Prevalence of Sexual Violence among Female Students of Karamile

Secondary School, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

By Wezir Abdela Ahmed

Advisors: Belay Negash [MSC]

March 3, 2021

Oromia , Ethiopia

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 Table of contents

Contents page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................................................................................3

LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................................................................................4

Abstract...................................................................................................................................................................................5

Abbrevations and Acronyms..................................................................................................................................................6

1. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................................7

1.1. Background...........................................................................................................................................................................7
1.2. Statement of the problem.......................................................................................................................................................7
1.3. Significance of the study.......................................................................................................................................................8
2. Literature review...........................................................................................................................................................10

2.1. Objectives..................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.1. General objective.........................................................................................................................................................................12
2.2. Specific objective......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
3. METHODS AND MATERIALS..................................................................................................................................13

3.1. Study area and period..........................................................................................................................................................13

3.2. Study design........................................................................................................................................................................13
3.3. Source population......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.4. Study population.................................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.5. Sample size and sampling technique...................................................................................................................................13
3.5.1. Sample size..................................................................................................................................................................13
3.5.2. Sampling techniques....................................................................................................................................................14
3.6. Inclusion and Exclusion criteria..........................................................................................................................................14
3.7. Data collection..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.8. Data analysis.......................................................................................................................................................................14
3.9. Quality control..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.10. Ethical consideration.......................................................................................................................................................14
3.11. Limitations of the study...................................................................................................................................................14
3.12. Dissemination of the study results...................................................................................................................................14
3.13. Variables.........................................................................................................................................................................15
3.14. Operational definition......................................................................................................................................................15
4.Result……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18

5. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….21

6 Conclusion and Recommendation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….23

7. References23…………………………………………………………………………………………………………23

Annex1: Questionnaire.........................................................................................................................................................26

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to thank my God for helping me throught that challanging time

Second i would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my advisors Belay Negash for his constructive comments,
suggestion and guidance throughout the development of this theisis Last my gratitude goes to my family who provided
valuable contributions and support financially and morally throughout preparation of this theisis.

LIST OF TABLES
Table Page

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Table 1: work plan for the assessment of sexual violence’s and Reported out comes (consequences) among female

students of Karramille Secondary School, Oromia Region , Ethiopia, march 3, 2021........................................................19

Table 2 : Budget break down for the assessment of sexual violence’s and Reported out comes (consequences) among

female students of Karramille Secondary School, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, march 3, 2021.............................................20

Table 3: dummy table of socio-demography for the assessment of sexual violence’s and Reported out comes

(consequences) among female students of Karramille Secondary School, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, march 3, 2021........21

Table 4 : Types of sexual violence’s and Reported out comes (consequences) Among female students of Karramille

Secondary School, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, march 3, 2021..............................................................................................22

Table 5: Responses of female students on the assessment of sexual violence’s and Reported out comes (consequences)

among female students of Karramille Secondary School, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, march 3, 2021 ................................23

Table 6: Socio demographic for the assessment of sexual violence’s and Reported out comes (consequences) among

female students of Karramille Secondary School, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, march 3, 2021.............................................23

Table 7: Characteristic of perpetrator who made sexual violence on female students of Karramille Secondary School,

Oromia Region, Ethiopia, march 3, 2021.............................................................................................................................24

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 ABSTRACT
Background: Sexual violence and abuse are series problems that transcend racial, economical social and regional lines
and are frequently towards female student and youth who lack the economic and social status to resist or avoid it. So
knowledge of the magnitude and factors associated with sexual violence at school is very important in proposing
preventive measures.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of sexual violence among female students of Karramille Secondary School
students.

Methodology: The study was conducted at Karramille Secondary School, Karamile Town ,Ethiopia and a cross sectional study
was conducted to determine the prevalence of sexual violence among 258 Karamile Secondary School female students. Systematic
random sampling technique was used to select those female students. Data was collected by two of the Public Health students by
using pretested structured questionnaires and it was categorized and summarized by graphs and tables based on the kind of tools
used the data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 21.

Result:Among 258 female students involved in study the prevalence of complete rape,attempted rape and Sexual
harassment was 2.3%,2.7% and 4.7% respectively. The high age range of survivors reported to have complete rape was
14-18 years. Among 2.3% of females who had complete rape 1.6% had vaginal discharge (STD), and 0.7% had physical
trauma.

Conclusion: The prevalence of sexual violence among high school female students is high.

Recommendation: Awareness creation to adolescent need to be introduced and school should also give appropriate
education-regarding damaging effect of rape and its consequence.

ABBREVATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome

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PTSD: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

STIs: Sexually Transmitted Illness

STD: Sexually Transmitted Disease

UN: United Nations

WHO: World Health Organization

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), sexual violence is defined as: “any sexual act, attempt to obtain a
sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic or otherwise directed, against a person’s sexuality
using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to
home and work”.Thus includes acts of forcing another individual through violence, threats, deception, cultural economic

6
development in all parts of the world is linked with understanding that societal mistreatment of school girl is reflected in
the culture of nations that expectation, weapons, economic circumstances to engage to behavior or against his or her will
by any person regard less or relationship to survivors in any setting including but not limited to home and work place(1).

There is no one single, definitive “cause” of sexual violence. There may be many different contributing factors, at the
individual, relationship and societal/cultural levels. Social isolation, lack of access to community services and support,
and to the criminal justice system, may further increase a woman’s vulnerability to violence-or compound the effects of
abuse.

Certain community and societal-level risk factors are associated with higher or more severe rates of sexual and gender-
based violence. WHO identifies factors such as traditional gender norms that support male superiority and entitlement,
social norms, weak community sanctions against perpetrators, poverty, high levels of crime and conflict in society.

