National Seminar on Cooling Towers Technical Session IV
18-20 January 1990, Paper No. 9
STRUCTURAL DESIGN ASPECTS OF HYPERBOLIC COOLING ‘ftOWERS
N. PRABHAKAR
Technical Manager
Gammon India
Gammon House, Veer Savarkar Marg
Prabhadevi
Bombay - 400 025
‘te present day hyperbolic cooling towers arc exceptional structures in view of their sheer s:
Conplenitise, the covers snvolve conridersble anount of design work on structural aspect,
providing suitable structural profite. to neet the unctional feeds,the design requires consideration
Crexternal applied wadings ;koth gtatic and dynanie, the Paper describes briefly salient structural
fenturen, nd current practices adopted in the structural design of hyperbolic cooling towers.
1. rwrropverra
over the post five decades, about 85 nyperbotic
Cooling towers have Been isle dn tho country at
Several thersal an nuclear pover stations, and
IPSfore"towere are uncer Various tages “of
Sonctruecsan, so eivu of thece towers fas Dees
SeaSiendy increase from they very firet 38m
igh towers at Sabarmati, bolle Ye 1934, (rig.0)
tovthe present tine 14lw high tover at. Panipat
which {5°"the “Country's tallest, recently
Completed (Pig.2),, and this trend” for tailor
foweve vild gontinge to moot the groving demande
of ene inuetry.
mt 16g.
Figure 1: Increase in Size of Hyperbolic Figure 2 : 14lm High Cooling | Tover at
Gooling Toverk in India 1934389, Panipat “Thermal Power Station stage
Tit, Tallest in the Country.
These tovere with very small shell thickness
fre exceptional structores by their sheer eize 2. SALIENT FEATURE
and sensitiveness to horizontal loads, In this
per an attempt, has been mace to describe The tover consists essentially of an outside
Salient’ structural “features, and to review hyperbolic shell, the principal function of
applied loadings, current geeign” methods and whieh Le to create a draught of air in a similar
specialised problens associated vith the design vay to a chimney, an internal cooling £111. at
2E reinforced concrete hyperbolic cooling the bottom of the shell, a cold vater basin into
towers which the cold water fails from the fill and is
15 1w/6sor
stored for recirculation through the plant, and’ —
ater distribution system (Pig. 3). “the shell
Gianetor at base and throst,, shel height, and
air-inlet™ height are governed by thermic Sestgn
considerations, in” degard to tover siting for
Indlan climatic conditions, the design approach,
Aves” the difference between the required cold
water “temperature aid the wet bulb,
temperature, is only 4 #eg.¢ to 5 des, Can
compared to'an approach of 10 @eg.¢ to If deg. C
inthe western countries, As a result, Tndian
towers are larger in size ar compared ‘to thele
western counterparts” designed for the” ‘sane
suntan of het?renovale
Rergeal aT
MYPERBOLA const
‘Avion warwing Litt ‘
aN
-MBATNNG ARREStOR
f
1215 oF
WeeeeEo.4
oneeace 6 ro
Vreasin oon | SM
HALF ELEVATION | HALF SECTION
Figure 3: Goneral arrangement
he ratio of tover height to base diameter
varies “between 1.48 ana 1.18 aepencing on the
tower height, tho value of Zatio deereseing wich
increasing tower height, “the ratio. of throat
height from the top to overall ‘peight” usually
Yaries between 0:13 and 0.30, "For the Indian
tovers built before 1910 when ihe tower height
had just surpassed 100m, "the shape “of, the
neridian was based on a single hyperbola without
any offset", from” the tover nie. An offset,
hyperbolic cufve was uesd between the “yeste
1870-1976 for the tovers around 120m height she
towers butlt atter 1976, the meridian ie shaped
‘ty te obfeat hyperbolic carves - ene below the
throat and the other above. The offset
Aistance "tr, tntiuences “not” only stres
@istribotion ° in the shell bat alee Suckling
load “and natura frequency which are
@iscyesed ater, "As considered practical for
Constraction, te slope at the shell bottom “is
Seually Limited 9 about "17 eg. fom the
vertical.
