Critical Review On PV MPPT Techniques

IET Renewable Power Generation
Review Article
Critical Review on PV MPPT Techniques: ISSN 1752-1416

Received on 7th November 2019
Revised 27th January 2020
Classical, Intelligent and Optimisation Accepted on 21st February 2020
E-First on 12th June 2020
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.1163
www.ietdl.org
Ratnakar Babu Bollipo1 , Suresh Mikkili1, Praveen Kumar Bonthagorla1

1Electricaland Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology Goa, Goa, India
E-mail: mikkili.suresh@nitgoa.ac.in
Abstract: Maximum power extraction from the photovoltaic (PV) system plays a critical role in increasing efficiency during
partial shading conditions (PSC's). The higher cost and low conversion efficiency of the PV panel necessitate the extraction of
the maximum power point (MPP). So, a suitable maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique to track the MPP is of high
need, even under PSC's. This study gives an extensive review of 23 MPPT techniques present in literature along with recent
publications on various hardware design methodologies. MPPT classification is done into three categories, i.e. Classical,
Intelligent and Optimisation depending on the tracking algorithm utilised. During uniform insolation, classical methods are highly
preferred as there is only one peak in the P–V curve. However, under PSC's, the P–V curve exhibits multiple peaks, one global
MPP (GMPP) and the remaining are local MPPs. Hence, Intelligent and Optimisation techniques came into limelight to
differentiate the GMPP out of all LMPPs. Every MPPT technique has its advantages and limits, but a streamlined MPPT is
drafted in numerous parameters like sensors required, hardware implementation, tracking in PSC's, cost, tracking speed and
tracking efficiency. This present study aimed to address the advancement in this area for further research.
Nomenclature [1]. Among these renewable energy sources, solar energy-based

photovoltaic (PV) becomes a hopeful alternative as it is
Cdc DC link capacitor omnipresent, available throughout the day with no costs at all, non-
V mpp voltage at maximum power point environment hazardous, and with fewer maintenance costs [2].
Impp current at maximum power point Because of these merits in renewable energy, the Government of
Pmpp power at maximum power point India (GoI) made an agreement at the UN climate summit in the
P–V curve power–voltage curve year-2019, targeting to achieve 450 GW by 2022 of renewable
I –V curve current–voltage curve energy. The installed capacity of India by 2019 as per the Ministry
V oc PV open circuit voltage of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), GoI, is about 175 GW
Isc PV short circuit current which includes 100 GW of Solar power, 60 GW from wind power,
9 GW from biomass power, 5 GW from small hydropower, and 1
GW from waste-to-power as shown in Fig. 1. This utilisation of
1 Introduction (PV) generation systems for pollution-free power generation
The use of fossil fuels will end as they are going to deplete in mainly from daylight can improve the residential, social insurance,
future. Moreover, the extensive use of these sources will even horticulture, training, and the health sectors. In this cutting edge
degrade the environment. Renewable energy sources offer many period, PV innovation can build up a substantial spread in charging
postulates when compared with conventional sources in many each edge of the world [3]. However, due to the constraints of
factors like a positive impact on the natural environment and no technicalities in the solar energy sector, the total energy is still not
fuel cost at all. They use resources directly from the environment extracted from the sun. These drawbacks have to be mitigated to
as fuels, which includes sunlight, wind, tides and biomass. The extract this clean solar energy more and more, which directly
advancement of renewable energy sources has been a critical point results in a decrease in carbon emissions. Hybrid solar-wind stand-
to supply and meet the decentralised necessities of the country part alone systems are also used for the continuous operation of a
particular application. Kong, et al. [4] gives the novel control
approach, namely hierarchical distributed model predictive control,
especially for controlling stand-alone wind/solar systems. The
efficiency of the solar cell also accounts for maximum power
extraction. The PV cells of type crystalline silicon modules account
for the efficiency of 14–16%. Researchers found that non-standard
high-quality design accounts for reaching an efficiency of 17–21%.
Chen et al. [5] gives the details of solar module efficiency
according to the material used, and it predicted that cadmium
telluride and copper gallium indium diselenide would have the
average module efficiency of 17.9% and 16.4%, respectively. Over
21.8% commercial module efficiency is projected with n-type Si
interdigitated back-contact technology. However, there is a chance
of occurrence of additional losses in PV systems depending upon
the meteorological aspects and system site conditions, which are
prominent enough to consider. Designing of PV systems without
considering these losses will result in a decrease in efficiency in the
Fig. 1 Renewable energy share in India - 2019
long run. The loss percentage accounted for 25% when a university
of Tokyo surveyed over 71 Japanese PV systems [6]. The solar
IET Renew. Power Gener., 2020, Vol. 14 Iss. 9, pp. 1433-1452 1433
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above lack the real-time implementation procedures of these MPPT
techniques. Therefore, this paper furnishes the hardware
information of the particular technique by different authors done in
various platforms with their tracking speeds and efficiencies. Also,
parameters of these techniques, their flowcharts, and a clear
explanation of MPPT algorithm implementation is explained in
brief. In this review, an attempt is made to study the performance
of each MPPT technique based on their classification. Mainly their
immense comparison regarding parameters like control strategy
implemented in particular MPPT, micro-controllers used, sensors
placed in their application is enlisted. The fundamental objective is
to give ongoing innovation advancements in MPPT techniques.
The remainder of the paper is sorted out as follows: the
significance of tracking methods in PV systems is discussed in
Section 2. MPPT classification for PV systems is given in Section
Fig. 2 MPPT Controller, Solar PV block diagram 3. MPPT techniques based on classical methods are reviewed, and
their comparisons are included in Section 4. Then, various
energy harnessed by the respective array or module is intelligence and optimisation methods are illustrated in Sections 5,
comparatively low due to the dynamic nature of solar insolation. In 6, respectively, and their parameter comparison is also included. At
[7], Koutroulis, et al., modified two parameters in real-time, to last, the paper finishes up with a conclusion and future findings in
harness maximum power. In order to harness optimised power, Section 7.
both control parameters duty cycle (D) and the switching frequency
of the converter has to be altered. As the power generated from the 2 Significance of tracking methods in PV systems
PV panel is low, it has to increase to some ratio. The DC–DC
converter will do this. This converter makes use of PV energy as One of the most significant and testing tasks for MPPT Controller
input and output is the external load or storage supplies connected is track MPP under PSC's. Partial shading is a phenomenon that
to it. Also, these converters will make an uncontrolled DC source happens in a PV array because of uneven exposure of light to the
to a regulated one. Das et al. in [8] coined new high gain converter solar panels. Usually, the change in irradiation may happen because
for 3ϕ PV stand-alone system, which reduces partial shading and of the entry of clouds, bird droppings, and building shadows. The
parasitic capacitance effects on PV source. Fig. 2 shows a size of the array depends mostly on the power required by the
schematic diagram of the PV system with maximum power point application. Under uniform irradiance, same insolation strikes the
tracking (MPPT) controller. The framework consists of solar-based panel results in the same output current from all panels. During
PV array, power converter, MPPT control algorithm block and the PSC's, shading of at least one array results in the generation of less
load. Generally, during uniform irradiance conditions, just a single current, which directly accounts for the power loss. The
maximum power point (MPP) is created on the P–V curve of a dependence of this operating point on environmental parameters
solar array where the PV module delivers its most significant yield like angle of solar insolation, temperature, and shading makes the
power at that particular point. Under the partial shading conditions process a bit complex. As these parameters vary continuously,
(PSC's), the P–V curve of the module displays various local MPPs MPP also varies [19, 20].
(LMPP's). In general bypass diodes, are used to decrease the hot- Whenever, the configuration made of numerous solar cells
spots on PV modules. Placement of these diodes in return generates combined in series to form a module, variable insolation on one
various LMPP's, and at the same time, the controller has to track cell leads to rupture the lamination if not attended properly. So, as
the global MPP (GMPP) despite various LMPP. Dhimish, et al. [9] to decrease the effect from this operational condition, bypass
provides the novel hot-spot mitigation technique using MOSFET's diodes are connected in anti-parallel to the cells. As an outcome,
connected panel, and forward-looking infrared i5 thermal camera is significant voltage differences will not emerge in the reverse-
used to observe these hot-spots. The power loss due to the hot-spot current direction of solar cells. At-least one anti-parallel diode is
effect by these diodes has a prominent effect to consider. Because sufficient for 15–20 cells in the configuration. These diodes are
of different LMPP's, it is tough for the traditional MPPT's to helpful in the flow of current through the PV module, especially
distinguish the GMPP on the P–V curve. Thus, to accomplish this during the shaded condition and at deficient levels of voltage and
most extreme productivity from PV frameworks, some best MPPT power. This configuration in this study uses KYOCERA solar
algorithms are utilised [10]. To mitigate these limitations, KC200GT, a high efficient multi-crystal PV module as the solar
especially in PSC's, analysts have proposed few strategies and panel, which consists of four modules in three rows with bypass
techniques in the literature. In [11], Ghasemi et al., introduced a diode in each row and blocking diode as shown in Fig. 3. So that
two-step methodology based on the GMPP tracking algorithm in particular shaded panels are bypassed using anti-parallel diodes
which the proposed algorithm tracks effectively than particle (D1) which also mitigate hot-spot (increase of heat in particular
swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm in PSC's. Huang et al. [12] area) effects on the panel. In the same manner, blocking diode (D2)
introduced a methodology which predicts the MPP at a very faster is used to block the penetration of surges into the system.
rate based on a natural cubic-spline-based prediction model and Simulation results give multiple peaks, i.e. various MPPs due to the
this proposed algorithm is incorporated into the iterative search presence of shading. Out of these MPP's, one is GMPP and
process. Coelho et al. [13] gives the new temperature based MPPT remaining them are LMPP's for the whole array [21] and their
sensor, which is sophisticated in design aspects. This method presence in resultant I–V and P–V curves for the shaded panel are
utilises the fact that the module voltage directly depends on the PV shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively. For numerical analysis [22] of
panel surface temperature. In [14], Karami et al., detailed at least the MPP, Batzelis et al. detailed the MPP in both uniform and non-
40 methods, includes advanced classical methods like three-point uniform conditions precisely considering all the parameters, mainly
weight comparison method, parasitic comparison, β method, includes the insolation and temperature. During MPP, the
intelligent, and optimised techniques. However, this paper only derivative of output power P w.r.t output voltage V equals zero. As
confined to comparing the five parameters, mainly on algorithm Fig. 6 depicts the both Impp and V mpp, the MPP is tracked according
tracking. Podder et al. [15] made a comparison depending upon the to the load line with the use of appropriate MPPT technique. MPP
tracking nature. Nearly 50 techniques are reviewed, stating their in uniform conditions is described by the (1).
merits and demerits. Comparison of different mathematical
calculation/meta heuristic-based MPPT is made by [16]. Choosing dP dI Impp
=0⇔ = − (1)
an MPPT for a particular application is important during the design dV mpp dV mpp V mpp
process. References [17, 18] distinguished some of the MPP
parameters in the literature. However, the review papers mentioned
1434 IET Renew. Power Gener., 2020, Vol. 14 Iss. 9, pp. 1433-1452
Fig. 6 I–V load curve depicting MPP
by the presentation of power electronics (PE) interface between PV