The recognition of violence against girls is a significant barrier to social that marginalize and lessen the value of women
and their contribution to the society in the developing countries. The impact of sexual violence on school girls attacks the
economic and social wellbeing of developing countries. There are critical issues that must be addressed such as the rise
of HIV, lack of basic education and low literacy rates that impact the education and health of the nation. [However there
is little evidence or recognition of the importance of preventing violence against senior secondary school female student
or its consequence in formal education set].Generally directed sexual violence and abuse are serious problems that
transcend racial, economic, social and regional lines and is frequently toward female students and youth who lack the
economic and social status to resist or avoid it (2).

1.2. Statement of the problem

Sexual violence is ubiquitous, it occurs in every culture in all level of society and in every country of the world. Data
from country and local studies indicate that in some parts of the world at least one women in every four has suffered and
attempted or competed rape by an intimate partner during her life time (2)

Ethiopia’s prevalence rate of intimate partner violence is one of the highest among countries included in the WHO Multi
Country Study of Violence against Women (1)

Ten percent of women age 15-49 reported that they have experienced sexual violence at some point in their lives, and 7%
reported that they had experienced sexual violence in the past 12 months. Five percent of women had experienced sexual
violence by age 18, including 2% who had experienced sexual violence by age 15. Among women age 15-49,23% have
experienced physical violence and 10% have experienced sexual violence. Four percent of women have experienced
physical violence during a pregnancy (3)

In secondary schools, there is serious concern that the prevalence of sexual violence is high. One doctoral study on
sexual violence in secondary schools in the East of Ethiopia, reports that 70% of the young men and 68% of the young
women had respectively offended or become a victim of sexual violence and with regard to sexual force, 38% of the men
reported to be an offender, and 25% of the young women to be a victim of forced sexual intercourse (4).

Sexual violence against woman is an important public health problem not only because of physical injury but also
because of potentially harmful health behavior that may triggered in response to violence. The health consequence is
serious problem worldwide. But many centuries has been passed as hidden health problem(5)

Sexual violence has a significant negative impact on health of the population the potential reproduction and sexual
consequences are numerous unwanted pregnancy, sexual transmitted infections (STI,) human Immune deficiency
virus/acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV AIDS), sexual dysfunction and increased preponderance for adoption

7
of risky sexual behaviour eg. Early and increased sexual involvement, Exposure to older and multiple partners. The
mental health consequence of sexual violence can be just as serious and long lasting. Survivors of child sexual abuse for
example is more likely to Experience Depression, substance abuse post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicide in
later life than the other non-abused counter parts (5).

In recent years the world community has taken some tentative yet important steps toward Urging greater Attention to
issues of gender Based abuse. progress made in international criminal court (ICC) tribunal in punishing those who
commit rape or sexual violence the case Against ex-moray in Rwanda first international courts the court defined rape
under international law as a “physical invasion of a sexual nature commits on a person under circumstances which are
coercive” the rape charge was added after pressure from the female ICC judge and other women’s Activities Various
united nations bodies including the commission on the status of women the economics of social council have posed
resolution recognizing violence against woman as an issue of grave concern negotiation or underway through the
organization of American states to draft pan American treaty Argument against violence (6).

In Ethiopia the Ethiopian penal law articles 620 – 631 have included sexual misconduct as clearly punishable cases
however the rate of reporting to police and coming to court is very law due to different reasons so different kinds of
suggestion have been given to prevent such problem such as rapist should be exposed publically and women have to
discuss the problem openly en their home as well as in public in order to create social awareness (7).

This study attempts to assess the magnitude of sexual violence and associated factors among female

Students of high schools in Harar Senior Secondary School, Harar,region, Ethiopia in order to suggest possible solution
to sexual violence.

1.3. Significance of the study

Nowadays globally, sexual violence is considered as hidden form of human right violation and serious health problem.
Research is needed on violence against women to improve harmful cultural and traditional practice that will darken the
life of women by affecting their reproductive health which eventually lead to poverty which have negative impact on the
development of the country. Data concerning sexual violence among high school female students in Ethiopia is vital in
determining the magnitude of sexual violence and factors associated with it. Besides, decrease in the prevalence of sexual
violence would have a beneficial effect on the health of female students/women as well as the whole society and the
country’s socio-economic development. So, this research is intended to uncover the most important health problem of
females. So that government and the community will take over necessary care and precaution to preserve and to insure
better health for female students.

From both a policy perspective as well as with regard to theoretical understanding, sexual violence in school should be
understood in a context of power relations along lines of gender, age and authority. This context is crucial for
understanding such phenomena, and therefore to be able to develop relevant policies. The findings of this study will
inform the following recommendations.

Provide comprehensive education that is holistic and promotes positive ideas about sexuality, instead of focusing on
HIV/AIDS prevention and behaviour change only. In doing this: Promote critical thinking skills in the classroom. Use
media and discussions as a means of raising awareness in school. Take into account and pay attention to the

8
contradicting and confusing messages of traditional culture and modernity Teach female students on the causes and
consequences of sexual violence. In terms of further investigations, the insights from this research will deepen our
understanding of the contexts of sexual violence and how to address this, but it will also provide ground for further
research needs. This research is needed to show the scope and magnitude of the problem and the misunderstanding
regarding violence against women which lead to of its existence in Ethiopian. Furthermore raped women also face
additional possibility of contracting STD including HIV (AIDS). To solve those problems it is important to have a good
understanding of the issue this study may contribute some information on the preventing violence against women needed
for the prevention program.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Violence against women has emerged as a serious issue and the subject of worldwide debate, which is believed to
hamper development. Nevertheless it was not given due attention until 1980 when the increasing public awareness of the
need to eliminate all form of violence against women in the UN.

Sexual violence is not just the problem of developing world. It is a global problem that needs global attention. It escalates
the risk of poor health undesirable sufferings and health problems such as Injuries, unwanted pregnancy HIV AIDS and
other sexually transmitted diseases and chronic pain- fatal outcomes such as completed suicide homicide and maternal
health have also been documented. Violence is not a onetime occurrence in relationship it usually continues and increase
in severity over time (8).

