C8A1 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

In this chapter we’ll discuss thermal properties of matter. First let’s understand the difference between
heat and temperature.

Temperature of a body is the degree of hotness or coldness of the body.

Concept of temperature can be understood by the terms, thermal contact and thermal equilibrium. To
store ice in summer, we keep it in wooden box or in thermos flask avoiding the thermal contact of ice
with its hot surroundings otherwise ice will soon melt away. Similarly, when you place a cup of hot tea
or water in a room, it cools down gradually. It stops cooling as it reaches the room temperature. Heat
flows from a hot body to a cold body until thermal equilibrium is reached.

The form of energy that is transferred from a hot body to a cold body is called heat.

If we bring two bodies close to each other with different temperatures. The temperature of the hot
body falls. It loses energy. This energy enters the cold body and its temperature rises. The transfer of
energy continues till both the bodies have the same temperature. Heat is therefore, called as the energy
in transit. Once heat enters a body, it becomes its internal energy and no longer exists as heat energy.

Translation

Is chapter main hum matter ki thermal properties k baray main prhain gay. Sb say phele hmain heat or
temperature k darmyan farq ko jan-na ho ga.

Body ka Temperature body ki degree of hotness ya coldness hay.

Temperature ka concept thermal contact or thermal equilibrium ki terms say smjha ja skta hay.
garmion main ice cream ko store krnay k liye hum usay lakri k dabbay main ya phir thermos flask main
rakhtay hain tak k ice cream ko irdgird say heat na milay or wo jldi pighal na jaye. Blkl isi trha jb ap garam
chae k cup ya pani ko kamray main rakhtay hain to wo ahista ahista Thanda ho jata hay. or phir jb wo
room temperature pr phnch jata hay to wo mazeed thnda ni hota. Heat hot body say cold body ki trf
flow krti hay jb tk k thermal equilibrium qayim na ho jaye.

energy ki wo form jo hot body say cold body main transfer hoti hay usay heat khete hain.

Agr hum do different temperature wali bodies ko qareeb layen to hot body ka temperature km ho jata
hay. Wo apni energy lose kr deta hay. Ye energy cold body main transfer hoti hay or uska tempreture
rise ho jata hay. Ye transfer tb tk jari rehta hay jb tk dono bodies ka temperature same nai ho jata. Isi liye
heat ko energy in transit khetay hain. Jb heat kisi body main enter hoti hay to wo uski internal bn jati hay
or ab wo heat energy k tor pr exsist ni krti.

C8A2 THERMOMETER

Now that we know the difference between heat and temperature. Let’s see what a thermometer is used
for.

A device that is used to measure the temperature of a body is called thermometer. Substances that
have some property that changes with temperature, can be used as a thermometric material. For
example, some substances expand on heating and some change their colors. Nearly all the substances
expand on heating. Liquids also expand on heating and are suitable as thermometric materials. Common
thermometers are generally made using some suitable liquid as thermometric material. A thermometric
liquid should have the following properties

 It should be visible.

 It should have uniform thermal expansion.

 It should have a low freezing point.

 It should have a high boiling point.

 It should not wet glass.

 It should be a good conductor of heat.

 It should have a small specific heat capacity

Translation

Ab jb hm heat or temperature k darmyan farq jantay hain. Ayen dekhtay hain k thermometer kis liye
istemal kiya jata hay.

Aik device jo k body k temperature ko measure krnay k liye istemal hoti hay usay thermometer khete
hain. Asay substances jin main ye khasiyat hoti hay k wo temperature k sath change hotay hain unko
thermometric material k tor pr istemal kiya ja skta hay. missal k tor pr, kuch substances heat milnay pr
expand ho jatay hain or kuch apna rang tabdeel kr laitay hain. Taqreban tamam substances garam honay
ki wjha say expand hotay hain. Liquids bhi heat ki wjha say expand hotay hain or thermometric material
k liye suitable hotay hain. Thermometers main amm tor pr kisi suitable liquid ko as thermometric
material istemal kia jata hay. aik thermometric liquid main darj zail khasusiyat honi chahiye:

 Ye visible hona chahiye

 Is main uniform themal expansion honi chahiye
 Iska freezing point low hona chahiye
 Iska boiling point high hona chahiye
 Is say glass geela ni hona chahiye
 Isko good conductor of heat hona chahiye
 Iski specific heat capacity small honi chahiye

C8A3 LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER

In this video we’ll learn about a type of thermometer.