source and load. The presence of the controller adequately changes
the resistance seen by the panel and henceforth makes the panel
work nearer to MPP. Controllers were proposed to alter the
operating point of the load connected by changing the duty cycle of
the converter, as shown in Fig. 6.
3 MPPT classification for PV systems

PV cells and modules generate different power based on different
environmental conditions like wind velocity, shading and angle of
Fig. 3 4*3 solar PV configuration with shaded panels solar insolation. Because of that, the generation of maximum
power is not guaranteed at all electrical loads [24]. MPPT
techniques are equipped with proper controllers to extract
maximum available power from PV configurations. There are
various types of MPPT techniques used to run PV modules on
maximum power. Nevertheless, the efficiency of the particular
technique depends on its tracking ability in instantaneously
changing weather conditions. So, depending on the tracking nature
in PSC's, these techniques are classified. Discussion is done on all
classified techniques [18, 25] and categorised into the following
classification, as shown in Fig. 7.
• Classical MPPT.
• Intelligence MPPT.
• Optimization MPPT.
For classical MPPT [25, 26], the techniques include incremental

conductance (InC), fractional open-circuit voltage (FOCV),
fractional short circuit current (FSCC), hill climbing (HC), perturb
Fig. 4 Characteristic I–V curve of the PV configuration and observe (P & O), variable step size (P & O), constant voltage
(CV), adaptive reference voltage (ARV), DC- link capacitor droop
control based MPPT, ripple correlation control (RCC), look up
table method, linearisation based MPPT, and online-MPP search
algorithm. These techniques are easily implemented because of
their less complexity in the algorithm. They are most efficient for
uniform irradiation conditions as the PV will generate only one
GMPP in these conditions. Nevertheless, these algorithms have
rapid oscillations around the MPP, and this results in the loss of
power. Furthermore, above all these classical strategies neglect the
effect of (PSCs) results in failing of tracking the genuine MPP.
Intelligence-based techniques [25, 27] includes fuzzy logic
control (FLC), artificial neural network(ANN), sliding mode
control(SMC), fibonacci series based MPPT, and Gauss–Newton
approach based MPPT. These techniques are intended for dynamic
weather changing conditions with utmost high accuracy. Their
tracking efficiencies, as well as tracking speeds, are so high. These
methods also suffer from huge control circuit complexity and big
Fig. 5 Characteristic P–V curve of the PV configuration data processing for the training of the system beforehand. FLC is a
striking technique, does not require the system knowledge for the
It is well known that there exists only a single operating point set MPPT implementation. ANN is a faster tracking technique but
apart as MPP in both I–V and P–V curves for every insolation and needs a huge amount of data (for training) to enhance the accuracy
temperature. As the MPP is environment parameter-dependent of tracking. It uses dynamic irradiation and temperature as input
which is dynamic, the MPP point keeps shifting its position and stores them as data sets. SMC is the advanced technology,
continuously [23]. Along these lines, MPPT Controllers are whose implementation is easier with tracking speeds at higher
intended to continue following MPP irrespective of parametric rates. Fibonacci and Gauss–Newton are two methods, emerging at
variations, and they structure an indispensable piece of the PV a faster rate because of their intelligence in tracking MPP by
system. One of the ideal methods for executing MPPT Controller is updating the searching range instantaneously.
Fig. 7 Basic classification of tracking techniques
method, the required sensors are limited to one, i.e. for voltage
measurement in order to have the PV module voltage V PV to get
the proper duty ratio for the converter [29]. The method is simple,
fast and easy to implement but shows limited precision. This
technique requires to measure the V oc at regular intervals.
Moreover, this technique applies to the condition where
temperature variation is less [30, 31]. Leedy et al. [32] done
Fig. 8 Schematic block diagram of CV MPPT technique
hardware implementation of this technique utilises TL494 IN from
Texas Instruments for PWM generation. Wang et al. [33] done the
practical implementation of the novel MPPT algorithm using CV
constant current (CVCC) DC–DC converter, which is enabling the
researchers to find the optimum point precisely. This algorithm
uses FM80-150VDC from OutBack Power Systems as a
commercial product to check the effectiveness of this MPPT.
Fig. 9 Schematic block diagram of ARV MPPT technique 4.2 ARV MPPT technique
Optimisation-based techniques [25, 28] include PSO, grey wolf ARV-based MPPT system is the extension strategy to CV
optimisation (GWO), cuckoo search CS-based, ant-colony technique as it has the presentation of flexibility to dynamic
optimisation (ACO), and artificial bee colony (ABC). These climatic conditions. The deliberate radiation and temperature levels
methods tend searching true MPP in dynamic environment adjust the RV for MPPT. The schematic block model of ARV
conditions also. PSO method is a faster tracking algorithm with MPPT method is given in Fig. 9. The working scope of the
reduced steady-state oscillations. Moreover, the implementation of radiation at a given temperature is separated into several divisions,
these techniques is easier with the help of low-cost and the comparing RV is recorded off-line in a truth table. The
microcontrollers. GWO can search for optimum point of working error between the reference and assessed PV voltages is
at a faster as if like wolf continuously searching for its prey. This compensated using the corresponding proportional–integral (PI)
GWO is the best evolutionary technique with independence on controller to generate a reasonable duty cycle proportional to the
system knowledge. CS-based MPPT is also a bio-inspired fitting converter that is used.
algorithm uses the nature of brood parasitism and thereby The proposed ARV procedure does not require transient
implementing levy flight methodology to obtain optimum MPP interruption of the PV module. It considers the climatic conditions
point. ACO and ABC are two emerging methodologies that also by estimating the temperature (T) and irradiation (G) levels
utilise the evolutionary-based algorithm implementation. These utilising two additional sensors than the traditional CV system and
techniques require fewer temperature and voltage sensors than one extra sensor than P&O method makes this system a bit costly.
classical ones. However, the increase in efficiency compensated for this factor.
Lasheen et al. [34] gives the simulation comparison of this method
4 Classical MPPT techniques with the CV technique. The efficiencies came almost similar