National survey from the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Canada and united state reveal that 27 – 34% of women
survived had suffered from childhood sexual abuse statically from rape crisis centers and justice departments in
Malaysia, Peru, Mexico, Panama, Chilli and USA suggest that between 60% and 30% of rape and sexual assault survivor
know their assailants comparisons between sexual abuse victims and non-victims in the united states indicate that
survivors of sexual abuse are more likely to have used drugs(9)

Up to one – third of women describe their first sexual experience as being forced sexual violence can thus be regarded as
global problem not only in the geographical sense but also in terms of age and sex. In many cases at begins in child hood
or adolescence high rate of forced sexual initiation have been reported in population based studies conducted in such
diverse location as Cameroon, the Caribbean, Peru, New Zealand, south Africa and Tanzania. According to these studies
between 9% and 37% of adolescent females and between 7% and 30% of adolescent males have reported sexual coercion
at the hands of family members’ teacher or boyfriends (10)

In Rwanda also girl and woman experience physical sexual and psychological violence both at home and in their
communicates the level of violence in Rwanda is rising due to the fact that sex is taboo topic in society it is customary to
avoid discussing what may be considered family scandal and people’s faith the population is however increasingly

9
discussing the topic of violence against women. Domestic social and sexual violence are discussed at the community
level the population must be sanitized in order to stop violence commuted against woman to that and the population ends
to be provided with enough information up on the serious consequences caused by violence and rape (11).

According to study conducted in Zimbabwe in 2007 June among 1000 women finding confirmed that violence against
women wide spread adolescent girls pregnant mothers and married women experience violence of the women
interviewed 42% experiences some form of psychological abuse 32% experienced physical abuse since the age of 16
years 39% experience some form of violence likewise it was noted that there were strong overlaps between the different
form of violence women experiences of sexual harassment and abuse increase their vulnerability to HIV. Similarly
women low status and lack of power severely limit their vulnerability to which they cannot protect themselves against
sexual violence and HIV infected and women who adopt such prevention strategies are vulnerable to abuse (12)

The prevalence rate of 5% compared favourably with other rape prevalence among adolescent in the USA Finland of 8%
and 7% respectively both attempted and completed rape accounted for 15% prevalence compared to 17 – 27% in other
developed countries on the other hand (13).

The exact incidence of rape in Ethiopia setting is not known. Study of rape in two hospitals revealed that there were 182
case of survivors of sexual assault of whom 51.2% were under age 15 and around 7% were preschool children .the injury
the sustained range from hymnal tear to fourth degree perennial tear the prevalence of rape among women who presented
with abortion complication were 3% and among woman with unwanted pregnancy the incidence of rape was 18%(14)

In Ethiopia the incidence of rape in the general population is not known. In one study, the prevalence of rape among
female street adolescents in Addis Ababa was shown to be 15.6% in the past three months of the survey. In the same
study only 16% of the rape cases were reported to the police, a few being arrested and even fewer a being to trial and
getting convicted. Medical attention was sought in about 17% of the rape victims (15).

It is well known that sexual violence can have severe psychological consequences too for victims. Bhana (2012)
describes how girls live in constant fear, and do not feel free to go where they want.Furthermore, in addition to societal
values, ideologies, and law systems, there are individual factors that might pose a higher risk for individuals to become
victims of sexual violence, or for people to perpetrate sexual violence. For instance a lower socio-economic status, lower
education, earlier experienced sexual abuse, mental disorders and substance abuse can be risk factors for perpetration
and/or victimization of sexual violence. In addition, having multiple partners and being sensitive to peer and family
pressures are risk factors at the relationship level. These influences should be considered when aiming to explain or
interpret manifestations of sexual violence in any society. So, risk factors and causes for sexual violence can be found at
the individual, relationship, community and society level(16)

The 2016 EDHS report shows that sexual violence is often committed by individuals with whom women have an
intimate relationship. Among ever-married women age 15-49 who had ever experienced sexual violence, 69% reported
their current husband/partner and 30% reported former husbands/partners as perpetrators. However, non-trivial
percentages of all women who have experienced sexual violence also reported current/former boyfriends and other
relatives (2% for each) as perpetrators (3) Women with more than secondary education (5%) are half as likely to have
ever experienced sexual violence as women with no education (13%).

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According to research done on Sexual Violence and Associated Factors among High School Students in Butajira Town,
South Ethiopia (Wegu Nimani and Belayneh Hamdela, 2015) among 338 of study subjects the prevalence of sexual
violence in life time was 32.8%. The prevalence of completed and attempted rape in lifetime was 1.2% and 4.2%,
respectively. Of the total study subjects,18.4% were experienced unwelcome touching on sensitive body parts, 22.0%
were verbally harassed,13.9% unwelcome kiss,1.2% completed rape, and 4.2% experienced attempted rape in their life
time(17).

According to study done at Debark secondary school Sixty two per cent of the respondents had heard of sexual violence
committed on young females. Sexual violence was reported by 65.3% of the respondents. The prevalence of performed
and attempted rape were 8.8% and 11.5%, respectively (18)

The age range of performed rape victims was between 12 and 21 years. Of the 19 (8.8%) who reported rape being
performed on them, unwanted pregnancy, suicide attempt, vaginal discharge and abortion were the consequences in 21%,
15.8%, 10.5% and 5.3%, respectively. In Ethiopia there is hardly any statically evidence or data on rape apart from what
is occasional mentioned on the media and some scattered researches so we cannot state the extent of its prevalence and
distribution in the country. This is because rape is one of the most unreported crime due to prevalence attitude that it is
shameful and degrading the survivors and thus the less sound about the better.