A liquid-in-glass thermometer has a bulb with a long capillary tube of uniform and fine bore. A suitable
liquid is filled in the bulb. When the bulb contacts a hot object, the liquid in it expands and rises in the
tube. The glass stem of a thermometer is thick and acts as a cylindrical lens. This makes it easy to see the
liquid level in the glass tube. Mercury freezes at-39 °C and boils at 357 °C. Thus mercury is one of the
most suitable thermometric material having all thermometric properties. Mercury-in-glass
thermometers are widely used in laboratories, clinics and houses to measure temperatures in the range
from -10 °C to 150 °C.

LOWER AND UPPER FIXED POINTS

A thermometer has a scale on its stem showing two extremes. This scale has two fixed points. The lower
fixed point is marked to show the position of liquid in the thermometer when it is placed in ice. Similarly,
upper fixed point is marked to show the position of liquid in the thermometer when it is placed in steam
at standard pressure above boiling water.

Translation

Is video main hum thermometer ki aik qism k baray main janain gay.

Aik glass thermometer main aik bulb hot ajis k sath lmbi capillary tube or fine bore hoti hay. suitable
liquid ko bulb main bhra jata hay. jb jo bulb garam chez sat contact krta hay to us k andr mojood liquid
expand ho k opr ki trf bharta hay. thermometer ka glass stem thick hota hay or cylindrical lens k tor pr
kam krta hay. ye glass tube main liquid level ko dekhnay main asani paida krta hay. mercury -39 °C pr
freeze hota hay or 357 °C pr boil hota hay. is trah mercury sb say zada suitable thermometric material
hay jis main tamam khasosiyat pai jati hain. Mercury thermometers laboratories, clinic or gharon main
temperature measure krnay k liye istemal kiye jatay hain jinki range -10 °C say 150 °C hoti hay.

LOWER AND UPPER FIXED POINTS

Thermometer ki stem pr aik scale hota hay jis say dono extremes show hotay hain. Scale k 2 fixed point k
hotay hain. jb thermometer ko baraf main rakha jaye to nichla fixed point liquid k lowest point ko show
krta hay. isi trh opr ka fixed point liquid ki position ko krta hay jb usay steam ya boiling water main rakha
jaye.

C8A4 SCALES OF TEMPERATURE

In this video we’ll learn about the three scales of temperature.

(i) Celsius scale or centigrade scale

(ii) Fahrenheit scale
(iii) Kelvin scale

On Celsius scale, the interval between lower and upper fixed points is divided into 100 equal parts. The
lower fixed point is marked as 0 degrees Celsius and the upper fixed point is marked as 100 degrees
Celsius.

On Fahrenheit scale, the interval between lower and upper fixed points is divided into 180 equal parts.
Its lower fixed point is marked as 32 degrees Fahrenheit and upper fixed point is marked as 212 degrees
Fahrenheit.

In SI units, the unit of temperature is kelvin and its scale is called Kelvin scale of temperature. The
interval between the lower and upper fixed points is divided into 100 equal parts. Thus, a change in 1
degree Celsius is equal to a change of 1 Kelvin. The lower fixed point on this scale corresponds to 273 K
and the upper fixed point is referred as 373 K. The zero on this scale is called the absolute zero and is
equal to - 273 °C

Translation

Is video main hum thermometer l 3 scales k baray main janain gay

(i) Celsius scale or centigrade scale

 (ii) Fahrenheit scale
(iii) Kelvin scale

Celsius scale pr, lower or upper fixed points k drmyan ka interval 100 equal parts main divide hota hay.
lower fixed point ko 0 degree Celsius say mark dia jata hay jb kay upper fixed point ko 100 degrees
Celsius say mark kia jata hay.

