See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/347198196

The Direction of Foundry Industry: Toward the Foundry 4.0

Article · December 2020

CITATIONS READS

0 593

6 authors, including:

Lazar Kovačević Pal Terek

University of Novi Sad University of Novi Sad
43 PUBLICATIONS   125 CITATIONS    42 PUBLICATIONS   104 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Vladimir Terek
University of Novi Sad
4 PUBLICATIONS   2 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Development of nanostructured coatings for improvement of high-pressure die casting tools View project

SALSETH - Innovative bio-inspired sensors and microfluidic devices for saliva-based theranostics of oral and systemic diseases View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Lazar Kovačević on 15 December 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Journal of Mechatronics, Automation and Identification Technology
Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 23 - 28

The Direction of Foundry Industry: Toward

the Foundry 4.0
Lazar KOVAČEVIĆ1, Reinaldo OLIVEIRA2, Pal TEREK1, Vladimir TEREK1,
Janez PRISTAVEC3, Branko ŠKORIĆ1
1
Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
2
MAGMA Engenharia do Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil
3
EXOTERM-IT d.o.o., Kranj, Slovenia
lazarkov@uns.ac.rs, rdo.reinaldo@gmail.com, palterek@uns.ac.rs, vladimirterek@uns.ac.rs,
janez.pristavec@exoterm.si, skoricb@uns.ac.rs
Corresponding Author: Lazar KOVAČEVIĆ

Abstract— Recent advances in the IT sector have reshaped the industrial revolution should be able to facilitate the
manufacturing industry at an exceptional rate. From factories production of highly customized products at price levels of
where lack of real-time production information caused daily mass-produced items. The research of Deutsche Bank
struggles, to factories where engineers need to deal with showed the potential of these technologies to add 70–140
information overload and transfer parts of the decision-
billion euros of gross value to the German manufacturing
making process to machine learning and artificial intelligence
systems. The change is so rapid, that many think we are on a industry.
verge of a new industrial revolution. This paper aims to The big question is: can the foundry industry utilize this
review these recent trends from the perspective of the foundry new concept and essentially reinvent itself by incorporating
industry: what has been achieved so far, and what needs to be this new paradigm in its day-to-day operations?
done to prepare for the upcoming change.
II. INDUSTRY 4.0
Keywords— Industry 4.0, Foundry 4.0, Industrial revolution,
Metalcasting, Smart manufacturing, Smart foundry. During the last few years, other governments and
industries have developed strategies that are similar to the
I. INTRODUCTION German initiative “Industrie 4.0”. For example, the General
Electric Company proposed the concept of “Industrial
Over the last two decades, advances in the IT sector
internet” [4], the Government of Japan has launched the
have completely changed our everyday lives. We can setup “Connected Industries” initiative [5], and the U.S. has
pre-heating of our cars over smartphone applications [1] or launched the “Advanced Manufacturing Initiative” [6].
use a wide-angle camera to look inside the refrigerator However, the attractive possibility to predict the industrial
while shopping at the grocery store [2]. Therefore, it was revolution for the first time in advance has made the
just a matter of time before the manufacturing industry
English translation of the German phrase “Industry 4.0” a
starts to utilize this abundance in connectivity and
widely accepted broad term for current and near-future
computer processing power. The first to institutionally trends in the industry.
notice this opportunity was the German government. In As used today, the term “Industry 4.0” encompasses
November 2011 they have launched the “Industrie 4.0” trends that are not only present in the manufacturing
strategic initiative as a part of the High-Tech Strategy 2020 industry, but in all industries and businesses as a whole. It
Action plan [3]. The name alludes to a potential trend that
does not represent a single technology, but a combination
could bring a new industrial revolution.