However, it is believed that rape has increased over the last four years. Though the reason for this believe are not still
clear. One reason could be that the rape case reported to the police have increased of late the outcome of the rape is still
there or increasingly rape leads to immediate medical concern which included injury, infection and physical effect of
trauma such as soreness, bruise and rectal, bleeding of irritation, fatigue, tension, headache and disturbed sleepless
ongoing heath concern including gynecological trauma, risk of pregnancy and potential for contracting infections of
AIDS. The risk of HIV infection is increasing. The problem could not be effectively solved. However, as there is no
systematic research done yet (19).

Different sources indicated irrespective of levels of development and regions which the country belong, varies form of
sexual violence have been committed. According to New Blaze (2007), worldwide, 25% of women are sexually abused
at some times in their lifetimes...every 23 seconds women are raped in South Africa. In America every 15 seconds a
woman is physically abused and every 72 hours murdered by her husband/partner(20)

2.1. Objectives
2.1. General objective
To determine the prevalence of sexual violence among female students of Karramille secondary school,
from mar 9-April 20, 2019.

2.2. Specific objective

1. To determine the prevalence of sexual violence among female students.

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 3. METHODS AND MATERIALS

3.1. Study area and period

Karramille city is one of the city of oromia regional state which is found in eastern part of the country and It is located
428 from Adis Ababa This study was conducted in Karramille Secondry School, Oromia Region Ethiopia.. Karramille
city has one Secondry School and it was established on 1996 E.C. currently it has 1717 students and of which 568 are
female and 1149 are male students. 308 of the female are found in grade 9, 260 are found in grade 10. The study was
conducted from january 9-march 3, 2021

3.2. Study design

School based cross sectional study was conducted.

3.3. Source population

All female students of karramille secondary school

3.4. Study population

A sample drawn from all female students of Karramille Secondry School, who is selected by random sampling
technique

3.5. Sample size and sampling technique

3.5.1. Sample size
Considering the absence of previous data on specific study population to obtain maximum sample size 50% of
prevalence is used in the calculation.


(z ) 2 pq
ni  2
2
d

n= (1.96)2(0.5) (0.5) = 384

(0.05)2

Where ni =minimum sample size required

p= prevalence of sexual violence=0.5

d= margin of sampling error=0.05

z=Value of z at 95% confidence interval level which is 1.96

Since the souce population is less than 10 000, we use correctional method

nf= ni
1+ni
N
Where n=total number of female students

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Nf =384/1+384/568 Ni=initial sample size

Nf =229 Nf =final sample size

By adding 10% nonrespondant rate the study subjects will be 258 female students.

3.5.1. Sampling Techniques

Systematic random sampling technique was used to select the number of female students included in the
study .The frist person was selected by dividing the source population with sample size. that means
k=568/258 , which is 2 and from this it was selected by random sampling technique.

3.6. Inclusion and Exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria: All karamile secondary school female students

Exclusion criteria: Those who are with disability who can’t communicate

3.7. Data collection

A structured questionnaire by English,Afan Oromo and Amharic language composed of closed and
open ended question was administrated by interviewers.

The interviewers was two health officier students who will be trained and supervised by principal
investigators.

3.8. Data analysis

Data was compiled, processed and analyzed by using tally sheet, scientific calculator manually and
tables & graphs will be used to summarize and present major findings.

3.9. Quality control

Data collector was trained on data collecting process.Data will be checked for completeness and
consistency at the end of every day by principal investigators.

3.10. Ethical consideration

Official letter was written from student research program office of haramaya University to Karramille
Secondry School

Study subjects was briefed about the importance and significance of the study. Furthermore they was
informed that their information was kept confidentially and written consent was taken.

3.11. Limitations of the study

Since the questions focus on sensitive issue the respondent may not give genuine information even if
confidentiality was assured.

3.12. Dissemination of the study results

After, the completion of the study, the result was presented to HU, College Of Health and Medical
Science and the copy of research was submitted to School Of Public Health and also to Karramille
Secondary School

3.13. Variables
Independent variables

 Age  Educational status

 Sex  Parents Marital status
 Residence  Religion

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  Ethnicity

Dependent variable: Prevalence of sexual violence

3.14. Operational definition

Rape: A sexual assault involving some type of penetration (i.e., vaginal, oral, or anal) due to force or threat of force;
lack of consent; or inability of the victim to provide consent due to age, intoxication, or mental status(UN wire rape
widespread in south Africa Schools women’s International network rows 2005 spring)

Completed Rape: If she experience non-consensual sexual intercourse (penis-vagina, penis mouth or penis anus) in her
life time by physical or by threatening of body harm or when the survivor is capable of giving consent

Attempted rape: An act that fits the definition of rape, in terms of the strategies used, but does not result in penetration

Sexual harassment: Unwanted and repeated sexual advance which ranges from unwelcome verbal expression and
touching to coercive sexual intercourse in her life time ((WHO multicounty study on women’s health and domestic
violence against women, 2010)

Abduct: To be taken especially women or child away unlawfully by force of kidnap in her life time (Merriam Webster
dictionary, 2019)

Sexual violence: Any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic
or otherwise directed, against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the
victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home and work (WHO multi-country study on women’s health and
domestic violence against women, 2010)

Result

Among 258 females of Karamile Secondary School students who involved in the study 199(77.1%) were
between age group of 14 – 18, 37 (14.3%) were below 14 years and 22 (8.5%) were above 18 years and
140(54.3%) of them were grade 9 students and 118(45.7%) of the were grade 10th student .By Ethnicity 77.9%
Oromo, 17.4% Amara, and 4.7%. By religion 17.1%Orthodox, 67.8%Muslim,15.1% Protestant. And currently
171 (66.3%) of them are living with their parents, 50(19.4%) with relatives 29 (11.2%) with friends 8(3.1%)
live alone.

Among total of 258 female Karamile Secondary school students who involved in the study 25 (9.7%) were
sexually violated. 19(7.4%) of were between 14-18 years old,4(1.6%) below 14 years and 2(0.8%)above 18
years.

