UNIT 3: MUSIC

- shy (a): timid, not at ease with others.

- passionate (a) about: having a strong feelings
→ passion (n)
- on stage: trên sân khấu
- live (a): trực tiếp
E.g.: live shows
- idol (n): a person who is admired so much
- adore (v): admire
- contest (n): competition
- win first / second … place: giành giải nhất / nhì
- talented (a): gifted
→talent (n): exceptional ability
- solo (a): alone
- post on the Internet: display online
- well-known (a) for: famous for
- release (v): make s.t available
- debut album: the first public appearance of an album.
- Looks can be deceiving (proverb): Something can be very different from how it seems or appears to be.
E.g.: This restaurant doesn’t look good, but the food is great. Looks can be deceiving.
→Moral lesson: We should not form an opinion about s.o/ s.t from their appearance only.
- begin / the first + N … + to infinitive

GRAMMAR
a. Compound sentences and coordinating conjunctions
* A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but, so, yet, for).
(See Appendix 2)
E.g.: I like to eat cookies, and I like to drink milk.
* Coordinating conjunctions:
- and: an addition of equal importance
- or: choice, option
- but: contrast
- yet: contrast, an unexpected/ surprising continuation
- so: result
- for: reason

b. Infinitives with/without TO (Appendix 3)

- Verbs followed by the to-infinitive: begin, decide, ask, expect, forget, hope, intend, learn, plan, prefer, promise,
seem, try, want, would like …
- Verbs followed by the infinitive without TO: feel, hear, notice, see, watch, make, let, …
E.g.: A boring film made everyone fall asleep.
I promise to sing you a song.
 APPENDIX 2: COMPOUND SENTENCES AND COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS.

COMPOUND SENTENCES AND COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

1. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but,
so, yet, for). A compound sentence can be formed as follows:
independent clause, + coordinator + independent clause
Notes:
- There is usually a comma (,) after the first independent clause.
E.g.: Salt water boils at a lower temperature than freshwater, so food cooks faster
in salt water.
- When a coordinating conjunction joins 2 words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, no comma
should be placed before the conjunction.
E.g.: Would like some water or juice?
- A coordinating conjunction joining 3 or more words, phrases, or subordinate clauses creates
a series and requires commas between the elements.
E.g.: I wasted so much time, energy, and money on that trip.
2. Coordinating conjunctions: and, or, but, so, yet, for.
- AND: an addition of equal importance / a similar and equal idea
E.g.: I like to eat cookies, and I like to drink milk.
The president arrived and gave an hour-long speech.
- OR: choice or option
E.g.: Will Sarah be visiting for a week or the entire summer?
Will Sarah be visiting for a week, or is she staying for the entire summer?
There was no laptops or phones in Medieval Ages.
Notes: Commas are not required when OR and AND connect two items. Commas are required
when OR and AND connect two independent clauses.
- SO: an expected result
E.g.: The lady was feeling ill, so she went home to bed.
Higher education is often expensive, so many students work while studying.
- FOR: reason, [more formal and less common than BECAUSE
E.g.: My husband and I went to Costa Rica, for it was our five-year anniversary.
Japanese people live longer than most other nationalities, for they eat
healthful diets.
Notes
+ BECAUSE is used when the reason is the most important part of the sentence.
The BECAUSE clause usually comes at the end.
E..g: 'I went to Spain last summer because I wanted the guarantee of sunshine on
every day of my holiday.'
+ FOR suggests that the reason is given as an afterthought. It is never placed at the beginning
of the sentence and is more characteristic of written, rather than spoken English:
E.g.: 'I decided to stop the work I was doing - for it was very late and I wanted to
go to bed.'
- NOR: a negative equal idea
E.g.: They do not eat a lot of red meat, nor do they eat many dairy products.
Notes: NOR means “and not.” It joins two negative independent clauses. Notice that question
word order is used after NOR.
- BUT: contrast or exception, an opposite idea
E.g.: The dress was beautiful but slightly expensive.
I put a lot of effort into the assignment, but I couldn’t even get an A.
- YET: contrast, an unexpected or surprising continuation, despite something [synonyms =
nevertheless, but still]
E.g.: He had been crying all day, yet the man made him laugh.
He can be strict yet understanding at the same time.
Cigarette smoking is a factor in longevity, yet Japanese and other long-lived
Asians have a very high rate of tobacco use.
Notes: BUT and YET have similar meanings: They both signal that an opposite idea is coming.
+ BUT is preferred when the two clauses are direct opposites.
+ When the second clause is an unexpected or surprising continuation because of information
given in the first clause, YET is preferred.
+ BUT is acceptable for both meanings; YET for only one meaning.
Compare:
E.g.: I want to study art, but my parents want me to study engineering. (direct
opposite)
I am very bad at math, yet my parents want me to study engineering.
(surprising continuation after “I am very bad at math.”)
 APPENDIX 3: INFINITIVES
A. TO INFINITIVE is used:
1. AS SUBJECTS To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was required.
2. AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS The most important thing is to learn.
3. AFTER ADJECTIVES I'd be absolutely delighted to come.
unable afraid amused annoyed anxious astonished
certain delighted determined eager easy good
grateful happy hard fortunate pleased prepared
ready safe surprised wonderful worried
4. AFTER NOUNS Our decision to oppose the scheme is a right one.
5. AS OBJECTS OF VERBS We intended to leave early.
• VERB + TO INFINITIVE
afford agree aim appear arrange
attempt care claim decide demand
determine expect fail happen hesitate
hope intend learn manage offer
plan prepare pretend promise prove
refuse seem be supposed tend threaten
volunteer wait want wish would like
• VERB + (PRO)NOUN + TO INFINITIVE
allow advise ask convince encourage
expect forbid force instruct invite
order permit persuade remind require
teach tell urge warn want