‘The shell is supported on RC Raker coluns
resting on pedestals which are integral with the
peripheral val! of the cooled water basin. Im
order to make direct transference of shell
Yoads, the Faker columns and the Bacin wall are
Snelined in’ the sane neridional plane” of the
shell. The tower foundation conesets of a
Continuous ring foundation, resting either on
soil “or on raker piles ‘where the bearing
Capacity of soil ts poor
Te internal £111 structure is independent of
the outside shell over, end the fountation for
Af {8 unualiy considered integral with. the basin
flocr.” As the internal £111 structure compres
conventional colusn-bean framing vith diagonal
bracings, design aspects of this structure are
not dealt in the Papers
3. tonos
Tie external applied loadings that affect
cooling tover structure are #
() wind forces
(2) Eartnguake torces
Gin Temperature effect
Ge) Suns radiation
("Soin pressure
3 wine
3.2 Mind Pe
Wind force forms the major external applied
loading in the design of cooling tovers, and ie
also provides. the” most common means of
determining the "degree of lateral strength
Sequired. by ‘the Covers, “Till the “recent
Publication’ of the indian’ standard cose of
Practice 15:895 (Part 3) 1987 in February 1985,
the basic ‘wind pressures on large mmber of
cooling tovers built since “mid-ls60s were
geloulated on the basis of the earlier Code of
Practice 18:e7S-196¢ "which “adopted” wing
Proscure as static loads,the intensity of wnich
Varying vith height and’ the zone at ‘which the
Etructure” is located, The code” av
Basic pressure values of 100,130 and“200 Xg/=
Covering the ‘country, starting
with. a unitors valve opto 30m height and’ there
above increasing in value with height opto 150m,
‘The Rariman pressures specified at 150m, hesgh
for three wind zones were 118,207 and 276 kgf
Fespectively.. Thgee pressures vere based On
formula P-0,006V" where P is the pressure in
Kg/ea.n and 'V is the wind speed. in kane Thi
formin gave pressure value of about 250" nore
than those "calculated — by the theoretical
pressure equation P-l/ipv2, "where p= density
Sf air, This increase in pressure was to allov
for the effect of topography, ground roushnese,
gust duration, ete.
15 10/66The new code 1$:875(Part 3) ~1987 determines wind
Pressures, based. on peak wind #peed of 3 second
Shee with "a return period of 81 years, The
[Bonee “of basic wind speed at 10m above ground
fat epeeds of 33, 39, 44, 47, 50 and 5S “m/sec
re shown in the cole ona ‘wind map of | the
Country. The Gesign wind speed is calculated by
Considering factors “Ri, Ke and X3 related to
probable, life of structure,” terrain, local
Ropography and size of structure separately, and
their veombined effect is determined’ by
Bultiplying the factors. The design wind
pressure at height 2 is given by
0.6 (ye Ke 2, WO)? in wy
ie" basic wind. speed in *Ys0c.
where ¥y
The Indian tovers built ro far have been
Qevigned for" peak-wind preccuron of short
Garation by static metio’, Te is very ‘well
Getablished now that wind effects on the tower
Gre characterised by the presence of a larse
Bteaayrntate component and’ a sigpificant random
fonponant doe to air turbulence,” ‘Me response
Sf the random component can be calculated in the
Geoqueney domain by #pectral analysis. This
ESeionent contributes strongly to. the total
Feaponse peaks at a rate of atleast S0t.
Rithoun Ehis” theory ie well established in
principle, “it is not used for practical design
Ge cooking covers, mainly de to large amount of
Senpurations involving ueveral factors in both
eritiona! and cireuferential directions at
Bittorent elevations of the tower, for separate
Sater of tminile, compressive, shear forces and
bending. moments "in the shell. ‘The objective
approach ae adopted in many codes, "has been to
Elaneiate “the loading and structural” response
[nto e quasi-static method by applying a factory
often called as the "Gust Factor, in the static
Ghelysis of the towers ‘ne gust ‘factor depends
Gn''the’ natural frequency in the” fundanereal,
ode, wind speed and size of structure. In view
Of fargo cise of the etruotere, the peak
Feeponse oocurring ina tine interval of 1 hour
duration $2 considered at appropriate for the
Gesign Of cooling covers.
‘the Gust Factor method given in the new 1S Cole
[G85 (Part #)ise) appears to be applicable
for, regular. shaped slender” structures such as
Cubes, cylingere with harely any taper, and not
fer hyperbolic shaped cooling tovers. The German
Men "guidelines and IRS recommendations on
Cooling towers Incorporate gust” factor when
Seeking ont the denign wind pressures. Te must
be seid however that deficiencies 1f any, of the
equivalent’ quasi-static load concept are
Balanced by “a set of provisions such am sinimam
Shell thickness and reinforcement, high buckling
Safety, eter, which have to be observed within
the Sosign ‘concept.