( > 99.7%) for both techniques in constant radiation (near to
4.1 Constant voltage (CV)-based MPPT technique 1000 W/m2) conditions. However, for CV efficiency falls to 98.3%
The ideal working purpose of this MPPT is to make the PV power when irradiation falls to 400 W/m2 whereas this ARV technique
to operate near the MPP by controlling the PV voltage and holds the same efficiency in all variable radiation conditions.
comparing it to a fixed reference voltage (RV) equivalent to the
V MPP. This technique of CV used for uniform irradiation conditions 4.3 Fractional short circuit current MPPT
and neglects the effect of both insolation and temperature. This CV
This technique, also called as an off-line method, appeared to be
technique estimates MPP point a bit far away from the genuine
simple in its algorithm implemented in MPP tracking procedures.
MPP. Thus, the working point is not coordinating the MPP, and
Usually, it happens that current at MPP (Impp) happens at the
consideration of different topographical positions are necessary for
the optimum RV to decrease the error value. The schematic block proximity of short circuit current Isc under some random
diagram of the CV MPPT technique is shown in Fig. 8. In this
manufacturer. As found in the above condition, this strategy is
additionally founded on estimation. It is most appropriate for low
voltage, high current applications as it is mostly based on the rule
of approximation. As the operation of this method depends on the
estimation, it is then viable for uniform irradiation conditions. The
drawback in this method will be the irregular measurement of V oc,
which results in unnecessary usage of power. After getting the
approximated value of V mpp, a closed-loop controller is used to
reach the desired voltage. Since the connection is just an
estimation, the PV array, in fact, never works at the MPP. Frezzetti
Fig. 10 Block diagram of Off-line MPPT method et al. [37] coined an improved FOCV technique named ‘smart
timer’, which can able track MPP in PSC's also. This smart timer
Table 1 Methodology of HC MPPT estimates the frequency of the sample and holds the circuit. The
Change in Change in Next perturbation hardware implementation of this technique is done, and
terminal power effectiveness is compared with conventional FOCV. This technique
voltage holds good for low power consumption applications, so had an area
positive positive positive (increment in duty ratio D) of broader scope. It uses the LTC1440 Estimator, DG412
positive negative negative (decrease in duty ratio D) Estimator, NSL-19M51 Smart timer for the sampling and holding
negative positive negative (decrease in duty ratio D) the values that it is tracking.
negative negative positive (increment in duty ratio D)
4.5 Hill Climbing (HC) method
This method is a mathematical optimum point searching algorithm.
The basic working principle of this method starts with the
appropriate initial guess to the solution, most likely to be an
arbitrary point. Then the search goes towards the best solution with
the steps of incremental change to the solution obtained. If the
obtained solution yields another best optimum point, then the
search will be repeated with the same increments. This process will
continue until there were no more improvements in the solution
[38]. The fundamental way of working procedure of these
strategies appeared in Table 1 and is the same for the remaining
techniques, but the calculations/algorithm differs for every one of
them. Two techniques are usually found in this category [39], i.e. P
& O and InC. Ahmed et al. [40] gives a detailed analysis of
selecting the initial step of the perturbation, which necessarily
should be taken care of, for faster convergence of optimal working
point. Teulings et al. [41] gave the implementation of this
technique with the microcontroller analogue–digital (A–D)
converters. The main contrast between P & O and HC is the
Fig. 11 Conventional P & O with fixed perturbation step perturbation variable. The working of InC mainly depends on the
slope of the power–voltage (P–V curve), whereas the P & O has
environmental conditions [35]. The current at MPP can be voltage as a control variable. HC technique has a duty ratio (D) as
calculated by using the (2). the perturbation variable. This HC method is the best and simple
technique implemented in any microcontroller. Also, it requires
Impp = Ki ∗ Isc (2) neither sensors for irradiation and temperature nor the solar PV
knowledge.
where factor Ki ranges in between 0.75 and 0.9. The
implementation of this technique is shown in Fig. 10. 4.6 Perturb and observe MPPT
This technique is appropriate for low current and high voltage The P&O is one of the most used MPPT techniques in the literature
applications. Above condition uncovers that this strategy is just an and easily implemented in practice by most of the authors [26, 35,
approximation, and consequently, it does not work at definite MPP. 42]. This technique relies upon the trial and error method in
Besides, the whole day operation requires irregular estimations of searching and following the MPP. P & O calculation compares the
Isc, resulting in the loss of power. A novel hybrid method of FSCC power obtained in two points on a P–V curve and then compares
with P & O method is explained in [36]. This combination the position of voltage. Then the voltage is updated accordingly
enhances the overall tracking efficiency, i.e. gives 93.4 and 91.93% (either to left or right of P–V curve) in order to track the MPP.
during normal and dynamic weather conditions, respectively. Block diagram representation of this P&O technique is shown in
Advancement in this technique is, it is implemented by connecting Fig. 11.
dSPACE DS1104 embedded card directly to the Simulink Fundamentally, this strategy checks for the change in PV cell
environment and without using the irradiation sensor also. power (dP), then checks for the sign of PV cell voltage (dV ).
According to the values obtained, D is perturbed. P–V curve data is
4.4 Fractional open circuit voltage MPPT used to analyse the actual movement of the operating point.
Depending on the curve, if the (dP/dV ) is positive, then the actual
In this method, as it is named as an off-line parameter or the FOCV point seems to be in the left half of the MPP; else in negative half.
MPPT, open circuit voltage V oc is considered as an off-line Moreover, this process proceeds until (dP/dV ) equivalents to zero.
parameter as given in the same Fig. 10. The relation between The algorithm flow chart is shown in Fig. 12. At the extreme point
(V mpp) and V oc is given as of any P–V curve, MPP is given by (4). The position of MPP
(either left or right) is determined by using (5), (6).
V mpp = Kv ∗ V oc (3)
dPPV
The estimation of Kv is somewhere in the range of 0.7–0.8 [18, 24] = 0 = MPP (4)
dV PV
and can be known with the help of the data-sheet provided by the
dPPV
> 0 Left side of MPP (5)
dV PV
dPPV
< 0 Right side of MPP (6)
dV PV
The implementation of this method with Simulink blocks will be