of a wide range of technologies that enable autonomous
The first three revolutions were driven by production. These technologies “revolve around networks
breakthroughs in steam power and mechanization, of manufacturing resources (manufacturing machinery,
electricity and mass production, and finally in digitalization. robots, conveyor and warehousing systems, and production
The German government's position is that introduction of facilities) that are autonomous, capable of controlling
the Internet of Things and Services into the manufacturing
themselves in response to different situations, self-
environment has the potential to start the fourth industrial configuring, knowledge-based, sensor-equipped and
revolution where global networking (cyberspace) can be spatially dispersed and that also incorporate the relevant
utilized to connect physical manufacturing systems into the planning and management systems” [3]. As envisioned, the
form of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) [3]. By being role of a human in industry 4.0 is limited to the role of
highly flexible, these systems could then be able to provide initial start, oversight, and technical maintenance [7].
customized products under the conditions of mass
During production, products will be uniquely identifiable
production. Therefore, as the first three industrial and will influence the manufacturing process in such a way
revolutions enabled a significant reduction of product that they will control individual stages of production semi-
prices by employing systems of mass production, the fourth

23
autonomously. Therefore, even last-minute changes by the
customer made during the manufacturing process could be
fulfilled [3].
The fourth industrial revolution has not yet arrived, and
there is no definitive proof that it will, as currently
envisioned, materialize in the near future. Creating
unmanned systems that can operate smoothly in a dynamic
environment is not easy. There are various challenges that
must be solved. More likely than not, it will happen more
slowly than its proponents may wish. In the end, there is a
possibility that the currently stated trend will be categorized
as a late stage of the third industrial revolution. Therefore,
there exists a tendency to dismiss it as just another
“buzzword” [8]. Whatever the result may be, trends in the
industry currently expressed as Industry 4.0 are real and
should not be easily discarded. Those that do, can find
themselves on the path of former behemoths like Eastman
Kodak Company or Blockbuster Inc [9], [10].
III. FOUNDRY OF TODAY
The foundry industry is an essential component of many
national economies. According to the American foundry
society, in the U.S., castings are used to produce 90% of all
manufactured durable goods and can be found in almost all
manufacturing machinery [11]. The foundries supply all
sectors of the modern world, including the automotive,
aerospace, general engineering, agricultural machinery,
power generation, rail, arts, petrochemical, medical,
defense, and maritime sectors [12].
Castings are normally produced via a wide variety of
different casting processes such as sand casting, permanent
mold casting, investment casting, high pressure die casting,
shell mold casting, centrifugal casting, lost foam casting,
and many others. These processes meet the needs of
different market segments regarding variability in casting
size, geometry complexity, achievable tolerances, material
performance, surface quality, and production volumes.
Differences between casting processes are so great, that
these foundries can be treated as belonging to separate
industries, that are all at a different level of digitalization.
Most high pressure die casting foundries are highly
automatized and are tailored for mass production with
minimal human involvement. Everything, from metal
pouring, over die spraying, to part ejection is usually
performed by robots and manipulators. This makes them
ideal candidates for early adaptation of Industry 4.0
principles. On the other hand, sand foundries are often far
less automatized. Although there are sand foundries that
employ automated guided vehicles and a wide array of
robots [13], most of them find themselves at a low
automatization level and will face significant challenges in
the future.
The current image of foundries is not great, and the
industry is aware of this problem. August 2006 editorial of
Modern Casting magazine issued by American Foundry
Society was titled “Our image stinks” [14]. Foundries are
seen as “hard, dirty and dangerous” [15]. Such conditions
make it hard for foundries to attract top talent. At the same
time, foundry processes are extraordinarily complex and
require well-educated technicians and engineers that are
familiar with several disciplines. Methoding of every
casting requires knowledge in the fields of metallurgy, fluid
dynamics, heat transfer, and chemistry, just to name a few.
Therefore, foundries find it increasingly difficult to recruit
enough skilled workers. Industry 4.0 concepts offer the
possibility to mitigate this problem. The skill level required
from most of the employees will be highly technical but
broad and generic in nature. Many jobs would overlap with
the IT sector that currently attracts most of the young talent.
Since their job would be office based and away from the
“dirty shop floor”, attracting skilled employees by
foundries, could become easier in the future.