Fahrenheit scale pr, lower or upper fixed points k drmyan ka interval 180 equal parts main divide hota
hay. lower fixed point ko 32-degree Fahrenheit say mark dia jata hay jb kay upper fixed point ko 212
degrees Fahrenheit say mark kia jata hay.

SI units main tempreture ka unit Kelvin hay or is k scale ko kelvin scale of temperature khete hain.
Lower or upper fixed points k drmyan ka interval 100 equal parts main divide hota hay. is trah 1-degree
Celsius main change 1 kelvin change k brabar hy. Is scale pr lower fixed point 273K hay or upper fixed
point 373K hay. is scale pr zero, Absolute Zero khelata hay or wo -273 °C k equal hota hay.

C8A5 INTERCONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE SCALES

From Celsius to Kelvin Scale

The temperature T on Kelvin scale can be obtained by adding 273 in the temperature C on Celsius scale.
Thus

T(K) = 273 + C

From Kelvin to Celsius Scale

The temperature on Celsius scale can be found by subtracting 273 from the temperature in Kelvin Scale.
Thus

C = T(K) - 273

From Celsius to Fahrenheit Scale

Since 100 divisions on Celsius scale are equal to 180 divisions on Fahrenheit scale. Therefore, each
division on Celsius scale is equal to 1.8 divisions on Fahrenheit scale. Moreover, 0°C corresponds to 32°F.

F = 1.8 C + 32

From Fahrenheit to Celsius Scale

We can find the temperature on Celsius scale from Fahrenheit Scale by using following equation.

C = F – 32

1.8

Translation

From Celsius to Kelvin Scale

Kelvin scale pr temperature T, Celsius scale pr temperature C main 273 add kr k hasil kia ja skta hay.

Is trah
 T(K) = 273 + C

From Kelvin to Celsius Scale

Kelvin scale pr temperature, Celsius scale pr temperature main say 273 ko substract kr k hasil kia ja skta
hay.

Is trah

C = T(K) - 273

From Celsius to Fahrenheit Scale

Jesa k Celsius scale pr 100 divisions Fahrenheit scale ki 180 divisions k brabar hain. layhaza, Celsius pr
hur division Fahrenheit scale pr 1.8 division k brabr hay. mazeed yeh k 0 °C ,32°F k brabr hay.

F = 1.8 C + 32

From Fahrenheit to Celsius Scale

Is equation ka istemal kartay hoye hum Fahrenheit scale say Celsius scale pr temperature hasil kr sktay
hain.

C = F – 32

1.8

C8A6 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

In this video we are going to learn about specific heat capacity. Generally, when a body is heated, its
temperature increases which is found to be proportional to the amount of heat absorbed by it. It has
also been observed that the quantity of heat Q required to raise the temperature T of a body is
proportional to the mass m of the body. Thus

∆Q = C m ∆T

Q is the amount of heat absorbed by the body and c is the constant of proportionality called the specific
heat capacity or simply specific heat. The specific heat of a substance is defined as

Specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg mass of
that substance through 1Kelvin.
 C = ∆Q

m ∆T

In SI units, mass m is measured in kilograms (kg), heat Q is measured in joule (J) and temperature
increase T is taken in kelvin (K). Hence, SI unit of specific heat is joule per kilogram per kelvin (Jkg¯¹ K¯¹)

Translation

is video main hum specific heat capacity k baray main janain gay. Amm tor par jb koi body garam hoti
hay, uska temperature increase hota hay jo k is k through absorb honay wali heat k proportional hota
hay. yeh b observe kiya gya hay body k temperature T ko barhaany k liye required heat ki amount body k
mass m k proportional hay. is trah