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Of the total 258 female students 6(2.3%) are survivor of completed rape ,unwanted sexual harassment was
reported by 12(4.7%) attempted rape was reported by 7 (7.2%) none of them report abduction. 0f those who are
sexually violated15(5.8%) problem after violence of who Vaginal discharge, physical trauma,pschological
problem,social problem were reported by 4(1.6%), 2(0.8%) ,5(1.9%)and 5(1.9%) of them respectively and for
19(7.4%) of them it was the 1st sexual intercourse.

72(27.9%) of 258 female students have chat chewing habit and 7(2.7%) alcohol taking habit as
stimulant.Among 258 of female students 114(44.2%)have boy friends and 144(55.8%).

Among those who report to be sexual violated 21(8.1%) of know the perpetrator but 15(5.8%) had no
relationship among them. Among the perpetrator 19(7.4%) were students and 2(0.8%)government employee
and 21(8.1%) of perpetrator were unmarried.

Table 1: dummy table of socio-demography for the assessment of sexual violence’s and Reported out comes
(consequences) among female students of Karramille Secondry School, Oromia Region , Ethiopia, January, 2019

Sexually violated

Socio- demographic variables Yes No

<14 4(1.6%) 33(13%)

14-18 18(7%) 181(70%)

Age ≥18 3(1.7%) 19(7.4%)

Literacy Status 9th grade 20(7.8%) 120(46.5%)

10th grade 5(1.9%) 113(43.8%)

Oromo 19(7.4%) 182(70.5%)

Amhara 5(1.9%) 40(15.5%)

Others 1(0.4%) 11(%)

Ethnicity

Orthodox 3(%) 41(%)

Religion Muslim 21(%) 154(%)

Protestant 1(%) 38(%)

Currently living with Parents 16(%) 155(%)

Relatives 8(%) 42(%)

Friend 1(%) 28(%)

Alone O(%) 8(%)

Do you have boy friend Yes 13(%) 101(%)

No 12(%) 132(%)

Family marital status Married 33(%) 209(%)

Divorce 3(%) 16(%)

Widow 0(%) 8(%)

Any habit Chat 9(%) 67(%)

Alcohol 0(%) 15
7(%)

None 16(%) 163(%)

Table 2: Types of sexual violence’s and Reported out comes (consequences) Among female students of Karramille
Secondry School, Oromia Region , Ethiopia, January, 2019.

Variables Frequency Percent(%)

Complete rape 6 2.3

Types of sexual violence Attempted rape 7 2.7

Sexual harassment 12 4.7

Vaginal discharge 4 1.6

Physical trauma 2 0.8

Outcomes Psychological problem 5 1.9

Social problem 5 1.9

1st sexual intercourse 19 7.4

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Table 3: Responses of female students on the assessment of sexual violence’s and Reported out comes (consequences)
among female students of Karramille Secondry School, Oromia Region , Ethiopia, January, 2019

Questions and Responses Frequency Percent(%)

Do you know the assailant? Yes 21 8.1

No 4 1.6

Do you reported event occurred to Yes 10 3.9

you?
No 15 5.8

To parents 4 1.6

To police 4 1.6

Where did you reported To friends 2 0.8

If not reported why? Fear of perpetrator 3 1.2

Fear of family 5 1.9

Social influence 7 2.7

Table 4: Socio demographic for the assessment of sexual violence’s and Reported out comes (consequences) among
female students of Karramille Secondry School, Oromia Region , Ethiopia, January, 2019

Variables Frequency Percent(%)

Age when raped Less than14years 4 1.6

Between 14-18years 19 7.4

Greater than 18years 2 0.8

Occupation when Student 25 9.7

assaulted

Place of residence at With parents 15 5.8

the time of sexually With relative 5 1.9

violated
With friends 3 1.2

Alone 2 0.8

Table5: Characteristic of perpetrator who made sexual violence on female students of Karramille Secondary School,
Oromia Region Ethiopia, January, 2019.
Variables Frequency Percent(%)

Grade 6 – 12 19 7.4

12th complete 2 0.8

17
 Occupation Student 19 7.4

Government employee 2 0.8

Marital status Single 21 8.1

Discussion

The School based descriptive cross- sectional study revealed that females of high school students were showed to be
victims of various forms of sexual violence which ranges from unwelcome remark and unwanted touch to forced
intercourse.

Among 258 female students 25(9.7%) of them reported to be survivors of sexual violence. 6(2.3%) of female students
who reported being survivors of completed rape in their lifetime. 12(4.7%) reported unwanted sexual harassment and
7(2.7%) reported to have attempted rape.

The prevalence of rape 2.3% seems lower as compared to study done at Wolaita Sodo University which is 8.7% and
Debat High School North west Ethiopia which is 33.3% (25);this might be due to sexual violence has been decreasing
through time .And that of conducted in Bahir Dar Town among street females revealed Life time prevalence of rape was
24.3% (23); this might be due to our study was conducted only high school age group; Study conducted among Ethiopian
University female students showed lifetime sexual violence was found to be 45.4%. However, 36.1% and 24.4% of
respondents reported experiencing sexual violence since entering university and in the current academic year
respectively. This might be due to female students were stranger to the area when they first join University and easily
exposure to perpetrator when they try to entertain around whereas most of that of ours were living with their own family.