Foundry processes are very energy-intensive and, in
many cases, cause considerable environmental concern
[16]. Therefore, smart manufacturing principles that can
reduce waste and increase efficiency can be extremely
beneficial not only from a local economic standpoint, but
by improving quality of life on a global level.
IV. TOWARD THE FOUNDRY 4.0
When speaking about trends in one specific area of the
economy, the term Industry 4.0 is often rebranded as
Management 4.0, Foundry 4.0, or Logistics 4.0 [17]–[19].
Foundry 4.0 refers to the inclusion of stated Industry 4.0
principles into the foundry industry.
The end goal of the anticipated industrial revolution is
Foundry 4.0. It is a factory where customer orders are
placed via a centralized control system, and by using
integrated Material Requirements Planning/Enterprise
Resource Planning (MRP/ERP) software the factory
controls its supply chain and production needs
autonomously [20]. This goal is not easily achievable. A lot
of technological advancements need to be made to fulfill
them. Most of these advancements are grouped into nine
pillars of Industry 4.0 [21]. In this work, they are slightly
modified in order to reflect specifics of the foundry
industry, Fig. 1.
FOUNDRY 4.0
Autonomous robots and cyber
Virtual and augmented reality
Industrial internet of things
Big data and data analytics
Horizontal and vertical
system integration
Rapid prototyping
physical systems
Cyber security
Simulation
The cloud
FOUNDRY 3.0
Fig. 1 The pillars of Foundry 4.0
A. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The IIoT refers to the networking and connectivity of
all devices within one enterprise, or beyond. Each machine
and each product are equipped with a wide array of sensors
giving a complete insight into every detail of the production
process. Each product has an RFID tag or QR code, that
identifies all its attributes and position within the system.
Individual machines and smart products can communicate
and exchange data over one single network [22]–[23].
24
 Foundry 4.0 concept relies heavily on system D. Horizontal and Vertical System Integration
integration and utilization of big data to promote data- Horizontal integration envisions constant
driven decisions. Therefore, promoting IIoT and acquiring communication between individual subsystems within the
“smart” machines equipped with an adequate number of production process in order to respond autonomously to
sensors and actuators is the first step toward the realizationchanging production conditions. Every system at the same
of Foundry 4.0. During the last few years, the main level, e.g. production level, is connected with all other
producers of casting equipment have started to release such systems. The process is, as much as possible, planned and
smart products [24]–[31]. adjusted by the machines themselves and decision making
B. Big Data and Data analytics is decentralized. This integration is to be achieved within a
single enterprise, e.g. between pouring, molding, and
An abundance of data gathered from IIoT needs to be
finishing systems, but also across the entire supply chain.
systematically arranged and analyzed. Currently, even
For example, as soon as a production order is placed, or
companies that have heavily invested in sensors and IIoT
current supplies fall under a predetermined level, the
equipment, usually rely on experienced engineers to
system in command of the melting process should be able
perform analysis and reach conclusions [26], [32]. Recently,
to directly connect with the dispatching system of a
things have started to change, and several foundries have
supplier and order additional alloying elements or fluxing
implemented machine learning algorithms. For example,
agents. All this should be done automatically and without
predictive models were successfully implemented in a high
any human intervention. This goal requires the
pressure die casting foundry for the prediction of cold shut
development of new standardized industrial internet
and porosity defects [33]. The big problem with these
protocols and data formats. Current systems from different
customized systems is that they are made for specific plants
suppliers are often too heterogeneous. This increases the
and machines, and are not easily transferable to other
time and cost of system integration [33].
enterprises. This increases implementation expenditures
Vertical integration aims to connect all layers within a
since costs cannot be spread out over multiple
single organization from the production floor, through the
organizations.
research and development department, quality control,
In 2020 Norican Group launched Monetizer
sales, and marketing up to the executive level. Information
PRESCRIBE, an artificial intelligence cloud service that is
is transparently shared in order to enable data-driven
able to optimize production in foundry environments [34].
decisions on every level of one enterprise.