∆Q = C m ∆T

Body main absorb honay wali heat ki amount Q hay or c constant of proportionality hay jisko specific
heat capacity ya simply specific heat khete hain. substance ki specific heat ki is trah define kiya jata hay:

kisi substance ki specific heat, heat ki amount joti hay jo substance k 1kg mass ko 1Kelvin k through
brhanay k lia require hoti he

C = ∆Q

m ∆T

SI units main, mass m ko kilograms main measure kiya jata hay, heat Q ko joule J main measure kiya
jata hay or temperature increase T ko kelvin K main liya jata hay. layhaza, specific heat ka SI unit Joule
per kilogram per kelvin hay.

C8A7 HEAT CAPACITY

In this video we are going to learn about heat capacity. How much heat a body can absorb depends on
many factors. Here we define a quantity called heat capacity of a body as:

Heat capacity of a body is the quantity of thermal energy absorbed by it for one kelvin (1 K) increase
in its temperature.

Thus, if the temperature of a body increases through T on adding Q amount of heat, then its heat
capacity will be ∆Q/ ∆T

Putting the value of ∆Q in this equation gives us heat capacity

∆Q = m C ∆T

∆T ∆T

∆Q = C m

This equation shows that heat capacity of a body is equal to the product of its mass of the body and its
specific heat capacity. For example, heat capacity of 5 kg of water is (5 kg x 4200 Jkg¯¹ K¯¹) 21000 J¯¹K¯¹.
That is; 5 kg of water needs 21000 joules of heat for every 1 K rise in its temperature. Thus, larger is the
quantity of a substance, larger will be its heat capacity.

Translation

Is video main hum heat capacity k baray main jan-nay ja rae hain. aik body kitni heat absorb krti hay ye
different factors pr depend krta hay. yhan hum aik quantity ko explain krtay hain jisko body ki heat
capacity kehtay hain:

Kisi body ki heat capacity us main absorb honay wali thermal energy ki quantity hay jo is k
temperature main aik kelvin ka izafa kray.

isi trah, agr kisi body main heat ki amount Q ka izafa ho or temperature T increase ho jaye to uski
heat capacity Q /T ho gi.

Is equation main Q ki value dalnay say hmain heat capacity milti hay

∆Q = m C ∆T

∆T ∆T

∆Q = C m

Ye equation btati hay k body ki heat capacity is body k mass or iski specific heat capacity k product k
brabr hay. missal k tor par 5kg pani ki heat capacity 21000 J¯¹K¯¹ hay. 5kg pani ko 21000 joules heat ki
zrort hoti hay usk temperature ko 1K rise krnay k liye. Layhaza, aik substance ki quantity jitni zada ho gi
uski heat capacity utni hi zada ho gi.

C8A8 CHANGE OF STATE

In this video we are going to learn about changes in the state of matter. Matter can be changed from
one state to another. For such a change to occur, thermal energy is added to or removed from a
substance.

When ice changes from solid state to water in liquid state thermal energy is taken in, and when water
from liquid state freezes into solid state thermal energy is given out.

Similarly, when water changes from liquid to gaseous state during evaporation thermal energy is taken
in, and when water condenses from gaseous state to liquid state thermal energy is given out.

Translation

Is video main hum matter ki state main change k baray main jan-nain gay. Matter aik state say dosri
state main badal skta hay. is change k liye thermal energy is substance main add ya remove ki jati hay.

Jb baraf solid state say pani bnti hay or liquid state main ati hay to thermal energy add hoti hay or jb
pani freeze ho k liquid state say solid state main convert hota hay tb thermal energy release ho jati hay.