done in Matlab [26], and the same is shown in Fig. 13. As this
technique is most commonly used, thereby it can be easily
executed in a micro-controller environment with the usage of two
sensors in order to read both voltage and current of PV cell.
Referring to the paper written by Sera et al. [43], it is revealed that
time taken for reaching to track the MPP is 2.5 s, and its tracking
efficiency is about 97.6%. The setup consists of Simulink to
hardware interfacing dSPACE 1103 controller board with Texas
Instruments TMS320F335 controller board. The results obtained
are maintaining the EN 50530 standards for efficiencies in both
static and dynamic conditions. Pandey et al. [44] gives the latest
improvements in this technique.
4.7 Variable step size P & O method

This method is the improved version for the Conventional P & O
[45–48]. Toward the beginning of the calculation, the RV (V ref ) is
set at about 0.8*V oc, where V oc is the open-circuit voltage of the
array. In their two modes of operation, i.e. voltage search mode and
MPP search mode, the former one drives the operating point to
come almost nearer to the MPP, and the latter one helps to calculate
the exactness of MPP. The peak is tracked first by applying
variable/modified P & O computation. The GMPP is tracked when Fig. 12 Flowchart of P & O algorithm
there is a high chance of partial shading. In this technique,
unnecessary following of GMPP is avoided like in conventional P
& O. The proposed algorithm gives us the chance of shorter effort
to follow the true MPP. Jiang et al. [49] gave a clear explanation of
different types of adaptive P & O algorithms and coined new
MPPT algorithm named load-current adaptive step-size and
perturbation frequency (LCASF) MPPT algorithm. Finally
compared the LCASF MPPT with conventional P & O. The Fig. 13 Implementation of P & O method through MatLab/Simulink
analysis gives that when perturbation of step size is small (e.g. 1%)
then both algorithms are nearly tracking with the same speed and system is going to increase proportionally. While the current is
efficiency. However, when the perturbation is high (e.g. 4%), the increasing, the voltage V Link can be kept steady as long as the
LCASF algorithm has the efficiency of 91% compared to 88% of power required by the inverter does not surpass the greatest power
conventional P & O. So, the LCASF gives the better results with accessible from the PV array. If the V Link is not designed for the
faster tracking and best efficiency by utilising hardware with less maximum power, unable to maintain its steady-state, then it will
cost and size. Kollimalla et al. [50] gave the novel adaptive P & O start drooping. Just before the happening of droop in the capacitor,
by improving the factors causing losses in classical P & O. the control circuit gives a signal to maintain the peak current Ipeak
Khaehintung et al. [51] done the hardware implementation by of the inverter is at its most extreme and the PV exhibit works at
using FPGA-based dsPIC30F2010 microcontroller to provide the MPP. The AC system line current gives the feedback to
control signals for the forward converter. The system consists of anticipate V Link from drooping and D is upgraded to bring Ipeak to
PV module Solar MSX-60 connected to forward converter
its most extreme, in this way accomplishing MPPT. DC-link
operating with switching frequency set to 40 kHz. The LV-25 and
capacitor droop control does not require the calculation of the PV
Hall sensor LA100 are the two sensors used to sense both voltage
system power. However, its response reduces because its actual
and current from the PV panel. By this advancement in this
control parameter relies upon the of the DC voltage control of the
conventional system, the efficiency is raised to 96%.
inverter. This control circuit can be effectively actualised with
simple analogue amplifiers and basic logic circuit units. The
4.8 DC-link capacitor droop control schematic model of this technique is shown in Fig. 14 and the dc-
As the name suggests, this DC-link capacitor droop control MPPT link capacitor value Cdc is calculated as a function of the desired
technique is highly reliable in decreasing the drooping nature of the hold-up time. The value of the dc-link capacitor in terms of hold-
capacitor to work on a PV system which is in parallel to the AC up time is calculated using the (8).
system line. For a particular converter duty ratio (D) is calculated
by the (7). Output Power Rated ∗ (Hold − upTime)
Cdc = 2 ∗ (8)
(V d2 , nominal − V d2 , min) ∗ η
V PV
D=1− (7)
V Link The voltage of link capacitor Cdc is maintained at the same value
despite a variation in the input side source. Kitano et al. [52] gave
where V PV is the voltage over the PV system and V Link is the the in-depth analysis on variation in V Link uniquely when it is
voltage over the DC–link. The MPP of the PV system is well integrated to the grid. The circuit added low pass filter (LPF) to
maintained by the combined work of converter, inverter and the mitigate the negative sequence components which are generated by
control command [18]. The V Link is mostly kept steady, thereby a grid into the system. Adaptive droop control for inverters in both
increases the current going in the inverter, builds the power going isolated and grid tide modes is proposed by Vasquez et al. [53, 54].
to the boost converter and therefore overall power from the PV
curve can be represented by a straight line dP/dI = 0 [14]. A
straight forward simple circuit is used, to analyse and recognise the
converging purpose of these I–V and P–V curves. The main idea is
to transform the non-linear circuit into the linear one, such that the
linear control strategies can be easily applied. Ovono Zue et al.
[56] gave the broad analysis with numerical equations by using
small-signal analysis on the system. Simulation performed by
Guisser et al. [57] on the proposed non-linear control, which is
based on input-output feedback linearisation give accurate results
in both real and estimated conditions.
4.11 Look-up table method

Fig. 14 Topology of a DC-link capacitor droop control In this strategy, the calculated values of the PV voltage and current
are compared, with previously stored values which in turn makes
the idea of reaching the MPP point. In this method, the database
will have particular value for all the corresponding data of solar
insolation and temperature and the MPP point for those values will
be there [14]. Nevertheless, accessing this much amount of data is
also a block for using this technique. Moreover, in order to get the
highest accurate tracking, the operating conditions have to be
increased, which indeed need more storage data. Thus, a trade-off
between the accuracy and the bulk data is necessary. In this
method, Pmax is a function depending on two parameters
characterised in (9).
V PV × IMPP = f (Pmax) (9)
In this technique, a PI type controller alters the duty cycle of the