In Cameroon and Nigeria study conducted among commercial sex workers showed 60% and 41.9% had experienced
physical or sexual violence in their lifetime respectively and that of conducted in Mekelle city showed overall prevalence
of sexual violence among Commercial Sex Workers was 75.6 %; this might be due to negative attitude of community
towards commercial sex workers(21)

The prevalence of sexual violence 9.7% of this study is less when compared with the study done at debat high school
which is 65.3% of this 33.3% reported completed rape 20.4% attempted rape and 5% of students were sexually
harassed(22); This might be due to increment of communities awareness towards illegality of sexual violence. In type of
sexual violence 6(2.3%)complete rape, 7(2.7%)attempted rape,12(4.7%) sexual harassment and there was no abduction
were reported respectively but that of conducted in Wolaita Sodo University revealed 8.7% completed rape 23.4%
attempted rape, 24.2% committed sexual harassment and there was no abduction(25). Outcomes of completed rape from
the study conducted in Bahir Dar Town shows prevalence of unwanted Pregnancy,STD, abortion, Psychological
problem and physical trauma 13(19.1%),15(22%),9(13.2%), 34(35.8%) and 38(41%) respectively(23). This may be due
to that of Bahir Dar Town were street females who were highly vulnerable to sexual violence due to lack of shelters and
protection. In another way community and legal body can undermine them.

18
Among those who were sexually violated 10(3.9%) of them reported and 15(5.8%) of did not report; this is good when
we compare with that of Bahir Dar in which, 93.8% of them were not reported (23). According to this study among those
reported 4(1.6%) of them reported to the police 4(1.6%) to parents and 2(0.8%) to that friends and none of them reported
to health professional. But according to National Crime Victims’ Rights Week Resource Guide about 65% of surveyed
rape victims reported the incident to a friend, family member, or roommate. Less than 10% reported it to police or school
official’s (24) .This might be due to legal body established to assess this problem can be different from place to place.
Among those who did not report that the reason not to report was 3(1.2%) fear of the perpetrator and 7(2.7%) of them
due to social influence and 5(1.9%) of them were due to fear of family. But according study conducted by American
Association University among 150,000 female students of 27 Universities the reason not to report was 11.7% of student
respondents reported experiencing some form of nonconsensual sexual contact. The most common reason for not
reporting sexual assault and sexual misconduct victimization was that students did not consider the victimization to be
serious enough. Other common reasons for not reporting sexual assault and sexual misconduct included fear that nothing
would be done, embarrassment, and emotional distress (21).

This research revealed that poor awareness of students what to do when such cases happens and low consideration of
legal institution to sexual violence. 21(8.1%) of sexually violated survivors know their perpetrator and 4(1.6%) do not
know their perpetrator.

The study shows age range of survivor was between14-18 where as that of conducted at Wolaita Sodo University shows
age range of survivor was 18-26 years. This is due to those joined higher education are older than that of High school
students.

Conclusion and recommendation

The study showed that prevalence of sexual valance among high school female students is a series problem and concern
and it was shown to contribute for health problem including unwanted pregnancy, STD, Abortion and physical and
psycologica harm which finally affect the future life of female students .

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendation are made

1. Awareness creation to adolescents and the family need to be introduced.

2. Social and cultural influences toward sexual violence should be changed in order to treat and reassure the
survivors of sexual assault.
3. Awareness creation for both female and male high school students should be done .
4. School and concerned body should work hard and study further about female students awareness about their legal
right concerning sexual violence.

19
 4. REFERENCES

(1) WHO multy country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women,2010
p.149 and Population Council. Sexual and gender based violence in Africa Literature review.
Feb 2008.

(2)Sexual violence in secondary schools, addis ababa Prof. dr. M.L.L. (Monique) Volman; Dr. H.M.W. (Henny)
Bos. November 2013p.63

(3)Women’s and gender studies in English-speaking Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of research

in the social sciences. Gender & Society, 18, pp. 685 – 714. DOI: 10.1177/0891243204269188.
(4) Central Statistical Agency (CSA) [Ethiopia] and ICF. 2016. Ethiopia Demographic and
Health Survey 2016.p 290,292Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: CSA and
ICF.
(5)Bekele, A.B. (2012). Determinants of sexual violence among eastern Ethiopian secondary
school students. [dissertation, University of Utrecht].
(6)Dibaba Y (2007) Sexual violence against female youth in Jimma town:Prevalence, Risk
factors and Consequences. Ethiop J Health Sci 17: 1.
(7)Bhana, D. (2012). “Girls are not free” – In and out of the South African school. International
Journal of Educational Development, 32, pp. 352-358. DOI:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.06.002.
(8)Sexual Violence Against Female Students in Secondary Schools: The Case of Lem Secondary
School (Addis
Ababa City), Felekech Muluneh,September,2013 p.12.
(9)Worku A, Addisie M. Sexual violence among female high school students in Debark
Northwest
Ethiopia. East African Medical Journal. 79: p. 96-99.
(10)Nimani W, Hamdela B (2015) Sexual Violence and Associated Factors among High School
Students in Butajira Town, South Ethiopia.Gen Med (Los Angel) 3: 1000196. doi:10.4172/2327-
5146.1000196
[11]Bott S. (2010). Sexual violence and coercion: implications for sexual and reproductive
health.

