PHILIPPINE LAW SCHOOL

By:
Dean josé aguila grapilon

SYLLABUS

Course Title : Constitutional Law I

Course Credit : 3 Units
Prerequisite : None
Schedule : Wednesday, 1800-2100

Course Description :
A study of the structure and powers of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines, the
nature of the State, the supremacy of the Constitution, the separation of powers, and the rule of the
majority.

Course Outline:

A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
1. Scope of the Study
2. Necessity for the Study
3. Basis of the Study
4. Background of the Study

B. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES

1. Outstanding Features
2. The Supremacy of the Constitution
3. Prospects of the Constitution

C. THE CONCEPT OF THE STATE

1. Definition
2. Elements
(1) People
(2) Territory
(3) Government
A. Functions
 PVTA v. CIR, 65 SCRA 416
 Romualdez-Yap v. Civil Service Commission, 225 SCRA 285
 Shipside, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 143377, February
20, 2001
B. Doctrine of Parens Patriae
 Government of the Philippines v. Monte de Piedad, 35 Phil. 728
 Cabanas v. Pilapil, 58 SCRA 94
C. De Jure and De Facto Governments
 Co Kim Cham v. Valdez Tan Keh, 75 Phil. 113
 Lawyers League for a Better Philippines v. Corazon C. Aquino,
G.R. No.73748, May 22, 1986
 In re: Letter of Associate Justice Reynato Puno, A.M. No. 90-
11-2697-CA, June 29, 1992
 Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 104768, July 21, 2003
D. Government of the Philippines
E. Administration
(4) Sovereignty
 Laurel v. Misa, 77 Phil. 856
 Peralta v. Director of Prisons, 75 Phil. 285

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  Alcantara v. Director of Prisons, 75 Phil. 749
 People v. Gozo, 53 SCRA 476
3. Act of State

D. THE DOCTRINE OF STATE IMMUNITY

1. Basis
 Syquia v. Almeda Lopez, 84 Phil. 312
 Minucher v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 142396, February 11, 2003
2. Application
 Garcia v. Chief of Staff, 16 SCRA 120
 Sanders v. Veridiano, 162 SCRA 88
 Festejo v. Fernando, 50 O.G. 1556
 U.S.A. v. Guinto, 182 SCRA 644
 The Holy See v. Rosario, 238 SCRA 524
3. Waiver of Immunity
4. Forms of Consent
 Republic v. Purisima, 78 SCRA 470
 Amigable v. Cuenca, 43 SCRA 360
 Ministerio v. City of Cebu, 40 SCRA 464
 Santiago v. Republic, 87 SCRA 294
 Froilan v. Pan Oriental Shipping Co., G.R. No. L-6060, Sept. 30, 1950
 United States of America v. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487
 Republic of the Philippines v. Villasor, 54 SCRA 84
 EPG Construction v. Secretary Vigilar, G.R. No. 131544, March 16, 2001
 Republic of Indonesia v. Vinzon, G.R. No. 154705, June 26, 2003
 National Housing Authority v. Heirs of Quivelondo, G.R. No. 154411, June
19, 2003
5. Suits Against Government Agencies
 Bermoy v. Philippine Normal College, G.R. No. L-8670, May 18, 1956
 National Airports Corp. v. Teodoro, 91 Phil. 203
 Bureau of Printing v. Bureau of Printing Employees Association, 1 SCRA 340
 Mobil Phils. Exploration, Inc. v. Customs Arrastre Service, 18 SCRA 1120
6. Exemption from Legal Requirements
7. Suability vs. Liability
 Merritt v. Government of the Philippine Islands, 34 Phil. 311
 Palafox v. Province of Ilocos Norte, G.R. No. L-10659, Jan. 31, 1958
 Torio v. Fontanilla, 85 SCRA 599

E. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

1. Preamble
2. Republicanism
 Villavicencio v. Lukban, 39 Phil. 778
 La Bugal-B’Laan Tribal Association v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882, December
1, 2004
3. The Defense of the State
 People v. Lagman and Zosa, 66 Phil. 13
4. Peace and Order
 Chavez v. Romulo, G.R. No. 157036, June 9, 2004
5. The Incorporation Clause
 Kuroda v. Jalandoni, 42 O.G. 4282
 Ichong v. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 1155
 Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, January 18, 2003
6. Rearing of the Youth
 Department of Education v. San Diego, 180 SCRA 583
 People v. Larin, G.R. No. 128777, October 7, 1998
7. Women
 Philippine Telegraph and Telephone Co. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 118978, May 23,
1997
8. Social Justice