DC–DC converter. If the current IMPP and power Pmax of the PV
source is zero, which will be equal to the predetermined reference
value, then the zero error is reached. This tracking scheme is
specific for array; thus, the implementation is quite complex. Kota
et al. [58] implemented the two-dimensional (2D) look-up table
methodology by using the data of P&O P–V MPP data curve.
Experimental results obtained show that this technique is well
efficient than conventional P&O technique. Aref et al. [59] also
implemented this method on a microcontroller Aurdino Nano. This
Arduino Nano uses the stored MPPT values and for the particular
insolation values generates the appropriate duty ratio by adjusting
the sine amplitude by implementing sine pulse width modulation.
4.12 Incremental conductance MPPT

Fig. 15 Process flow of on-line search algorithm
The InC strategy depends on the way that the derivative of the
4.9 On-line MPP search algorithm output power P w.r.t the panel voltage V is equivalent to zero at the
MPP. The execution strategy of InC through the flowchart is shown
The MPP search-identification calculation is situated inside the in Fig. 16. Here in this method, all the data will be intended to use
MPPT block, which incorporates the MPP identifier as well as an the slope of the P–V curve of the system and tracks the MPP with
MPP tracker. In this calculation, as given below in Fig. 15, the that data. If the slope of the P–V curve or the derivative of the PV
primary task is to decide the estimation of reference greatest power array power (dP/dV) is zero, then only the process of tracking is
and the present power is compared with it. This distinction is called accomplished. Whenever the atmospheric conditions are changing
the most extreme power error. To have the PV system be worked at rapidly, tracking of MPP will be harder, and the rate of tracking
its MPP, the most extreme power error ought to be zero or close to also decreases in exponential rate due to the consistent change of
zero [14]. The drawback of this particular technique is that it the P–V curve. It is not very easy to maintain the operating point in
cannot estimate the exact MPP if the load is in less quantity. So, to those conditions. Many adaptive step size techniques are
overcome this load deficiency, an extra load has to be connected to introducing to extract MPP without oscillations. The
feed the extra current of the PV module. The thinktank of this implementation of this method with Simulink blocks is done in
method will be the updating process of the previous MPP if there is Matlab [26], and the same representation is given in Fig. 17. This
a change in atmospheric conditions. Hua et al. [55] utilising boost strategy essentially utilises the same way from P & O to reach
current converter implemented the simulation of this technique on MPP, however, utilises the unique relationship of the current–
Texas TMS320C240 DSP control board. The National Instruments voltage (I–V ) curve. This calculation understands current and
Company AT-MIO-16E-10 is used as the data acquisition board voltage estimations of PV cell and measures derivative of PV cell
with the Libview software interfacing the DSP. current (dI) and PV cell voltage (dV ) [60–62]. The PV current–
voltage curve is utilised to decide the trajectory of the working
4.10 Linearisation-based MPPT point. Because of its medium unpredictability and better
subsequent execution as per P & O technique, it has all the
Non-linear characteristics of both solar PV and PE converter, qualities of being the most well known one in the literature for
demands the conversion of this non-linearity to some extent. From uniform conditions [63–65]. Equations (10)–(19) give the
the available data of both I–V and P–V curves, the linearisation is mathematical approach for calculating the position of MPP on the
done from the knowledge of MPP. This strategy graphically P–V curve.
distinguishes the intersecting point of two curves, the power curve
of the PV system by f (P, I) = 0. The maximum output power P=V∗I (10)
dP d(VI) is accomplished. In this technique, the values of PV voltage and
= (11)
dV dV current are sensed using two sensors. Besides the low efficiency of
the PV system, the addition of power converters will increase the
the chain rule for the derivative of products yields ripple content. The switching actions of the converter will also
make this situation a little worse. These all conditions will add up
dV dI to the ripple content increase, thereby directly affecting the PV
I +V =0 (12)
dI dV system output power [26, 70–72]. Boonmee et al. [73]
implemented the grid-connected PV system by the help of this
dP dI RCC technique, and the setup consists of two interface components
I+V =0 (13)
dV dV like a dSPACE DS1104 controller board with TMS320F240 slave
processor and I/O interface board CP1104. This method shows
1 dP I dI good results for controlling the grid current by utilising P-Q
= + =0 (14) controller. Furthermore, THD is well within the IEEE and IEC
V dV V dV
standards with the value of 4.6 % in the grid current produced by
At peak power point, the grid inverter. This technique utilises the pyranometer model
Novalynx Corporation/240-8101/2 to measure the irradiation
dP I dI during experimental testing. The comparison of various parameters
= 0, + =0 (15) in this classification is given in Tables 2 and 3. Table 4 gives the
dV V dV
contribution of different classical MPPT techniques based on
If the operating point is to the right of the curve then we have literature.
dP 5 Intelligence MPPT techniques

< 0, then if
dV
(16) 5.1 Artificial neural network (ANN)
I dI
+ < 0, V is decreased,
V dV ANN is the intelligence-based advanced MPPT technique, due to
its inherent nature of the learning process and biological nature of
I dI neurons. Fundamentally, the ANN can be represented by a directed
if + > 0, V is increased . (17)
V dV
If the operating point is to the left of the curve then we have
dP
> 0 then if
dV
(18)
I dI
+ > 0, V is increased,
V dV
I dI
if + > 0, V is decreased . (19)
V dV
Like P & O technique, it is difficult to make (dI/dV) equivalent

to (−I /V), subsequently power loss was not as much as P&O has
shown up. This strategy is more quickly and resistive than P&O yet
it cannot discover GMPP in nearby MPPs like P&O. The basic
microcontroller is well enough for the execution of this technique.
Both voltage and current sensors are utilised as in the case of P&O.
The improved InC prove better in many aspects of tracking speed
and efficiency, and contemporary papers gave the broad
implementation of this improved InC methodologies [66–68]. As
detailed in reference [43], this strategy implemented on controller
board can reach MPP in 2.3 s, and its efficiency is ∼ 98.5%. The
bigger the increments of the system, the higher is the tracking
efficiency. However, the system will oscillate around the MPP with
the higher increments, which also results in inefficient yielding of
MPP. Sivakumar et al. [69] gives the hardware implementation of
the improved InC method in the TMDS SOLAR EXP KIT (Solar
explorer kit) C2000 microcontroller environment. Results show
that the non-linear loading problem is also attended and tracking is
done in those conditions by which MPPT give accurate results.
Both conventional and improved methods are compared when Fig. 16 Flowchart of the InC algorithm
connected to the grid.
4.13 Ripple correlation control