The system is currently available for green sand and high
pressure die casting foundries. According to the company’s E. Simulation
press release, the system was able to reduce the scrap rate Numerical simulations of foundry processes are in
in one South African iron foundry by 50% in the first month development since the 1950s and are extensively used in
of use. During the next two months, the defect rate in the industry for more than 30 years [40]. Commercially
shipped castings was reduced “close to zero”. That available software packages can predict filling and
accomplishment leads to over $100.000 per month savings solidification patterns, residual stresses, distortions,
[35]. microstructure, and mechanical properties with or without
C. Autonomous robots and Cyber-physical systems heat treatment. This enables detection of possible casting
defects before the first casting is poured and optimization
“A cyber-physical system (CPS) is an integration of
of casting methoding with respect to process robustness.
computation with physical processes whose behavior is
Simulations are typically performed and analyzed by
defined by both cyber and physical parts of the system.
highly trained and experienced engineers. Such engineers
Embedded computers and networks monitor and control
are increasingly harder to find and their time has become
the physical processes, usually with feedback loops where
much more valuable than the investment costs into raw
physical processes affect computations and vice versa” [36].
computer processing power. Following Foundry 4.0 trends
These systems should not be confused with industrial
and exploiting the rise in computational power of modern
robots that are currently extensively used in foundries, e.g.
personal computers, software companies, notably Magma
fettling robots. Most current fettling robots follow
Gießereitechnologie GmbH, have started to invest in
preprogrammed paths with additional elastic tool
modules for autonomous optimization [41]. By utilizing
suspensions (passive systems), or sensors (adaptive control)
this route, foundry engineers do not need to spend
in order to compensate for variations in casting dimensions
significant time manually running numerous simulations to
and positioning tolerances [37]–[39]. True CPS
find optimal process parameters. The software follows
autonomous robots of the future would be able to adapt to
several parameters simultaneously and finds the best
specific casting, as much as a human. For example, by
compromise between them based on first principles [42].
image recognition or 3D scanning, the system will be able
However, this approach is just a small step toward full
to detect positions where flash is present and perform
implementation of simulations as envisioned by the
operations only on those areas, thus reducing the time
Foundry 4.0 goals. Vertical integration between simulation
necessary for fettling operation. In a more distant future,
packages and manufacturing equipment where optimized
one can imagine a system that will be able to compare
and chosen process parameters are automatically loaded
geometries of a scanned casting and ideal 3d model (with
into the machine program has not been materialized or
tolerances), automatically select the right tool and
attempted.
machining parameters, and then perform all required
In addition to process simulation, the concept of
machining operations autonomously.
Foundry 4.0 implies extensive use of plant simulations. By
creating digital twins of the physical systems and processes

25
one can shorten downtimes and prevent potential Selective laser sintering was found as a useful technique
scheduling problems. All changes in machine parameters for the production of complex tool inserts and cores for
and production planning are first tested in a virtual high pressure die casting tools. Additive manufacturing
environment, and only after successful optimization are enables the use of conformal cooling channels that offer
transferred to the actual physical system. Currently, such significant advantages over geometries that are possible to
systems do exist. Examples are Siemens Tecnomatix Plant produce by classical machining techniques [51]–[53]. If
Simulation and Gemco Foundry Logistics Simulation tool this technology can be made cost-effective, one can
[43], [44]. However, since they are not vertically integrated envision that this technology could revolutionize high
with existing foundry machinery, their use is limited to pressure die casting industry. Tool inserts could be made
initial plant design and requires a manual setup of digital in-house and enable shorter production runs. Benefits of
twins without automatically gathering information from high pressure die casting could be utilized for parts that are
sensor data installed throughout the plant. not produced in extremely high volumes. One could
envision vertical integration where tool geometry is
F. Virtual and Augmented Reality
automatically transferred from the simulation software to
Technologies of virtual and augmented reality will the 3D printer. After production, tool inserts would be
mostly be used during the transition to Foundry 4.0, before mounted onto standardized dies and put into casting
full autonomous production can be reached. These production. This vision is not achievable in the near future
technologies can enable easier interactions between and requires the development of a wide range of different
humans and cyber-physical systems. For example, with technologies. But gives insight into exciting new
augmented reality eyeglasses, a worker can be guided by possibilities of Foundry 4.0 concepts.