Isi trh, Jb pani liquid state say evaporation k dooran gaseous state main ata hay to thermal energy add
hoti hay or jb pani gaseous state say condense ho k liquid state main convert hota hay tb thermal energy
release ho jati hay.
C8A9 5 LATENT HEAT OF FUSION

In this video you’ll learn about heat of fusion. When a substance is changed from solid to liquid state by
adding heat, the process is called melting or fusion at temperature called its fusion point or melting
point. When the process is reversed like when a liquid is cooled, it changes into solid state. The
temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to solid state is called its freezing point.

Heat energy required to change unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid state at its melting point
without change in its temperature is called its latent heat of fusion.

It is denoted by Hf

Hf = ∆Qf

∆Qf = Hf m

Ice changes at 0 C into water. Latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.36 x10 Jkg¯¹. That is; 3.36x10⁵ joule heat is
required to melt 1 kg of ice into water at 0 °C.

Translation

is video main hum fusion ki heat k baray main janain gay. Jb aik substance heat ad krnay ki wjha say solid
say liquid main change hoti hay to us process ko melting ya fusion khetay hain. or jis temperature pr
melting ya fusion ka process shoro hota hay usay melting point ya fusion khete hain. jb is process ko
reverse kiya jata hay jaisay liquid Thanda hota hay to wo solid state main badal jata hay. jis tempreture
pr substance liquid say solid main change hoti hay usay uska freezing point khete hain.

kisi substance k melting point pr tempreture main change k bager us k unit mass ko solid say liquid
main change honay k liye jo energy required hoti hay usay latent heat of fusion khete hain.

It is denoted by Hf

Hf = ∆Qf

∆Qf = Hf m

Baraf 0 C pr pani main change hoti hay. baraf ki latent heat of fusion 3.36 x10 Jkg¯¹ hay. 1kg baraf ko 0 °C
pr melt krnay k liye 3.36 x10 Joule heat ki zrort hoti hay.

C8A10 LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

In this video you’ll learn about heat of vaporization. When heat is given to a liquid at its boiling point, its
temperature remains constant. The heat energy given to a liquid at its boiling point is used up in
changing its state from liquid to gas without any increase in its temperature. Thus

The quantity of heat that changes unit mass of a liquid completely into gas at its boiling point without
any change in its temperature is called its latent heat of vaporization.

It is denoted by Hv
 Hv = ∆Qv

∆Qv = Hv m

When water is heated, it boils at 100°C under standard pressure. Its temperature remains 100°C until it
is changed completely into steam. Its latent heat of vaporization is 2.26 x10 J kg¯¹. That is; one kilograms
of water requires 2.26x10⁶ joule heat to change it completely into gas (steam) at its boiling point.

Translation

Is video main vapourization ki heat k bary main seekhain gay. Jab liquid ko heat us k boiling point tak di
jati hai, iska temperature constant rehta hai. Liquid ko heat boiling point tak is lia di jati hai ta k wo iski
state ko liquid say gas main kray iskay temperature ko increase kiye begair.

Is trah heat ki quantity jo kisi liquid kay unit mass ko apnay boiling point par mukammal toor par gas
main change krti hai baghair iskay temperature main kisi changing k is process ko latent heat of
vapourization kehty hn.

Isko Hv say denote krty hn

Hv = ∆Qv

∆Qv = Hv m

Jab pani ko garm kia jata hai tou ye 100 degree C par standard pressure par ubalta hai. Iska temperature
100 C tak rehta he yhan tak k ye steam main mukammal tor par change ho jaye. Iski latent heat of
vapourization ki value 2.26 x10 J kg¯¹. aik KG pani ko 2.26*10^6 Joule heat ki zrort hoti hai ta k isy apnay
boiling point par mukammal toor par gas main change kr skay.

C8A11 THE EVAPORATION

In this video we are going to understand the concept of evaporation. If we Take some water in a dish it’ll
disappear after sometime by the magic of science. It is because the molecules of water are in constant
motion and possess kinetic energy. Fast moving molecules escape out from the surface of water and
goes into the atmosphere. This is called evaporation. Thus

Evaporation is the changing of a liquid into vapors (gaseous state) from the surface of the liquid
without heating it.