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  Ondoy v. Ignacio, 97 SCRA 611
 Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726
9. Separation of Church and State
 Aglipay v. Ruiz, 64 Phil. 201
10. Supremacy of Civilian Authority
 Alih v. Castro, 151 SCRA 279
11. Local Autonomy
 Lina v. Pano, G.R. No. 129093, August 30, 2001
 Judge Dadole v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 125350, December 3, 2002
12. Economy
 Garcia v. BOI, G.R. No. 92024, Nov. 9, 1990
 Association of Philippine Coconut Desiccators v. Philippine Coconut
Authority, G.R. No. 110526, February 10, 1998
13. Miscellaneous
 Pamatong v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161872, April 13, 2004
 Lim v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 151445, April 11, 2002
 Oposa v. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792
 Bernardo v. NLRC, G.R. No. 122917, July 12, 1999

F. SEPARATION OF POWERS
1. Purposes
2. Blending of Powers
 Pangasinan Transportation Co. v. PSC, 40 O.G., 8th Supp. 57
3. Checks and Balances
4. The Role of the Judiciary
 Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139
5. Justiciable and Political Questions
 Casibang v. Aquino, 92 SCRA 642
 Tañada v. Cuenco, 100 Phil. 1101
 Sanidad v. Comelec, 73 SCRA 333
 Tañada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, May 2, 1997
6. Application of the Doctrine
 Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 33
 De la Llana v. Comelec, 82 SCRA 30
 Osmeña v. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863
 Arnault v. Balagtas, 97 Phil. 358
 Philippine Bar Association v. Comelec, G.R. No. 72915, Dec. 20, 1985
7. Political Questions Under the New Constitution

G. DELEGATION OF POWERS
 Jaworski v. PAGCOR, G.R. No. 144463, January 14, 2004
1. Permissible Delegation
(1) Tariff Powers
 Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 211 SCRA 219
(2) Emergency Powers
 Araneta v. Dinglasan, 84 Phil. 368
(3) Delegation to the People
 People v. Vera, 65 Phil. 56
(4) Delegation to Local Governments
 People v. Vera, supra
(5) Delegation to Administrative Bodies
 Conference of Maritime Manning Agencies, Inc. v. POEA, 243 SCRA
666
2. Tests of Delegation
 People v. Vera, 65 Phil. 56
 Emmanuel Pelaez v. Auditor General, 15 SCRA 569
(1) The Completeness Test
 United States v. Ang Tang Ho, 43 Phil. 1
(2) The Sufficient Standard Test

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  Ynot v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 148 SCRA 659
3. The Pelaez Case
 Emmanuel Pelaez v. Auditor General, 15 SCRA 569

H. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

1. The Senate
(1) Composition
(2) Qualification
(3) Term
2. The House of Representatives
(1) Composition
A. The District Representatives
 Macias v. Comelec, 3 SCRA 1
B. The Party-list Representatives
 Veterans Federation Party v. Comelec, G.R. No. 136781, Oct.
6,
2000
 Ang Bagong Bayani-OFW Labor Party v. Comelec, G.R. No.
147589, June 26, 2001
(2) Qualifications
 Gallego v. Verra, G.R. No. L-48641, Nov. 24, 1941
 Romualdez-Marcos v. Comelec, G.R. No. 119976, Sept. 18, 1995
 Aquino v. Comelec, G.R. No. 120265, Sept. 18, 1995
 Domino v. Comelec, G.R. No. 134015, July 19, 1999
 Co v. HRET, G.R. Nos. 92191-92, July 30, 1991
 Bengzon v. Cruz, G.R. No. 14284, May 7, 2001
 Valles v. Comelec, G.R. No. 137000, Aug. 9, 2000
 Coquilla v. Comelec, G.R. No. 151914, July 31, 2002
(3) Term
 Dimaporo v. Mitra, Jr., G.R. No. 96859, Oct. 15, 1991
 Fariñas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 147387, Dec. 10, 2003
3. Election
 Codilla v. De Venecia, G.R. No. 150605, Dec. 10, 2002
4. Salaries
5. Parliamentary Immunities
(1) Privilege from Arrest
 People v. Jalosjos, G.R. Nos. 132875-76, Feb. 3, 2000
(2) Privilege of Speech and Debate
 Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 876
 Osmeña v. Pendatun, G.R. L-17144, Oct. 28, 1960
 Antonio v. Valencia, G.R. No. L-26526, May 27, 1974
6. Conflict of Interest
7. Incompatible and Forbidden Offices
 Adaza v. Pacana, 135 SCRA 431
8. Inhibitions and Disqualifications
 Puyat v. De Guzman, 113 SCRA 33
9. Sessions
10. Officers
 Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134577, Nov. 18, 1998
11. Quorum
 Javellana v. Tayo, 6 SCRA 1048
 Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17
12. Discipline of Members
 Defensor-Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 128055, April 18, 2001
 Osmeña v. Pendatun, G.R. L-17144, Oct. 28, 1960
 Paredes v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 118364, Aug. 10, 1996
13. Journals
 U.S. v. Pons, 34 Phil. 729
 Arroyo v. De Venecia, 277 SCRA 268