the system to find and mount appropriate patterns or
perform specific fine-tuning as detected by embedded
sensors. Or virtual reality can be utilized to perform a
detailed analysis of the foundry’s digital twin from another
physical location, e.g. from the comforts of one’s home.
One large producer of core making machines, Laempe
Reich, has already started to offer augmented reality
service subscriptions to its customers. Foundry workers
wear augmented reality LAEMPEar lenses that transmit
real-time video of their visual field to remote technicians
that are guiding them through maintenance, training, or
fine-tuning tasks. Established communication is two-way.
Remote technicians have the possibility to share visual
information with foundry workers in real-time. For
example, they can share machine schematics or point an
arrow to the bolt that needs tightening by superimposing
images into the workers' line of sight [45].
Another possible use of virtual and augmented realities
is the training of new workers. One example of this
approach in the foundry industry is the development of a
virtual die casting machine simulator [46], [47]. The
simulator uses a 3D gaming engine to create a virtual
environment where new operators can be trained with
realistic interaction. The training is connected to numerical
simulation software so that the trainee can visualize how
his or her actions influence the final process and properties Fig. 2 The use of Magmasoft computer simulation for the optimization of
of produced castings [46]. There is a lot of work yet to be spiral sprue geometry that is made possible by exploiting the advantages
done for this, and similar systems, to find regular use in of additively manufactured molds.
industrial environments. But, once they do achieve
maturity, they have the potential to reduce operator training In sand foundries, small elements of patterns and
times and training costs, while increasing insight into the tooling are already cost-effectively produced from
inner workings of machines and processes. thermoplastic materials by fused deposition modeling
techniques [54]. However, this technology does not offer
G. Rapid prototyping significant advantages over classical approaches in
Additive manufacturing technologies are already part of patternmaking and gating and risering designs. Meanwhile,
the everyday production process of many foundries. First the development of sand 3D printing has revolutionized the
to use additive manufacturing techniques were the field of producing complex castings in low volumes. At
investment foundries. Firstly stereolithography and later first, the main benefit of this technology was shortening the
fused deposition modeling techniques were utilized to lead times since molds were able to be directly printed from
produce patterns for prototype or low volume productions the CAD model, without the need for the development and
[13], [48], [49]. More recently, some investment foundries production of complex tooling. The additional benefit was
started using additive manufacturing techniques for the exclusion of tooling costs. For complex geometries and
producing highly complex ceramic cores used for the small production volumes, tooling costs were substantially
production of parts for the aerospace sector [50].
26
higher than the operational costs of expensive sand 3D
printers. Over time, another important benefit was observed.
Parts produced via this route could be made with undercuts
and without drafts. This benefit then enabled increased
design complexity and the development of nonstandard
gating and risering geometries [55], [56]. For example, one
may use spiral sprue geometries that can reduce surface
turbulence during mold filling, Fig. 2.
For the time being, investment in a 3D sand printer for
most foundries is still cost-prohibitive. Another option
available for patternless mold production is robotic mold
milling out of blocks of chemically bonded sand or gypsum
[57]–[59]. Although generic nine pillars of Industry 4.0
include only additive manufacturing technologies [21], the
specific nature of the sand casting industry is such that
robotic mold milling technology can perfectly fulfill many
of the technological requirements of stated goals, at
fraction of the price of the additive manufactured molds. At
places where tight undercuts and an offset parting line for
the gating system is difficult to robotically mill, additively
manufactured cores can be used for a significant reduction
in required 3D printing volume [57].