Unlike boiling, evaporation takes place at all temperatures but only from the surface of a liquid. The
process of boiling takes place at a certain fixed temperature which is the boiling point of that liquid.
Evaporation plays an important role in our daily life. Wet clothes dry up rapidly when spread.

Evaporation also causes cooling. During evaporation fast moving molecules escape out from the surface
of the liquid. Molecules that have lower kinetic energies are left behind. This lowers the average kinetic
energy of the liquid molecules and the temperature of the liquid. Since temperature of a substance
depends on the average kinetic energy of its molecules. Evaporation of perspiration helps to cool our
bodies.

TRANSLATION:

IS video main ham evaporation k concept ko smjhanay ja rhy hain. Agar ham dish main kuch pani laity
hain tou ye science k magic saay kuch dair bad ghaib ho jaye ga. Iski wjha ye hai k pani k molecules
musalsal harkat main rehtay hain or kinetic energy rkhty hain. Taiz harkat krnay walay molecules pani ki
surface say bahir nikal kar atmosphere main chlay jaty hain. Isay evaporation kehty hain. Is trah

Evaporation liquid ko beghair gram kiye liquid ki satah say evapors main change karta hai.

Unlike Boiling, evaporation hur temperature par hoti hai lakin siraf liquid ki surface say. Boiling ka amal
aik fixed temperature par hota hai jo kay is liquid ka boiling point hai. Evaporation hmari daily life main
bht important role play karti hay. Geelay kapron ko jb phaila dia jaye to wo tezi se dry hotay hain.

Evaporation thandak ka sabab banti hay. Evaporation k doran tezi say chalnay waalay molecules liquid ki
surface say bahir nikal jaty hain. Jin molecules ki kinetic energy km hoti hay wo bach jatay hain. Ye liquid
molecules ki average Kinetic Energy km krta hai jab k substance ka temperature average kinetic energy
par depend krta hai. Paseenay ki evaporation hmaray jisam ko thanda krnay main help krtay hn.

C8A12 FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION

In this video we are going to see how the rate of evaporation is affected by various factors.

TEMPERATURE

At higher temperature, more molecules of a liquid are moving with high velocities. Thus, more
molecules escape from its surface. Thus, evaporation is faster at high temperature than at low
temperature.

SURFACE AREA

Larger is the surface area of a liquid, greater number of molecules has the chance to escape from its
surface.

WIND

Wind blowing over the surface of a liquid sweeps away the liquid molecules that have just escaped out.
This increases the chance for more liquid molecules to escape out.

NATURE OF THE LIQUID

Does spirit and water evaporate at the same rate? Liquids differ in the rate at which they evaporate.
Spread a few drops of ether or spirit on your palm. You feel cold, why? Because the molecules of spirit
get the energy for evaporation from the hand leaving your hand with lesser energy or cold.

Translation:

Is video main ham ye dekhnay ja rhy hn k kese different factor say rate of evaporation effect hota hai.

TEMPERATURE:
Zada temperature par, liquid k zada molecules taiz speed k sath move kar rhay hain. Is trah zada
molecules iski surface say escape ho jaty hain. Is trah evaporation km temperature k muqablay main
zada temperature par taiz hota hai.

SURFACE AREA:

Liquid ka surface area jitna bra hota hai utnay zada molecules ko uski surface say escape ka moqa milta
hai.

WIND

Liquid ki surface pe chalnay wali hawa un liquid molecules ko ura deti hai jo abhi abhi surface pr aye
hotay hain. Is say liquid molecules k escape k chances zada ho jatay hain.

NATURE OF THE LIQUID

Kya spirit or pani aik hi rate say evaporate hotay hain? different liquid different rate saay evaporate hain.
Ether ya spirit k kuch drops apni palm par phela dain? ap thandak ku mehsos krtay hain? Ku k spirit k
molecules ap k hath say evaporation k liye energy lay kr hath ko km energy ya cold k sath chor rae hain.