The basic methodology is to find the voltage derivative of power
dP/dV, which is the main parameter in finding the MPP. The power
converter consists of a voltage and current controller, which has the
capability of sensing the voltages from the inverter in order to
generate a reference signal. As a matter of fact, the RCC technique
makes use of ripples to do the task of tracking the MPP point. RCC
corresponds to the time derivative of the variable PV power with
the time derivative of the time-varying PV array current or voltage
to drive the power slope to zero. Thus the way of tracking the MPP Fig. 17 Implementation of InC method using PI controller [26]
Table 2 Comparison of MPPT techniques based on classical algorithm [10, 18, 26, 35]
Technique Sampling Tracking Tracking SP Complexity Parameter Periodic Stability A/D Efficiency, % Cost
rate speed accuracy tuning tuning
CV low slow low V simple yes yes no A 72.8 [38] INEX
ARV low medium medium V&C simple yes yes no A, D 98 [34] INEX
FOCV low slow low V simple yes yes no A, D 92.4 [35] INEX
FSCC low slow medium C simple yes yes no A, D 93.4 [35] INEX
P&O low slow medium V&C complex no no no A, D 97.6 [26] affordable
improved P & O medium medium high V&C complex no no yes D 96 [50] EX
HC medium medium medium V&C simple no no no D 54.12 [38] EX
InC low slow medium V&C complex no no yes D 98.5 [26] affordable
RCC high fast high V&C complex yes no very stable D 96.4 [26] EX
DC-Link high medium high V&C simple yes no yes D — EX
capacitor droop
control
on-Line MPP medium medium high V&C medium yes no yes D — EX
search algorithm
look up table low fast high I&T simple yes yes memory D 98.4 [35] INEX
method based
linearisation low fast low I medium yes no yes D — INEX
based MPPT
Note: SP, sensed parameters; V, voltage; C, current; I, irradiance; T, temperature; A, analogue; D, digital; EX, expensive; INEX, inexpensive.
Table 3 Classical MPP tracking techniques: simulation, implementation of hardware and remarks [14, 15, 18, 58]
Technique Control G I (DC–DC) or Simulink/ Tracking in Remarks
strategy (DC–AC) hardware PSC
CV InC no DC–DC Matlab no CV technique uses only one sensor and PI controller,
which makes its performance fast and robust.
ARV SM no DC–DC Matlab no two additional sensors are needed for irradiance and
temperature
open circuit voltage InC no DC–DC Matlab no FOCV is an indirect method which adjust proportionality
MPPT constant K w.r.t changes in irradiance and temperature.
short circuit current InC no DC–DC Matlab and no FSCC is also an indirect method same as FOCV
MPPT hardware
P&O SM no DC–DC Matlab and no algorithm is of normal level, make use of only one sensor
hardware for the tracking purpose.
improved P & O SM no DC–DC Matlab no distinguishes the local peaks and the Global peak in no
simulation time to increase the tracking speed.
HC SM no DC–DC simulation no implementation is independent of PV array parameters
InC SM no DC–DC Matlab and no very adaptive for different solar environments, best
hardware dynamic nature, and the oscillation around the MPP is
less.
RCC InC no DC–DC DSP yes less number of parameters required such that complexity
reduces. Quickly to converge to MPP.
DC-Link capacitor MM no DC–DC Matlab and no this is best for the system which is connected in parallel to
droop control hardware the line and control is done in a bi-directional way.
on-line MPP search MM yes two stages DSP yes tracking speed increased, tracking error reduced.
algorithm
look up table method InC no DC–DC Matlab and no this tracks MPP faster than other conventional methods,
hardware but it requires a lot of off-line calculations and colossal
storage space .
linearisation based SM yes DC–DC Matlab no linear control can also be possible on non-linear systems
MPPT
Note: GI, grid integration; InC, incremental conductance; SM, sampling method; MM, modulation method; PSC's, partial shading conditions.
chart where the nodes and the edges will be the neurons and the hyperbolic tangent sigmoid, and Log-sigmoid. Two distinctive
synapses respectively [81, 82]. The model of a neuron is given, and primary sorts of ANN's structure emerge from how the neurons are
its activation function (AF) formulation is shown in Fig. 18, where associated with one another: the feedforward neural network
Z is the argument of the AF and is given by the (20). (FNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN). The ANN with a
multi-layer feed-forward system, i.e. overall three layers input,
M hidden and output layers are shown in Fig. 19. The input to this
Z= ∑ XmWm + α (20) technique can be the PV module parameters like V OC and ISC, the
m=1
environmental information like irradiance and temperature, or any
combination of these two. Furthermore, the output will be the V MPP
X1, X2, …, XM are the M incoming signals, W 1, W 2, …, W M are the
or V ref or GMPP. The process is done in the essential hidden layer,
related synapses weights and α is the bias parameter. Generally, AF
adjusts the weights and bias to estimate the best-targeted value, i.e.
is a converter of a linear function to non-linear function, consists of
Table 4 Classical MPPT techniques, previous work done
Ref. Year MPPT GI CV DC–DC Observations
no. converter
[33] 2016 CV no array V boost the proposed algorithm's working is compared with a company manufactured high-
converter efficient MPPT, namely solar charger with advanced MPPT function, FM80-150VDC
from OutBack Power Systems.
[34] 2017 ARV no V boost this method is an improvement to CV, and this ARV based MPPT is modelled and
done simulation against conventional P & O and CV MPPTs.
[35] 2017 FOCV no V & C boost in this paper, intelligent novel FOCV connected fractional order InC is coined, and
operation is done in Matlab.
[35] 2017 FSCC no V & C boost in this paper, a novel hybrid FSCC with P & O method is performed on dSPACE
DS1104-based experimental setup, and the initial guess of a proportional constant is
selected in an intelligent way such that irradiance sensor is not required.
[26] 2017 P&O no V & C boost PV system is simulated using variable irradiance and temperature, but due to fixed-
step perturbation, huge oscillations are present, which reduces overall efficiency.
[74] 2018 variable P & O yes V boost (LPF) in this, MPP is achieved by using an efficient methodology of variable step P & O
algorithm.
[40] 2012 HC no V or C boost the essential factor of the initial guess for the perturbation variable is demonstrated
converter with numerical analysis.
[75] 2015 InC yes V or C boost thermoelectric generators are connected as the load to the system where InC with
converter boost converter supplied the load. The performance of this InC has compared with P
& O also.
[76] 2016 RCC yes V & C boost the RCC technique is utilised with Fuzzy based MPPT, and the PV system is
converter integrated into the grid. As the Ripple is always present in the converter, there is no
need for separate perturbation variable.
[77] 2017 DC-Link yes V & C push–pull the essential factor of sizing of the DC-link capacitor is explained, and this technique
capacitor is compared with the current control method for the integrated grid system.
[78] 2007 on-line MPP yes V & C boost real-time data is taken into consideration so; the process is done at a faster rate; the
converter MPP is acquired quickly. This method is simple, cost viable and can be applied to
large PV systems as it requires only two measurements.
[79] 2013 look-up table no V boost both reference irradiances and temperatures are directly obtained from a 2D look-up
converter table. As the process of searching is not there for perturbation variable, it is very fast
in tracking GMPP.
[80] 2011 linearisation no V boost in this, IOFLC (input–output feedback linearisation control) is employed with InC
MPPT converter MPPT control for the integrated grid system, and results show that the MPP is
tracked at a faster rate. THD limits are well within grid standards like IEEE1547.
Note: GI, grid integration; CV, control variable; LPF, low pass filter; V, voltage; C, current.
The capability of this technique (ANN) to effectively