H. The Cloud
The concept of Foundry 4.0 requires the storage and
analysis of a huge amount of data. The system needs to
track each product and every machine parameter in real-
time. That data needs to be stored for future analysis and
use of big data and data analytics. Furthermore, to
completely achieve Industry 4.0 goals, some data need to
be horizontally integrated with suppliers and buyers.
Therefore, for reasons of convenience and cost,
implementation strategies will undoubtedly need to utilize
cloud-based computing and data storage.
I. Cyber Security
Horizontal and vertical integration of cyber-physical
systems is very dependent on connectivity and the internet.
The risk of hacking and data breaches in such systems is
real and constantly growing. The existing cyber security
systems need to be upgraded and present one of key
enablers for the implementation of Foundry 4.0 concepts.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Many years will pass before Foundry 4.0 becomes
commonplace. However, many of the enabling
technologies are already present and implemented in
industrial environments. The foundry industry needs to
react now and start to invest in the future. Investment
should not be made only in machinery and electronics, but
more importantly into the workforce that can follow current
industry trends, and in the development of partners in the
supply chain that are capable of horizontal integration.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was financially supported by the Serbian
Ministry of Education, Science and Technological
Development and by the University of Novi Sad, Faculty
of Technical Sciences.
REFERENCES
[1] Tesla Inc., “Winter Driving Tips.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.tesla.com/en_EU/support/winter-driving-tips.
[Accessed: 10-Oct-2020].
[2] C. Lloyd, “Why Smart Fridges Are the Future,” 2018.
[Online]. Available: https://www.howtogeek.com/347408/
why-smart-fridges-are-the-future/.
[3] H. Kagermann, W. Wahlster, and J. Helbig, “Securing the
future of German manufacturing industry.
Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative
INDUSTRIE 4.0,” 2013.
[4] P. C. Evans and M. Annunziata, “Industrial Internet:
Pushing the boundaries of minds and machines,” 2012.
[5] T. and I. of J. Ministry of Economy, “Connected Industries,”
2019. [Online]. Available:
https://www.meti.go.jp/english/policy/mono_info_service/
connected_industries/index.html.
[6] The White House Office of the Press Secretary, “FACT
SHEET: White House Advanced Manufacturing Initiatives
to Drive Innovation and Encourage Companies to Invest in
the United States.” The White House, 2012.
[7] Y. A. Sukhodolov, “The Notion, Essence, and Peculiarities
of Industry 4.0 as a Sphere of Industry,” 2019, pp. 3–10.
[8] E. Garbee, “This is Not the Fourth Industrial Revolution,”
Slate, Jan-2016.
[9] C. Mui, “How Kodak Failed,” Forbes, Jan-2012.
[10] M. J. de la Merced, “Blockbuster, Hoping to Reinvent Itself,
Files for Bankruptcy,” The New York Times, p. 3, 24-Sep-
2010.
[11] American Foundry Society, “Imortance of metalcasting,”
2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.afsinc.org/
importance-metalcasting-0. [Accessed: 29-Nov-2020].
[12] CAEF - The European Foundry Association, “Applications
of Castings.” [Online]. Available: https://www.caef.eu/
casting/applications/. [Accessed: 10-Nov-2020].
[13] T. Mueller, A. Miller, and A. Bomberger, “Case Studies.
Casting no doubts. Comparing cost and quality of a
complex investment cast pump impeller made from molded
wax and quickcast patterns.,” Modern Pumping today, pp.
20–23, Jan-2013.
[14] A. T. Spada, “Our Image Stinks,” Modern Casting, p. 9,
Aug-2006.
[15] M. Flemings, D. Apelian, D. Bertram, W. Hayden, P.
Mikkola, and T. S. Piwonka, “Advanced Casting
Technologies in Japan and Europe,” 1997.
[16] European Commission, “Integrated Pollution Prevention
and Control. Reference Document on Best Available
Techniques in the Smitheries and Foundries Industry,” 2005.
[17] J. R. Reagan and M. Singh, Management 4.0. Singapore:
Springer Singapore, 2020.