C8A13 THERMAL EXPANSION

The concept of thermal expansion is that most of the substances expand on heating and contract on
cooling. Their thermal expansions and contractions are usually small and are not noticeable. The
molecules of a solid vibrate with larger amplitude at high temperature than at low temperature. They
push one another farther away as the amplitude of vibration increases. Thermal expansion results an
increase in length, breadth and thickness of a substance

LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION IN SOLIDS

It has been observed that solids expand on heating and their expansion is nearly uniform over a wide
range of temperature. Consider a metal rod of length L1 at certain temperature T1. Let its length on
heating to a temperature T2 becomes L2. Thus

Increase in length of the rod ∆ L = L2 – L1

Increase in temperature ∆T = T2 – T1

It is found that change in length ∆L of a solid is directly proportional to its original length L1, and the
change in temperature ∆T
where  is called the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of the substance. Thus, we can define the
coefficient of linear expansion  of a substance as the fractional increase in its length per kelvin rise in
temperature.

Translation

Thermal expansion ka concept ye hay k substance garam honay pr expant hoti hay or tahndi honay pr
contact hoti hay. thermal expansions or contractions bht mamooli hoti hain jo k noticeable ni hoti. Solid
k molecules low temperature ki nisbat high temperature pr zada amplitude pr vibrate hotay hain. jese
jese vibration ka amplitude increase hota hay molecules aik dosray ko door dhakailtay hain. thermal
expansion substance ki length, breadth or thickness ko increase krti hay.

LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION IN SOLIDS

Ye observe kiya gya hay k heat milnay pr solids expand hotay hain or unki expansion wide range of
temperature pr equal hoti hay. farz karain k aik certain temperature pr metal rod ki length L1 hay or
temperature T2 pr heat dene say uski length L2 ho gai hay. isi trah

Increase in length of the rod ∆ L = L2 – L1

Increase in temperature ∆T = T2 – T1

Ye pta chla hay k solid ki length main change ∆L uski original length L1 or change in temperature ∆T k
directly proportional hay.

Yahan  substance ka coefficient of linear thermal expansion kehlata hay. kisi substance ki fractional
length main per kelvin increament ko coefficient of linear expansion  kehtay hain

temperature.

C8A14 VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION

In this video we’ll learn how the volume of a solid also changes with the change in temperature and is
called volume thermal expansion or cubical thermal expansion. Consider a solid of initial volume V1 at
certain temperature T1. On heating the solid to a temperature T2, let its volume becomes V2, then

Change in volume ∆V = V2 – V1

Change in temperature ∆T = T2 – T1

Like linear expansion, the change in volume V is found to be proportional to its original volume V1 and
change in temperature T. Thus
where  is the temperature coefficient of volume expansion.

 = ∆V

V1∆T

Thus, we can define the temperature coefficient of volume expansion  as the fractional change in its
volume per kelvin change in temperature. The coefficients of linear expansion and volume expansion are
related by the equation:

 = 3მ

Translation

C8A14 VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION

Is video main hum janain gay k kese temperature change honay ki wjha say solid ka volume change hota
hay jo k thermal expansion ya cubical thermal expansion KEHLATA HAY. farz karain k aik certain
temperature T1 pr solid ka initial volume V1. Heat dene pr temperature T2 ho jata hay,or volume V2 ho
jata hay. tb

Change in volume ∆V = V2 – V1

Change in temperature ∆T = T2 – T1

Linear expansion ki trah, volume main change ∆V usk original volume V1 or change in temperature ∆T k
directly proportional hay. isi trah

Yahan  temperature coefficient of volume expansion hay.

 = ∆V
 V1∆T

Kisi b substance k temperature main fractional change volume per kelvin ko temperature coefficient of
volume expansion  ko kehtay hain. linear expansion or volume expansion k coefficients aik equation k
thorugh related hain.

 = 3მ