3.1.2 Disteabution of Wind Around the Shell
‘the cixcunferential distribution of vind around
The “shell at any height is usually defined by
hormalising “values at equal angle incronente
from the windward direction, and is represented
bya Fourier series, H=2hn cos ne. Table T
wre coefficients specified by
‘Part 4, Niemann, sollenberger ~
ALagngton, and Terma
Fourier Coefficients 'An' for Circunferential
Distribution of Wind Around the shell
WieagoaSollenberger aerna
7 et wtp 1980 68
° 70,3923 ~0,2636 0.128056,
1 012602 013418 07435430,
2 oreo2e olsaie 07511732
3 o1s046 olsa72 01372272,
a bio6« 020525 ol104ea2
5S -b:09579 -010948 | -010771 0.045549
& — Tolo1i42 “oloiee Tolea7082
5 “olotssi “0.0868 02018119
Note + 1. BS+4485 includes 6:4 internal preseure.
2 Nlenann and Sollenberger et al excluae
3, tera”
‘me. pressure cocfficiente suggested by Zerna and
Mienann have been extensively ured for. Indian
towers till the Britian Standard 85:4485-1975
wes published in. September 1975. The Tadian
Code"t¢,11504 ~'1965 for natural draught cooling
Covers, specifies the ane coefficients as in
Bsr4ees, the coefficients by Hera and
Sollenberger et al are based on measurements on
a full-scale, hyperbolic cooling. tover having
Email vertical ribe projecting outwards from the
shell “surface. Ar itis seen” in’ Pig.d the
Satlation in the coefficients are due to surface
Toughness of the tower.
oN
as, 4405 & NIEMANN
Taa=zeRHa
== SOUENBERGER SCANLAN
YBILINETON
ANGLE FROM WOOWARD
Ny Bea
i
‘\
‘wiv. PRESSURE, COEFFICIENT
Distribution “Around
‘Shell (excluding
Wind Pressure
Cireuference of
Gnternal suction) «
18 1/67Por the
resultant
purpose of comparison,’ stress
for & cooling tower of the size “given
in Fig.5 “are worked out for wind loads, asiag
wind "pressure cootficients specified by BSreese
and zerna.
wino pr
Bene
sede
meu
SO2m skim
THRoar
DUE To wind
— esc ats.
o> ZERNA
n+ DEAD Load
onty
AT @= 600-750
Figure 5 5
man Crd oe Tein eo ow
oR ¥
be — << COMPRESSION TENSION
Geeling, Tower for the-Purpose of Pigure 7: circumferential stress
Comparison. in kame
Io Figs. 6 and 7, it de geen that the str
Fesultante
higher. than
25'to 408 in
sing cofficients of as:4t85 are
those of Terna“by a8 muct as about
the lower elevations which is due
te snooth gurtace of shell considered in as:4fes
28 compared
fe the
arse
effect
thickness,
Ne
AE Ee
to rough surface created by vertical
other case. The significance of
variation in stress resultants, hee
fon the reguirenent of shell
einforcesent and tower foundation:
nm DUE TO WIND
8s 48s
== ZERNA
2 DEAD Load
Ontr,
Figure Gimersaional stress Resultants in N/e.
3.1.3 Internal suetion
‘The @raught and the flow of air through the
cooling “tower create an internal negative
pressure or suction, anda value of | 0.4 to 0-5
is vsuelly” considered " inthe designs” the
effect “of the negative internal” pressure
yesults an increase in circumferential comrcce.ve
forces to the extent of 40t of the. forces due
to “wind,” and. corresponding reduction in’ the
value of circunferential tensile forces in” the
shell, The stress resultant in moridional
Girection are least affected, Tt may be pricent
to “consider the negative’ pressure tot che
Purpose of calculating buckling vsefety, snd
ignore it for calculation of "circumicrenties
reinforcement in the shell.
3.1.4 Cooling Towers in Group
Where hyperbolic cooling towers ate located in
2, 9100p, the values of design wind ‘pressures
Seg “peeBluretcocdficients “sfoted crc eeee ste
Gre much "affected due “to. “aurenaynanis
interference effact depensing on the spacing of
towers “or other structures of significance
Bérenaions in the vicinity, and the angle of wind
Girection in relation £0 the axis “oF alignsent
of the towers. ""ror such career in view’ of not
Rany "measured data being available on “full-size
towers, aero-elastic model testing “in wind
tunnel” including all adjacent’ ocal
topographical features, building and ocher
structures, is “necessary although the tost 1s
valid for’vajues of Reynolée number (Re) upto
about 3x 10°" for Laminar aisfiow as against he
of more than 108” in actual condition under
Farbulent wind flow.
1s 10/68Sind pressures are envianced between 10° and 40,
percent when designing cooling tovers in groupe.