[18] S. Wetzel, “Foundry 4.0 and the future of metalcasting,”
Modern Casting, pp. 24–26, Apr-2020.
[19] S. Winkelhaus and E. H. Grosse, “Logistics 4.0: a
systematic review towards a new logistics system,” Int. J.
Prod. Res., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 18–43, Jan. 2020.
[20] D. White, “What Is Foundry 4.0?,” Foundry Management
and Technology, 2020.
[21] S. Vaidya, P. Ambad, and S. Bhosle, “Industry 4.0 – A
Glimpse,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 20, pp. 233–238, 2018.
[22] L. Tarjan, I. Šenk, R. Kovač, S. Horvat, G. Ostojić, S.
Stankovski, “Automatic identification based on 2D
barcodes”, Proc., XV International Scientific Conference on
Industrial Systems (IS’11), 2011.
[23] S. Stankovski, G. Ostojić, V. Jovanović, B. Stevanov,
“Using RFID technology in collaborative design of the
27
 assembly systems”, Facta Universitatis, Series:
Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 4. No. 1., pp. 75-82, 2006.
[24] R. Wintgens and J. Feinauer, “Big Data meets foundry,”
Giesserei, Feb-2019.
[25] I. Sinto America, “Sinto Analytics - Sinto America,” 2020.
[Online]. Available: https://sintoamerica.com/sinto-
analytics/. [Accessed: 07-Dec-2020].
[26] P. Larsen, “The green sand foundry of tomorrow,” in 73rd
World foundry Congress “Creative Foundry,” 2018, p. 499.
[27] Disa Industries A/S, “Monetizer for green sand foundries,”
2020.
[28] “Exploit potentials. With the Foundry 4.0, powered by
Foseco,” 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://www.vesuvius.com/en/our-solutions/
international/foundry/newsletter/foseco/Foundry-goes-
digital.html. [Accessed: 07-Dec-2020].
[29] Fraunhofer IIF, “Foundry 4.0: Innovative technology for
smart and sustainable process design,” 2019.
[30] S. Stankovski, G. Ostojić, X. Zhang, “Influence of
Industrial Internet of Things on Mechatronics”, Journal of
Mechatronics, Automation and Identification Technology,
vol. 1, no.1. pp. 1-6, March 2016.
[31] S. Stankovski, G. Ostojić, X. Zhang, I. Baranovski, S.
Tegeltija, S. Horvat, “Mechatronics, Identification
Technology, Industry 4.0 and Education”, 18th
International Symposium. InfoTech, 20-22 March 2019.
[32] P. Larsen, “DISA LECTURES // Modern Green Sand
Moulding for Everyone // The Green Sand Foundry of
Tomorrow,” 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://youtu.be/PZCFAJduQQo. [Accessed: 15-Nov-2020].
[33] J. Lee, S. Noh, H.-J. Kim, and Y.-S. Kang, “Implementation
of Cyber-Physical Production Systems for Quality
Prediction and Operation Control in Metal Casting,”
Sensors, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 1428, May 2018.
[34] Norican Group, “Monitizer® | PRESCRIBE,” 2020.
[Online]. Available: https://www.disagroup.com/en-
us/foundry-products/digital-solutions/monitizer/monitizer-
prescribe. [Accessed: 07-Dec-2020].
[35] Norican Group, “Reducing casting defects digitally: Al
slashes iron foundry’s scrap by 50%,” 2020. [Online].
Available: https://www.disagroup.com/en-us/whats-
new/disa-case-stories/testimonials/al-cuts-scrap. [Accessed:
07-Dec-2020].
[36] E. A. Lee and S. A. Seshia, Introduction to Embedded
Systems - A Cyber-Physical Systems Approach, Second edi.
MIT Press, 2017.
[37] H. J. Warnecke and E. Abele, “Fettling of Castings with
Industrial Robots,” CIRP Ann., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 405–409,
1983.
[38] Berger Gruppe, “Fettling with robotic deburring technology.
Press release,” 2020.