distinguish the genuine GMPP relies upon the learning procedure
as well as on the ANN's structure. The more the quantity of data
sets (V PV, IPV) at which the P–V curve is assessed the more chances
of the P–V curve approaches the GMPP. The neurons of ANN have
the capability of parallel processing, unlike in other techniques.
Weights are updated according to the function utilised in the hidden
layers. Moreover, all the weights are re-initialised at a time, which
gives rapid responses(faster in the process). However, the
technique accuracy rests on the quantity of data itself. In the
Fig. 18 Formulation of neural network-AF literature, ANN is mainly applied to uniform conditions [83] only
due to its dependency on the PV characteristics like module,
configurations, and shading. So, if the configuration is altered, then
the ANN has to re-trained for the system. However, research is
continuing to make this ANN work in PSC's. Syafaruddin et al.[84]
gives the ANN implementation to PSC's considering various
shading conditions with different configurations. This technique is
compared with the conventional techniques like P& O and InC, and
ANN is giving better results in those PSC's. References [85, 86]
details the factors to be considered while designing the ANN for
PSC's. The detailed implementation of ANN is shown in Fig. 20.
Himaya et al. [87] demonstrates the selection of PV panels for the
efficient use of this ANN technique in order to foresee the real-
time problems. Younis et al. [88] coined the improved MPPT
technique using the ANN methodology. Rai et al. [89] gives the
simulation of this ANN technique by considering variable PV
Fig. 19 Multi-layer FNN parameters. This technique is easier to implement in a small micro-
controller with low costs, and hardware implementation includes
GMPP with the available input sets. It will yield us the duty cycle the low calculation based controller with the best AF in the model.
signal that drives the converter to follow the MPP dependent on the So calculations are done at a very faster rate; thereby, the rate of
calculation utilised in that layer. convergence towards the output is high. Zhang et al. [90] modelled
the hybrid genetic algorithm(GA)-ANN based MPPT technique
rules, which is one primary component out of three. In general,
fuzzy technique comprises of three stages, namely fuzzification,
rule base query table (fuzzy rules), and defuzzification [94, 95].
In fuzzification, the inputs of PV parameters are transformed
into the linguistic variables, i.e. crisp quantity is converted into
fuzzy quantity (fuzzy set). Mainly if-then rules are designed to give
linguistic variables input and output relational parameters by
utilising the human knowledge to design for appropriate
application need. Defuzzification is an inversion process to
fuzzification, where mathematical relations are used to extract
linguistic or crisp inputs. In this process mainly maximum
membership function, centroid method, weighted average methods
are utilised for computation. In the defuzzification procedure, the
FLC output is changed over from a linguistic variable to a
numerical variable, and this will be giving as an analogue signal to
the converter used. The rule base table is the core part of the FLC,
where the tuning of the technique to our application is made. The
working of FLCs lies in the continuous change of the duty ratio in
the converter from the information of change in error and the
voltage error with the aim of panel voltage will be equivalent to the
maximum voltage(V mpp). With the comparison of instantaneous PV
array voltage with the RV, the voltage error is calculated. In
Fig. 20 Detailed implementation of ANN method contrast, the RV is the maximum voltage of the module at that
instant of solar radiation. In this way, the most significant voltage
and RV changes as indicated by sun powered irradiance. The
implementation of this technique for a solar PV system is
represented in Fig. 21. Usually, the inputs to an MPPT fuzzy logic
controller are an error E and a change in error ΔE is expressed in
(21) and (22).
V PV(n) ∗ IPV(n) − V PV(n − 1) ∗ IPV(n − 1)

E(n) = (21)
V PV(n) − V PV(n − 1)
ΔE(n) = E(n) − E(n − 1) (22)

Fig. 21 Block diagram of FLC MPPT technique
when E and ΔE are determined and changed over to the phonetic
factors, the output of the fuzzy controller, which is the adjustment
in the converter's duty cycle ΔD. The error difference between the
V ref and V pv is ev given as an input to the FLC and change in load
angle, Δδ is output of the FLC [96, 97]. The block-level
implementation of FLC is shown in Fig. 22. FLC is proven best to
work in dynamic changing atmospheric conditions. Syafaruddin et
al. [84] coined the neuro-fuzzy technique, which explains the
importance of hybrid technique along with distributed MPPT. The
converters are placed for each array in the 4*3 solar PV
Fig. 22 Control block diagram of fuzzy logic controller configurations. This technique is tracking the MPP at a faster rate
in PSC's, and accuracy is also very high but suffers from the factor
and resulted obtained tracking MPP at a faster rate. Literature of higher costs due to the converter placement at every array. FLC
works [91, 92] are the two conference papers gives the RNN-based efficiency depends on choosing best membership functions to get
ANN procedure tracking in variable atmospheric conditions. the error value down to zero, and the rule base table also finds its
Literature works [28, 93] gives an overall review of these artificial prominence in this MPPT technique effectiveness. Priyadarshi et
intelligent techniques. al. [98] gave the hybrid artificial neural fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS) methodology for the improvement in both tracking speed
5.2 Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) and efficiency of the system. It uses dSPACE as the interfacing
element for the code in the controller. Kottas et al. [99] gives the
The conventional tracking techniques need to be more robust in novel MPPT technique with fuzzy cognitive networks.
hardware implementation for tracking under PSC's. So controller
design has to be modernised for the optimal tracking. For the
controller design, the PV system has to be modelled into 5.3 Sliding mode controller (SMC)
mathematical form. Modelling of the controller is easier for the This work details a highly intelligent, sliding-mode
uniform irradiation conditions. Nevertheless, the problem gets controller(SMC) a non-linear tracking technique which gives quick
critical when it comes to design for the PSC's as the system will be and exact MPP in grid-connected PV systems utilising a single
overly complicated. So an intelligent technique came into control organise. The basic idea of the methodology is to control
limelight, which does not require the mathematical modelling of the DC–DC converter by sensing the current of the capacitor. The
the system. In this modern world, when control strategies are sliding mode is described in three modes, namely traversability,
advancing to greater extents, design of any trackers dependent on reachability and equivalent control. First, the best sliding surface
Fuzzy logic is viewed as intelligent, since they track the MPP has to choose according to the application. This non-linear
regardless of whether the sources of info are uncertain. Fuzzy technique controls the non-linear parameters of the system. The
controllers need not bother with a precise scientific model of the main advantage will be the independent nature of this technique
PV system. This FLC is advantageous over other techniques in two regardless of the PV array or size of the configuration. This non-
ways mainly: (i) It does not require the exact mathematical model linear technique shows robust nature and quick to track the MPP
of the system, (ii) The way of controller design is in hand of and also decrease the ripple produced by the converter, especially
humans only. Human expertise is utilised in designing the fuzzy when it is integrated into the grid. It utilises the control equation to
results showed that operation converges to the MPP in several tens
of milliseconds [103]. Bianconi et al. [104] performed the
hardware implementation of this current sensing algorithm along
with the P & O technique. In this implementation, the 100HZ
voltage oscillation noise was successfully removed without using
an additional feedback loop. Thus SMC provides the best MPP
tracking with this hybrid combination. Bianconi et al. [105] gives a
novel fast current based SMC technique.
5.4 Fibonacci series based MPPT