6. AFTER CERTAIN VERBS + WH-WORDS (HOW, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHICH, WHY, WHETHER)
E.g: We didn't remember where to meet.
I was wondering whether to call you.
ask s.o advise s.o choose consider decide
discover explain find out forget know
learn remember see show s.o teach s.o
tell s.o think understand wonder work out
7. TO EXPRESS PURPOSES
I came here (in order/so as) to study English.
There are telephones for drivers to call for help if they break down.
For plants to grow properly, you have to water them properly.
8. IN PATTERNS WITH “TOO” AND “ENOUGH”
He is too young to join the team.
He is old enough to travel alone.
9. AFTER THE FIRST/SECOND/…/LAST/ONLY (+ NOUN)
She is always the first to come to class every morning.
Jenny is the only girl to win the competition.
10. IN PATTERNS “TAKE sb sth TO DO sth”, “COST sth TO DO sth”, “GET sb TO DO sth”
It takes me one hour to travel from home to work.
It costs a fortune to fly first class.
I got my brother to carry my suitcase.
B. BARE INFINITIVE is used:
1. AFTER MODAL VERBS: can, could, may, might, will, shall, would, should, must,
needn’t
2. AFTER “LET”, “MAKE” “HELP”, “DARE”
He lets us use some of his land to grow vegetables.
You can’t make a cat do anything it doesn’t want to do.
I just want to help you (to) understand the situation better.
He didn’t dare (to) say what he thought.
* Passive: I was made to wait. (NOT I was made wait.)
3. AFTER VERBS OF PERCEPTION (SEE, WATCH, HEAR, NOTICE, FEEL,
BEHELD…) + OBJECT (action has finished)
I heard Peter sing a song.
She feels the rain fall on her face.
* Passive: Peter was heard to sing a song. (NOT Peter was heard sing a song.)
4. IN PATTERN “HAVE sb DO sth”
Have Mrs Hansen come in, please!
I had my father repair my bike.
5. AFTER “WOULD RATHER/SOONER”, “HAD BETTER”, “WHY (NOT)”,
“HAVE TO”, “USED TO”
I'd rather swim in the pool than go down to the beach.
I would sooner read a book than watch this film.
You'd better go to bed before 10 p.m.
Why not ask your neighbor for help?
6. AFTER “EXCEPT”, “BUT”
I could find nothing to do this afternoon, except read my book.
My son does nothing but watch TV when he gets home from school.