mathematics: A worktext for fourth year high
school. Vacarish Publishing & Trading, Inc.

B. ONLINE REFERENCES

Math 21: Calculus 1/Differential Calculus

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