[39] A. Paterson, “Robotic fettling cell is just the job,” Foundry
Trade Journal, Apr-2017.
[40] E. Flender and J. Sturm, “Thirty Years of Casting Process
Simulation,” Int. J. Met., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 7–23, Apr. 2010.
[41] C. Heisser, “Autonomous Optimization: A New Approach
to Increased Efficiencies,” Foundry Management and
Technology, Jan-2016.
[42] I. Hahn and J. C. Sturm, “Simulation Evolves to
Autonomous Optimization,” Aachen, 2015.
View publication stats
[43] Siemens Industry Software Inc., “Tecnomatix.” [Online].
Available:
https://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/global/en/produ
cts/tecnomatix/. [Accessed: 07-Dec-2020].
[44] GEMCO Engineers B.V., “Foundry Simulation.” [Online].
Available: https://www.gemco.nl/Gemco-Foundry-
Engineering-Services-Concept-LayOut-Planning.
[Accessed: 07-Dec-2020].
[45] Laempe Reich, “Laempe ar,” 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://www.laempereich.com/laempe-ar. [Accessed: 07-
Dec-2020].
[46] J. Moreland, J. Estrada, E. Mosquera, K. Toth, A. K. Silaen,
and C. Q. Zhou, “Integrating Fluid Simulation with Virtual
Die Casting Machine for Industry 4.0 and Operator
Training,” 2020, pp. 1026–1031.
[47] J. Moreland, J. Estrada, K. Toth, R. Brower, and C. Zhou,
“Development of a Virtual Die Casting Simulator for
Training,” in Proceedings of 2019 North American Die
Casting Association Die Casting Congress & Tabletop,
2019.
[48] C. Gouldsen and P. Blake, “Investment Casting Using
FDM/ABS Rapid Prototype Patterns,” 1998.
[49] P. Jain and A. M. Kuthe, “Feasibility Study of
Manufacturing Using Rapid Prototyping: FDM Approach,”
Procedia Eng., vol. 63, pp. 4–11, 2013.
[50] J. W. Halloran, “Ceramic Stereolithography: Additive
Manufacturing for Ceramics by Photopolymerization,”
Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 19–40, Jul. 2016.
[51] R. Stolt, S. André, and F. Elgh, “Introducing Inserts for Die
Casting Manufactured by Selective Laser Sintering,”
Procedia Manuf., vol. 17, pp. 309–316, 2018.
[52] R. Stolt, F. Elgh, and A. Jarfors, “Challenges and Support
when Introducing AM in HPDC Tooling,” in 26th ISTE
International Conference on Transdisciplinary Engineering,
TE 2019, 2019, pp. 147–156.
[53] F. Fiorentini, P. Curcio, E. Armentani, C. Rosso, and P.
Baldissera, “Study of two alternative cooling systems of a
mold insert used in die casting process of light alloy
components,” Procedia Struct. Integr., vol. 24, pp. 569–582,
2019.
[54] Stratasys GmbH, “Technical application guide: FDM
Matchplate Patterns for Green Sand Casting,” Frankfurt am
Main, 2011.
[55] K. Woods and S. Ravi, “Design Considerations for 3-D-
Printed Cores and Molds,” Modern Casting2, pp. 24–29,
May-2015.
[56] ExOne GmbH, “ExOne: The new standard for pump
manufacturing,” Foundry Review, pp. 8–9, May-2014.
[57] S. Wetzel, “Automating Metalcasting Operations,” Modern
Casting, pp. 24–27, Oct-2019.
[58] E. Krivoš, R. Pastirčák, and R. Madaj, “Effect of
Technological Parameters on the Quality and Dimensional
Accuracy of Castings Manufactured by Patternless Process
Technology,” Arch. Metall. Mater., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 1069–
1072, Oct. 2014.
[59] A. Rodríguez, A. Fernández, and L. N. López De Lacalle,
“A patternless method for a rapid casting of singular parts,”
in 71st World Foundry Congress: Advanced Sustainable
Foundry, WFC 2014, 2014.
28