20
(12)Braeken, D., & Cardinal, M. (2008). Comprehensive Sexuality Education as a Means of
Promoting Sexual Health, International Journal of Sexual Health, 20 (1-2), pp. 50-62. DOI:
10.1080/19317610802157051.
(13)Chisamya, G., DeJaeghere, J., Kendall, N., & Khan, M.A. (2012). Gender and Education for
All: Progress and problems in achieving gender equity. International Journal of Education
Development, 32, pp. 743 – 755. DOI:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.10.004.
(14)Deyassa, N., Berhane, Y., Alem, A., Ellsberg, M., Emmelin, M., Hogberg, U., and Kullgren,
G. (2009).
(15)Dunne, M., Humphreys, S., & Leach, F. (2006). Gender violence in schools in the
developing world. Gender and Education, 18 (1), pp. 75-98 .
(16)Galaye, B., Arnold, D., Williams, M.A., Goshu, M., and Berhane, Y. (2009). Depressive
symptoms among female college students experiencing gender-based violence in Awassa,
Ethiopia.
(17)Mcfrarlane J, Parker B,United Nation office at Vienna center for social development and
humanitarian affairs. Jan 17, 2007.267(23) 435-438.
(18)Human Rights Watch. (2013). World Report 2013: Events of 2012. (New York, Human
Rights Watch).
(19)International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2013). World Economic Outlook Database, October
2013. Retrieved from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/index.aspx
(20)Iyer, P., & Aggleton, P. (2013): ‘Sex education should be taught, fine…but we make sure
they control themselves’: teachers' beliefs and attitudes towards young people's sexual and
reproductive health in a Ugandan secondary school, Sex Education: Sexuality, Society and
Learning, 13 (1), pp. 40-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2012.677184.
21. Alemayehu M1, Yohannes G2, Damte A3, Fantahun A4, Gebrekirstos K5, Tsegay R6,
Goldberger A7, Yebyo H, Prevalence and predictors of sexual violence among commercial sex
workers in Northern Ethiopia 2015 May 23
22. Fitaw Y1, Haddis K, Million F, G/Selassie K, Delil M, Yohannes M, Bekele N, G/Selassie S.
Gender-based violence among high school students in north west Ethiopia, 2005 Oct;43(4):215-
21.
23. Misganaw AC1, Worku YA; Assessment of sexual violence among street females in Bahir-
Dar town, North West Ethiopia: a mixed method study, 2013 Se10;13:825.
24. Sexual Violence; National Crime Victims’ Rights Week Resource Guide 2018.
25. Tora A1. Assessment of sexual violence against female students in Wolaita Sodo University,
Southern Ethiopia. 2013 Jul;28(11):2351-67

21
ANNEX1: Questionnaire Developed to Study Prevalence of Sexual Violence among
Female Students of Karramille Secondry School, Oromia Region ,Ethiopia, January,
2019.

English Informed Consent Sheet

Consent to participate on a project assessing prevalence of sexual violence among female students of Karramille
Secondry School, Oromia Region , Ethiopia
We came from_______________ and we are a data collectors working on assessing prevalence of sexual violence
among female students of Karramille Secondry School, Oromia Region , Ethiopia
Three hundred twenty (258) female students of Karramille Secondry School, will be involved to assess prevalence of
sexual violence among female students of Secondary school, Karramille, Oromia Region , Ethiopia
All information collected on forms will be entered into computers with only the study identification number.
All information that will be collected from you will be protected. The study will not include details that directly identify
you, such as your name. Only a participant identification number will be used in the survey. Taking part in this study is
completely your choice. You are free to skip any question if you feel uncomfortable to disclose information. You can stop
participating in this study at any time, even if you have already given your consent. Refusal to participate, or withdrawal from the
study, will not involve penalty or loss of any benefits to which you are otherwise entitled.
Do you agree to participate?
Yes_________ No_________

If No please stop here and return the questionnaire to the supervisor/investigator. If yes continue.

Thank You

22
PART – I

NO. Question Answer jump

1 Residency__________ 1________
2 Age___________ 1_______
3 Educational status 1 9th grade _______
2 10th grade ___________

4 Ethnicity 1. Oromo _________

2. Amhara _____________
3. Tigre ___________
4. Others______________

5 Religion 1. Orthodox _________

2. Protestant _________
3. Muslim ____________
4. Others ____________

6 Do you have boyfriend? 1. Yes ___

2. No_____
7 Family marital status 1. Married __________
2. Divorced ____________
3. Widowed _________
4. Other ______________

8 Currently living with 1. Parents ___________

2. Relatives _______
3 Friends ____________
4. Alone ______
5. Other ____
9 Do you have any habit of 1. Alcohol _____
2. Chat chewing _____

23

10 Monthly Family income
PART- II – Knowledge Attitude and occurrence of sexual violence
1 Have you ever been sexually
violated?
2 If yes do you report the event?
3 3.If yes to question 2 where did
you reported
4 4. If no to Question 2 what was
your reason
5 have you ever sexually violated
6 If yes to no 5 What did you had?
5. Other specify __________
7 Was it your 1st sexual experience 1. Yes ____________
i?
8 What was your Age when you
were violated?
10 10. What was your occupation?
11 Where were you living at the time
of Assault
12 12. Did you have any problem
After the violence
If yes questions to q. No12 which
13 of these
3. Drug use _______
4. Other _________
1, _______ birr
Yes ________ 2. No ________
Yes __________ 2. No ______
1 To parents _________
2. To friends __________
3. To police__________
4. To health professionals _________
1. Fear of perpetrator______________
2. Social influence _______________
3. Cultural reason ______________
4. Fear of family ______________
5. Other specify _________________
Yes_______ No_______
1. Complete rape _________
2. Attempted rape ________
3. Sexual harassment _______
4. Abduction ___________
2. No__________
_________
1. student _____________
2. Daily laborer ___________
3. House wife ________
4. Government employed _______
5. Other _______________
1. With parents ________
2. Alone _______________
3. With relatives ____________
4. with friends ______________
5. Other specify _____________
1. yes ___________
2. No __________
1. unwanted Pregnancy_________
2. Vaginal Discharge ___________
24
 3. Physical trauma _______________
4. Psychological problem __________
5. Abortion ______________
6. Social problem _______________
7. Other specify ________________
14 Did you know the perpetrator 1 Yes ___________ 2.
No ___
15 If yes to question 14 above answer 1. Yes _________ 2. No __________
question q.15 – 18
did you have relationship with
perpetrator

16 16. Marital status of perpetrator 1. single___________

2. Married _________
3. Divorced ___________
4. Widowed _________
5. Don’t know
17 17. Literacy status of perpetrator? 1. illiterate __________
2. Grade 1 – 6 ____________
3. Read And write __________
4. Grade 6 – 12 __________
5. 12th complete _____________
6. Higher education _______
7. Don’t know _______________
18 Occupation of perpetrator 1. Student _____________
2. Government Employee _______
3. NGO Employee________
4. Drawly laborer _____________
5. Farmer ______________
6. Don’t know ______________
7. Other specify __________

25
 GAAFILEE AFAAN OROMO
Unka hayyama gaafachuu

Nuti kan dhufne ____________fi kan qorachu barbaannu Babal,achuu walqunnamtii saalaa feedhii
male barattota dubra mana barnota sadarka lammaffaa keessatti raawwatamu irratti mana barumsa
sadarka lammaffaa kaarramillerrattii odeeffannoo qoratamuuf funaannun hojjana.