For some of the Indian towers built in recent
yeare, the “design wind pressures are based on
Mine'"eunnel model tests carried out at the
Indian institute of “Selence, Bangalore, The
Gnhancenent factors considerée in sone. of the
Indian tovers” in groups are given in Table 11,
ase = rr
BIT Basie wind Enhancenene
No. Hoeatior preseyre Factor
yeas
30m height
1. Wanakbori 1s Le
2. Keyveli Stage, 2.0 0 142
Raichue ‘ 1.60
Koteh 135
Panipat Stage TT 1.5 1.50
Kaves 147 1.573,
Note : * at 10 m height
3.2, Earthquake
Earthquake force attracted by a strocture is
@ynanie in nature and is governed by tne ground
motion and the properties of the structure
Ttecl#. “the basis for earthquake design in the
country se 1611893-1984 which gives two “methods
of finding earthquake forces on the structure,
Viz, Selamle Coefficient method and. Response
Spectrum method. Tho design scianic cooffickent
Bepends on several factors namely, moil~
foundation system, importance” factor, Zonal
factor, basic. seismic coofticient depending on
five digfornt tones covering the country, and
Gn “spectral soceleration in’ “the Cine “of
Jasponse spectral. method which "depends on
Facurel” perfods of vibration of the structures
R' critical damping factor of 98 is considered
for concrete structures.
lan earthquake ground motion can be represented
by three orthogonal components, two "horizontal
and one vertical. Tt ta normally sufficient to
Gesign “the tower for only” one horizontal
conponont of the earthquake Under which circular
eiycunferential mode” only. the” natural
frequency corresponsing to" the lowest mode. is
generally in the range of 2 to 3. Ha. For
Reetical method of anslysic, the mort severe
Gerign horizontsl seianie coefficient, i.e. in
zone'V of the country, for vibration in the
Lowest mode “does not ‘exceed “0.12, In most
Gasca, ts sutticient to make tn approximate
Sarthguake analysie. through aiacretizetion of
the ebell into «bean model’ If a more rigorous
apelyeis by Response spectrin nethod is adopted,
The Y"nasitun Fesponse foreach mode is
considered, and the combined. response is
Enlcvlated by the square foot of the sum of the
Squares of "the values” fren ge. contributing
sodes,, Te ie found in practice that vind loads
Usually affect the design of cooling tovers more
than the earthquake forces,
3.3. Renporature effect
‘The temperature difference hetween she inige
and ‘outside faces of indian cooling tovers are
Stually of the. ordge of 10 deg. Cand ay go
upto 20" geg. C in the extrene circumstances
which are “relatively lov as compared to” the
Conditions “in Hurope and the USA. The
temperature gradient in the shell. as calculated
by ueing the sane methods az for” industrial
chimneyes works to about. 5 deg. ¢, and in the
fextrone circumstances metioned above'eo 10. deg.
er TTse found that these temperature gradients
> fot cause excessive tensile stress in the
Shell, “but only. increase’ mersdional
reinforcement in shell by about 108 than” those
Calculated purely for self weight + wind lead
3.4 Surte Radiation
the effect of sun's ratiation is to produce
Stresses {n shell apposite to those arising from
thermal gradients i. e., the internal cold face
is" subjected to tonsion. Tt is found that for
the “cage when one side of the tower is exposed
to the sun and the other in shade, with a
Eeaperaeure differnotial of 5 deg.” ¢, the
stresses in shell are quite enell,
3.8 Soil pre
‘The cold water basin which is integral vith
Pedestals “supporting raker’ column is usally
Constructed below the finished grade level. The
Basin wall is. designed for pressure due to
Fetained foil” for a cage vhen the basin is
espty., At” sone cites, where the ground-water
fable is high, the design requires consideration
of additional pressures due to ground water on
Basin walle and uplift pressure on tover
foundation. If vehicular povenent closet
cooling tower is expected to take place, soil
Pressufe due” to. surcharge from the vehicle
Seignt. need to be considered in the design.
4, Desc aspects
4.1 structural analysis
‘the analysis of these towers ie an interesting
challenge to any structura engineer in view of
their shape and large size copbined with
Stisymetric. horizontal loeds. Fair "share of
Eevearch effort by mathematicians and practising
Gngineers have Been done over the "last two
Seades, particularly after. the. failure of
Ferrybridge cooling tovers in UK in 2963. During
the period. upto 1972, nost towers aroubd the
orig were Enalysed ‘based upon membrane theory
brlys “Ee has been found that membrane’ analysis
for ‘shell “is satisfactory for tho purpose of
Gesagn in most cases provided the shells. are
suitably thiclenct at bottom and top levels to
Account’ for local bending’ created by edge
effect,
with the rapid development of ewsputers and
Finite: element pethod, analysis of shells for
axisynnctrie deed ond and non-axieymnetric
ina” Toad can be carried out on the assumption
that the reinforces concrete shell ie feotropie,
homogeneous and without cracks. The advantage
of FE method ie that” the structural. modelling
fan include raker ‘columns basin” walle,
Pedestals, tower” foundation and seilvstrocture
1s 1/69