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  Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1
 Philippine Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 374
 Tolentino v. Sec. of Finance, 253 SCRA 630
 Philippine Judges Association v. Prado, 227 SCRA 703
 Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714
14. Adjournment
15. The Electoral Tribunals
 Tañada v. Cuenco, 100 Phil. 1101
 Abbas v. Senate Electoral Tribunal, 166 SCRA 651
 Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139
 Suanes v. Disbursing Officer of the Senate, G.R. No. L-2480, Oct. 26, 1948
 Aznar v. HRET, G.R. No. 65000, Jan. 9, 1990
 Robles v. HRET, 181 SCRA 780
 Bondoc v. Pineda, 201 SCRA 792
16. The Commission on Appointments
 Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496
 Cunanan v. Tan, 5 SCRA 1
 Coseteng v. Mitra, 187 SCRA 377
 Guingona v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 106971, Oct. 20, 1992
17. Organization

I. POWERS OF THE CONGRESS

1. Legislative Power in General
 Gonzales v. Hechanova, 9 SCRA 230
2. Procedure
 Lacson v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 128096, January 20, 1999
 Farinas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 147387, December 10, 2003
 Arroyo, et al. v. De Venecia, et al., G.R. No. 127255, August 14, 1997
3. Origin of Bills
 Tolentino v. Sec. of Finance, 235 SCRA 630
4. Prohibited Measures
5. Title of Bills
 Lidasan v. Comelec, 21 SCRA 496
 PHILCONSA v. Gimenez, 15 SCRA 479
 Tobias v. Abalos, G.R. No. 114783, Dec. 8, 1994
6. Formalities
7. Approval of Bills
 Bolinao Electronics Corp. v. Valencia, 11 SCRA 486
8. Legislative Inquiries
 Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767
 Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29
 Senate Blue Ribbon v. Judge Majaducon, G.R. No. 136760, July 19, 2003
9. Appearance of Department Heads
10. The Power of Appropriation
 Comelec v. Judge Quijano-Padilla and Photokina Marketing, G.R. No.
151992, Sept. 18, 2002
(1) Appropriation Defined
(2) Implied Limitations
 Pascual v. Sec. of Public Works and Communications, 110 Phil. 331
(3) Constitutional Limitations
 Garcia v. Mata, 65 SCRA 520
 Demetria v. Alba, 148 SCRA 208
(4) Appropriations for Sectarian Purposes
 Aglipay v. Ruiz, 64 Phil. 201
 Garces v. Estenzo, 105 SCRA 510
(5) Automatic Re-appropriation
(6) Special Funds
 Osmeña v. Orbos, G.R. No. 99886, March 31, 1993
11. The Power of Taxation

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  Lladoc v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 14 SCRA 292
12. The Power of Concurrence
13. The War Powers
14. Referendum and Initiative
 Garcia v. Comelec, G.R. No. 111230, Sept. 30, 1994

J. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

1. Executive Power
2. Qualifications
3. Election and Proclamation
 Makalintal v. Comelec, G.R. No. 157013, July 10, 2003
 Ruy Elias Lopez v. Senate of the Philippines, G.R. No. 163556, June 8, 2004
 Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. v. Joint Committee of Congress to Canvass the votes
cast for President and Vice President, G.R. No. 163783, June 22, 2004
 Brillantes v. Comelec, G.R. No. 163193, June 15, 2004
4. Term
 Lonzanida v. Comelec, 311 SCRA 602
5. The Vice-President
6. Presidential Succession
 Joseph Estrada v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001
7. Oath of Office
8. Perquisites and Inhibitions
 Civil Liberties Union v. The Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317
 Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 152154, July 15, 2003
9. Presidential Immunity
 Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. Nos. 146710-15, March 2, 2001
 Soliven v. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 393

K. POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT

 Lacson v. Roque, 92 Phil. 456
 Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668
 Laurel v. Garcia, 187 SCRA 797
 Domingo v. Zamora, G.R.No. 142283, February 6, 2003
1. The Appointing Power
 Binamira v. Garrucho, 188 SCRA 154
 Valencia v. Peralta, 8 SCRA 692
 Sarmiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549
 Calderon v. Carale, 208 SCRA 254
 Lacson v. Romero, 84 Phil. 740
 Javier v. Reyes, 170 SCRA 360
 Aytona v. Castillo, 4 SCRA 1
 Soriano v. Lista, G.R. No. 153881, March 24, 2003
(1) The Removal Power
 Alajar v. Alba, 100 Phil. 683
 Aparri v. CA, 127 SCRA 231
2. The Control Power
 Drilon v. Lim, 235 SCRA 135
 Villena v. Sec. of the Interior, 67 Phil. 451
 Araneta v. Gatmaitan, 101 Phil. 328
 Gascon v. Arroyo, 178 SCRA 582
 Lacson-Magallanes Co., Inc. v. Paño, 21 SCRA 895
 Ang-Angco v. Castillo, 9 SCRA 619
 Noblejas v. Salas, 67 SCRA 47
 Jacob v. Puno, 131 SCRA 144
 De Leon v. Carpio, 178 SCRA 457
3. The “Take-Care” Clause
4. The Military Power
(1) Command of the Armed Forces
 Kuroda v. Jalandoni, 42 O.G. 4282

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  Olaguer v. Military Commission No. 34, 150 SCRA 144
 Integrated Bar of the Philippines v. Zamora, 338 SCRA 81
 Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, May 10, 2001
 SANLAKAS v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 159085, Feb. 3, 2004
(2) Habeas Corpus
(3) Martial Law
 Aquino v. Enrile, 59 SCRA 183
(4) Limitations of the Military Powers
5. The Pardoning Power
(1) Definitions
(2) Limitations
 People v. Salle, 250 SCRA 581
 People v. Catido, G.R. No. 116512, March 7, 1997
(3) Kinds of Pardon
 Infante v. Prov. Warden of Negros Occidental, 92 Phil. 310
 Culanag v. Director of Prisons, 20 SCRA 1123
 Espuelas v. Provincial Warden of Bohol, 108 Phil. 353
 Sumulong v. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 272
(4) Effects of Pardon
 Pelobello v. Palatino, 72 Phil. 441
 Monsanto v. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190
(5) Distinctions
(6) Amnesty
 Vera v. People of the Philippines, 7 SCRA 152
 People v. Patriarca, G.R. No. 135457, Sept. 29, 2000
6. The Borrowing Power
7. The Diplomatic Power
 Bayan v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000
8. The Budgetary Power
9. The Informing Power
10. Other Powers
 Judge Dadole v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 125350, December
2, 2002
11. Resumé

L. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

1. Independence of the Judiciary
2. Judicial Power
 Vargas v. Rilloraza, 80 Phil. 297
 Integrated Bar of the Philippines v. Zamora, 338 SCRA 81
 Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496
 Tañada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, May 2, 1997
3. Jurisdiction
 Villavert v. Desierto, G.R. No. 133715, February 13, 2000
4. Appointments
(1) Qualifications
(2) The Judicial and Bar Council
5. Fiscal Autonomy
 Bengzon v. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133
6. Composition of the Supreme Court
 In re Mateo A. Valenzuela and Placido B. Vallarte, 298 SCRA 408
(1) En Banc cases
(2) Division cases
 Fortich v. Corona, 312 SCRA 751
7. Requisites of a Judicial Inquiry
 Dumlao v. Comelec, 95 SCRA 392
(1) Actual Case
 Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137
 PACU v. Sec. of Education, 97 Phil. 806