Qorannoo kana keessatti hirmaachufi filatamuun kee nu gammachisera

Gaafilee muraasa barbachisoo tahanifi wa’e walqunnamti saalaa fedhii maletin walqabatan sii
gaafachuu barbaadna.

Maqaan kee unkaa kanarratti hin barreefamuu, odeeffannoon ati nuf kennitus iccitin isa egamadha .

Gaafilee keenya huunda/muraasa deebisuu hin feetu yoo ta’ellee dhiisuf mirga qabda.

Garuu gaafii kana huunda deebisuf fedha qabda yoo tae barbachisummaan isaa dhaabata keenyafidha.

Atis ni galeteeffatamta

Gaafilee kana deebisuuf daqiqa kudhani ol sitti hin fudhatu.

Qorannoo kana keessatti ni hirmaatta ? Eeyyen______ Lakki__________

Maqa fi mallattoo nama raga sassabu. Maqa__________ mallattoo___________

Guyyaa gaafanoo___________

Maqaa fi maallattoo to’ata___________________

Guyyaa __________

26
Odeeffannoo dhuunfaa
LAKK Gaafii Deebii Irra darbi
1 Umriin kee meeqa [___________] waggaadhan
Bakki jireenya keeti Eessa __________
2 Amantii kee Orthodoksii _____
Pirootestaanti ____
Musliima ____
Kan biraa (ibsi) _______
3 Sabni kee Oromoo _____
Amaaraa ____
Tigree ____
Kan biraa (ibsi) ________
4 Sadarkaa barumsaa kee Kutaa 9ffaa_____
kuta 10ffa____
5 Yeroo ammaa kana eenyu faana jiraata jirta Maatii waliin _____
Fira______
Kophaa _______
Kan biraa (ibsi)__________
6 Hiriyaa dhiiraa ni qabdaa Eeyyeen______
Lakkii________
7 Haalli gaaila maatii keetii Wajji jiran_____
Wal hiikan_____
Kan biraa (ibsi) _____
8 Araada ati qabdu Alkooli____
Jimaa qamau____
Kan bira_____
Hin qabu______
9 Galii maati keeti jian ________birr
Hin beeku ____
Kutaa 2ffaa: Beekumsa fi hubannoo wal qunnamtii saala fedhii malee raawwachuu fi raawwachuu yaaluu ilaalchisuun

Lakk Deebii Irra darbi

1 Walqunnaamti saalaa feedhii 1. Eeyyee _____

tee male hojjatte beytaa? 2. Lakki ____
( dirqiin)
2 Yoo gaafii lakk. 1 irratti 1 Eeyyeen_____
eeyyee yoo jette himattee jirtaa 2. Lakki______
3 Himattee jirta yoo tae Eenyutti 1. Maati______
himatte 2. Hiriyaa______
3. Polisii _____
4. Kan bira[ibsi]______
4 Hin himaanne yoo tae malifi 1 . ____________

5 Walqunnamti saala fedhi male 1. eyyeen_____

gootee beeyta 2. lakki_______
6 Gootee jirta yoo tae haala 1. gudeeddaa________
akkamiti 2. yaali gudeedda______
3. buttaa_____
4. kan bira[ibsi]_____

27
7 Sun sif walqunnamti saaala isa
jalqabati ture
8 Umriin ke meeqa ture yeroo
walqunnamti saalaa fedhii hin
male gooteti
9 Haalli gaaila keeti akkam ture
yeroo walqunnamtii saalaa
feedhi malee gootett
10 Gahen hojii keeti maali
11 Eenyu waliin jiracha turte
yeroo walqunnamtii saalaa
fedhi maleetif saaxilamtesan
12 Raakkoon si mudate jira ega
walqunnamtii saalaa fedhi
malee sirrati hojjatame boda
13 Yoo ni jira tae kamtu sii
mudate
14 Namicha gocha kana sirraatti
hojjate ni beyta
15 Gaaffii armaan oli 14ffaa
irraati eyyeen yoo jette hariroo
isa wajjin ni qabdaa
16 Haalli gaaila namicha kana
sirraati hojjatee akkami
17 Sadarkaan barnoota namicha
kana sirrati hojjate
18 Ogummaan namicha kana
sirrati hojjate
1. Eeyyee______
2. Lakkii______
1. ________________-
1 Kopaa____--
2 heerume_______
3 adda bane_____
4 narraa due_____
1 Barattuu_______
2 Hojjattuu guyyaa ____
3 Haadha mana____
4 Hoojjattuu mootummaa______
5 Kan bira[ibsi]_______-
1 Maati koo ---------
2 Kopha------------
3 Fira waliin----------
4 Kanbiraa(ibsi)………….
1 Eeyyee______
2 Lakkii______
1 Ulfa hin
barbaachifne______
_
2 Miidha
xinsammuu_______
3 Ulfa baasuu_______
4 Kan
bira[ibsi]_________
1 Eeyyee______
2 Lakkii______
1 Eeyyeen____
2 Lakki_____
1 fuudhe______
2 adda bahan_____
3 jalaa duute________
4 kophaa________
1 humaa hin baranne_____
2 kuta 1-6 barate_______
3 dubbisuufi barressuu danda,a _____
4 Barnota olaanoo____
5 Hin beeku_______
1 barata________
2 hojjata motuma______
3 qote bulaa ________
4 kan bira[ibsi]______
5 hin beeku______
28