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  PHILCONSA v. Villareal, 52 SCRA 477
(2) Proper Party
 Cuyegkeng v. Cruz, G.R. No. L-16263, July 26, 1960
 People v. Vera, 65 Phil. 56
 Custodio v. Senate President, 42 O.G. 243
 Tolentino v. Comelec, 41 SCRA 702
 PHILCONSA v. Gimenez, 15 SCRA 479
 Kilosbayan, Inc. v. Guingona, 235 SCRA 630
 Kilosbayan v. Morata, 246 SCRA 540
 Lozada v. Comelec, 120 SCRA 337
 Guazon v. De Villa, 181 SCRA 623
(3) Earliest Opportunity
 People v. Munar, 53 SCRA 678
 Tijam v. Sibonghanoy, 33 SCRA 29, Summit Guaranty & Insurance
Co. v. CA, G.R. No. 51535, Dec. 14, 1981
(4) Necessity of Deciding Constitutional Question
 Cordillera Broad Coalition v. COA, 181 SCRA 495
 Laurel v. Garcia, 187 SCRA 797
 Zandueta v. De la Costa, 66 Phil. 115
 Ocampo v. Sec. of Justice, G.R. No. L-7918, Jan. 18, 1955
8. Effects of a Declaration of Unconstitutionality
 Manila Motors Co. v. Flores, 99 Phil. 738
 Olaguer v. Military Commission No. 34, 150 SCRA 144
(1) Partial Unconstitutionality
 Barrameda v. Moir, 25 Phil. 44
 In re Cunanan, 94 Phil. 534
 Flores v. Comelec, 184 SCRA 484
9. Powers of the Supreme Court
(1) Original Jurisdiction
(2) Appellate Jurisdiction
 Calano v. Cruz, 94 Phil. 230
 Leongson v. CA, 49 SCRA 212
 Scott v. Inciong, 68 SCRA 473
 Ruffy v. Chief of Staff, 75 Phil. 875
 Espiritu v. Fugoso, 81 Phil. 637
(3) Temporary Assignment of Judges
(4) Change of Venue or Place of Trial
 People v. Gutierrez, 39 SCRA 173
 People v. Pilotin, 65 SCRA 635
(5) Rule-making Power
 In re Edilon, 84 SCRA 554
 Primicias v. Ocampo, 93 Phil. 451
 P.E. Domingo & Co. v. Zari, 159 SCRA 171
 Lim v. Zosa, 146 SCRA 366
 De Guzman v. People, 119 SCRA 337
(6) Appointment of Court Personnel
(7) Administrative Supervision of Courts
10. Tenure of Judges
 Ocampo v. Sec. of Justice, G.R. No. L-7918, Jan. 18, 1955
 Zandueta v. De la Costa, 66 Phil. 115
 De la Llana v. Alba, 82 SCRA 30
11. Consultations of the Court
12. Decisions of the Court
 Bernabe v. Geraldez, 51 SCRA 369
 Nicos Industrial Corp. v. CA, 206 SCRA 127
 Mendoza v. CIF, 65 SCRA 96
 Borromeo v. CA, 186 SCRA 1
 Prudential Bank v. Castro, 158 SCRA 646
 Buscayno v. Enrile, 102 SCRA 7

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  Ruiz v. Comelec, G.R. No. 105324, March 11, 1993
13. Salaries of Judges
 Nitafan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 152 SCRA 284
14. Periods for Decision
 Marcelino v. Cruz, 121 SCRA 51
 New Frontier Mines v. NLRC, 129 SCRA 502
15. Annual Report

M. THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS

1. Salaries
2. Disqualifications
3. Staggering of Terms
 Republic v. Imperial, 96 Phil. 770
4. Reappointment
 Nacionalista Party v. De Vera, 35 Phil. 126
 Brillantes v. Yorac, 192 SCRA 358
 Nacionalista Party v. Bautista, 85 Phil. 101
5. Other Perquisites
6. Proceedings
 Aratuc v. Comelec, 88 SCRA 251
 Cua v. Comelec, 156 SCRA 582

N. THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

1. Composition and Qualifications
2. Scope of the Civil Service
 National Housing Corp. v. Juco, 134 SCRA 172
 National Service Corporation v. NLRC, 168 SCRA 122
3. Appointments
(1) Exceptions
 De los Santos v. Mallare, 87 Phil. 289
 Salazar v. Mathay, 73 SCRA 275
 Besa v. PNB, 33 SCRA 330
 Cadiente v. Santos, 142 SCRA 280
4. Security of Tenure
 Dario v. Mison, 176 SCRA 84
 Mendoza v. Quisumbing, 186 SCRA 108
5. Partisan Political Activity
 Santos v. Yatco, 106 Phil. 745
 Cailles v. Bonifacio, 65 Phil. 328
6. Self-organization
 Social Security System Employees Association v. CA, 175 SCRA 686
 Manila Public School Teachers Association v. Laguio, 200 SCRA 323
7. Temporary Employees
 Delector v. Ogayan, 123 SCRA 774
8. Objectives of the Civil Service
9. Oath
10. Disqualifications
 Civil Liberties Union v. The Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317
11. Standardization of Compensation
12. Double Compensation
 Quimzon v. Ozaeta, 98 Phil. 705

O. THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

1. Composition and Qualifications
2. Powers and Functions
(1) Enforcement of Election Laws
 Lacson v. Comelec, G.R. No. L-16261, Dec. 28, 1951
 Aguam v. Comelec, 23 SCRA 883
 Abcede v. Imperial, G.R. No. L-13001, March 18, 1959

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  Sanchez v. Comelec, 114 SCRA 454
 Philippine Press Institute v. Comelec, 244 SCRA 272
 De Jesus v. People, 120 SCRA 760
(2) Decision of Election Contests
 Javier v. Comelec, 144 SCRA 194
 Flores v. Comelec, 184 SCRA 484
(3) Decision of Administrative Questions
 Guevara v. Comelec, 104 Phil. 269
(4) Deputization of Law-Enforcement Agencies
(5) Registration of Political Parties
(6) Improvement of Elections
3. Election Period
 Peralta v. Comelec, 82 SCRA 30
4. Party System
5. Funds
6. Judicial Review
 Aratuc v. Comelec, 88 SCRA 251
 Filipinas Engineering and Machine Shop v. Ferre, 135 SCRA 25
 People v. Delgado, 189 SCRA 715

P. THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT

1. Composition and Qualifications
2. Powers and Functions
 Riel v. Wright, 49 Phil. 195
 Matute v. Hernandez, 66 Phil. 68
 Guevara v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 813
 Pacete v. Acting Chairman of the COA, 185 SCRA 1
3. Prohibited Exemptions
4. Report

Q. ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

1. Impeachment
 Romulo v. Yñiguez, 141 SCRA 263
 In re: Gonzales, 160 SCRA 771
 Nixon v. United States, 506 U.S. 224
 Francisco v. House Speaker, G.R. No. 160261, Nov. 10, 2003
(1) Impeachable Officers
(2) Grounds for Impeachment
(3) Procedure
(4) Judgment
2. The Sandiganbayan
 Nuñez v. Sandiganbayan, 111 SCRA 433
 Mayor Lecaroz v. Sandiganbayan, 128 SCRA 324
3. The Ombudsman
(1) Composition
(2) Qualifications and Appointment
(3) Term
(4) Powers and Functions
(5) Salary
4. The Special Prosecutor
 Jardiel v. Comelec, 124 SCRA 650
 Orap v. Sandiganbayan, 139 SCRA 252
 Inting v. Tanodbayan, 97 SCRA 494
 Zaldivar v. Gonzales, 160 SCRA 843
 BIR v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 115103, April 11, 2002
 Laurel v. Desierto, G.R. No. 145368, April 12, 2002
5. Ill-gotten Wealth
6. Loans
7. Assets and Liabilities

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 8. Change of Citizenship

R. AMENDMENT OR REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION

1. Kinds of Constitution
2. Permanence of the Constitution
3. Amendment and Revision
4. Procedure
(1) Proposal
 Imbong v. Comelec, 35 SCRA 28
A. Position of the Constitutional Convention
 Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1
(2) Ratification
 Gonzales v. Comelec, 21 SCRA 774
 Occeña v. Comelec, 95 SCRA 755
 Tolentino v. Comelec, 41 SCRA 702
 Almario v. Alba, 127 SCRA 69
5. Judicial Review of Amendments
 Tañada v. Cuenco, 100 Phil. 1101
 Sanidad v. Comelec, 73 SCRA 333
 Santiago v. Comelec, G.R. No. 127325, March 19, 1997
 PIRMA v. Comelec, G.R. No. 129745, Sept. 23, 1997

S. TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
1. Elections
2. Existing Laws and Treaties
3. Reserved Executive Powers
 Association of Small Landowners of the Philippines v. Sec. of Agrarian
Reform, 175 SCRA 343
4. Court and Judges
5. Constitutional Commissions
6. Career Civil Service
7. Priority Measures
8. Sequestration
 Cojuangco v. Roxas, G.R. No. 91925, April 16, 1991
9. Salaries

Reference Material/s

Philippine Political Law by: Isagani A. Cruz

Constitutional Structure and Powers of Government (Notes and Cases Part I)

by: Joaquin G. Bernas, S.J.

Philippine Constitution of 1987

Outline Reviewer in Political Law by: Antonio B. Nachura

Philippine Constitutional Law by: Vicente G. Sinco

Prepared by:

josé aguila grapilon

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