This Fibonacci series based MPPT method is an intelligent iterative
search method, which reduces the searching time significantly by
reducing the operating range. This strategy iteratively confines and
then moves to look through the range to get an optimum working
point. The direction to which it has to shift is depending upon the
two approximate points V 1, V 2 in the range of V min and V max. This
technique is like a divide and conquers approach, continually
changing its operating range by the use of the previous iteration.
Fibonacci series is modelled in this numerical approach given in
(24) and (25).
Rn + 2 = Rn + 1 + Rn(n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …) (24)
R1 = R2 = 1
The sequence is calculated as
R3 = 2, R4 = 3, R5 = 5, R6 = 8, R7 = 13… (25)
Fig. 23 Flowchart of Sliding mode controller Fibonacci series mainly comes into working for restricting the
operating point and its length. The flow of the process of the basic
Fibonacci method is shown in Fig. 24, which represents the setting
of the operating length with those Fibonacci numbers. This
intelligent algorithm always decreases the range making sure that
the optimal point always lies inside the range. Two points V 1, V 2
are selected and the function f ( = P) i.e. f (V 1), f (V 2) is used to
locate the maximum point by the use of the searching algorithm. If
this condition f (V 1) < f (V 2), then maximum point must occur in
between [V 1, V max] where V 1 = V min, V max=V max. Then the search
process is adjusted to new range [V min, V max]. Otherwise, if
f (V 1) > f (V 2), then maximum point must occur in between [V max,
V 2] where then range will change to V min = V min, and V 2 = V max.
The downside of this search methodology is that the range of
search will be reversed if the insolation change happens drastically.
So choosing the best operating range at the initialisation will be the
solution for this so that the operating range will not go out of the
limit [106]. So, Ramaprabha et al. [107] comes with a solution to
this problem by adjusting the power ripple and widening the search
range by accurately approximating at the time of initialisation.
Improved Fibonacci search algorithm flow process is shown in Fig.
25. Experimentation is done with this technique to track GMPP in
Fig. 24 Search process of Fibonacci series based MPPT PSC's, and it is easily capable of tracking. This method is fast,
accurate, and it neither requires sensors to estimate irradiation and
make the system parameters to stay on the sliding surface temperature nor accurate system model. Reference [108] is the
irrespective of the change occurred in the source side. It utilises conference paper of this Fibonacci series based MPPT technique.
only one current sensor, thereby reducing the overall cost of the
system. Tan et al., clearly explains the design aspects of the sliding
surface [100]. 5.5 Gauss–Newton approach based MPPT
This method depends on computing the variation of the PV The Gauss–Newton method is the fastest one among these
power versus the PV voltage and calculated by using the (23) mathematical computational MPPT techniques. It is named after
two great scientists Carl Friedrich Gauss and Issac Newton. It is
dPPV dIPV mainly used to solve non-linear problems associated with the least
S= = IPV + V PV ∗ (23)
dV PV dV PV square approximation. As it is a modification of the Newton
method, it should minimise the sum of a squared value of that
where S will discover the exact value of operating voltage particular objective function. The central postulate of this method
dependent on the area of the MPP. The procedure of hardware is that no need for computing the second-order derivatives, which
implementation based SMC is shown in Fig. 23, where the are very complex to solve. This type of intelligent methods reduces
stepwise flow process is given. Thus, DC/DC converter is the no. of iterations by accurately approximating the initial guess
controlled by the above strategy [101, 102]. This strategy, for the values of the function. So there should be a trade-off between the
most part, utilises a hysteretic mode control of the DC–DC computation/memory Vs No. of iterations while selecting these
converter. It is rapid; however, experiences an unstable switching algorithms for unconstrained minimisation [18, 109]. In Gauss–
frequency in the converter utilised. Simulation and experimental
Fig. 25 Flowchart for Fibonacci algorithm based search MPPT
Table 5 Comparison of MPPT techniques based on intelligent algorithms [84, 93, 94, 112]
Technique Sampling Tracking Tracking SP Complexity P T Periodic Stability A/D Efficiency, % Cost
rate speed accuracy tuning
ANN high medium high I&T simple yes yes very stable digital 98 [28] expensive
FLC high fast high V&C medium yes yes very stable digital 97.87 [95] affordable
SMC high very fast medium V&C high yes no very stable digital — expensive
Fibonacci series high very fast high V&C medium yes yes very stable digital — affordable
MPPT
Gauss–Newton medium fast medium V&C high no no stable digital — affordable
MPPT
Note: SP, sensed parameters; V, voltage; C, current; I, irradiance; T, temperature; A, analogue; D, digital; PT, parameter tuning.
Newton approximation, the goal is to disintegrate the objective 6 Optimisation-based MPPT

function f =l ⋆ m into two types mainly
This paper surveys optimisation-based procedures demonstrated to
• Vector-based model or regression function be effective and feasible to implement and extremely common in
literature for MPPT, including their limits and points of interest.
• Scalar-valued loss (such as the sum squared variation between
anticipated output and the target value(l))
6.1 Particle swarm optimisation(PSO) based MPPT
The objective function is therefore represented using the technique
mathematical analysis with the help of (26)–(28). PSO is one of the best swarm-based MPP technique, gets its base
from the social behaviour of birds flocking. The main idea behind
mi = yi − r(ti, X) (yi, ti) i = 1, 2, …P (26) this bio-process will be each PV array or module is seen as the
molecule and MPP is seen as the target objective to track. Along
P
these lines, all PV modules are slaves for one master module, and
f (x)=1/2 ∗ ∑ ((yi − r(ti, X)) 2
(27) every module is communicating with its master controller to track
i=1
the required MPP.
The PSO calculation contains an individual swarm (called
i.e
particles), where every particle represents a candidate solution.
Particles pursue a straightforward conduct: emulate the tracking of
l= ∑ ((mi) ) 2
(28) neighbouring particles and its very own trajectory. The position of
a particle is, in this manner, affected by the best particle in an area
This method is beneficial for applying to non-linear systems. By Pbest just as the best arrangement found by every one of the
the help of this method, very complex equations are solved particles in the whole population Gbest [28]. The position of a
efficiently, and their calculations improvements are given in [110]. particle is, in this way, impacted by the best molecule in an area
Farayola et al. [111] done the extensive simulations using this Pbest just as the best arrangement found by every one of the
Gauss–Newton approach and comparison of CGSVM (coarse- particles in the whole population Gbest. The particle position xi is
Gaussian support vector machine). The novel method is compared
with the three types of MPPT techniques (ANN, ANFIS and ANN balanced utilising the (29).
-P&O) is done. The comparison of various parameters of this
particular intelligent-based MPPT Techniques is given in Tables 5 xik + 1 = xik + Ψki + 1 (29)
and 6. The contribution of different intelligent MPPT techniques
based on literature is given in brief in Table 7.
Table 6 Intelligent MPP tracking techniques: simulation, implementation of hardware and remarks [18, 27–29, 84]
Technique Control strategy G I Simulink/ Tracking Remarks
hardware under
PSC's
ANN back propagation yes simulation and yes the ANN has to train with the appropriate irradiation and temperature
hardware along with the V ref or V mpp. Extensive data is needed for the training
procedure. PV information like module utilised, no. of modules and
shading patterns have to be considered.
FLC fuzzy inference yes Matlab & yes this technique is implemented without the knowledge of the PV system,
system hardware and also its inputs are imprecise.
SMC current sensing yes Matlab/hardware yes the sliding mode controller (non-linear) is implemented such that the
sliding surface will be useful as the trajectory for the optimum point
search.
Fibonacci continuous range yes Matlab and yes the MPP is intelligently tracked at a very faster rate by inherently
MPPT updation hardware updating its range. The method uses the Fibonacci series based
searching algorithm for approaching the optimum point.
Gauss–Newton reduction in MSE yes Matlab and yes the algorithm is off at a faster level, uses a mathematical approach for a
MPPT hardware reduction in iterations, no need of solving second order derivatives.
Note: GI, grid integration; MSE, mean square error and PSC's, partial shading conditions.
Table 7 Intelligent MPPT techniques, previous work done

Authors Ref. Year MPPT Input Output Observations
no. parameters parameter
Elobaid et al. [92] 2012 ANN T amb, Isc Pmax, V mpp the ANN is trained using a Levenberg Marquardt AF function with the
trainlm training function and the ANN-based MPPT algorithm is tested
under two dynamic variations in the MATLAB environment. Results
show that ANN is well able to track the MPP in those PSC's also. Data
is acquired from 35 P–V curves.
Li et al. [113] 2019 FLC Ppv, V pv V ref a novel β parameter based FLC is coined with three input and one
output, and the hardware implementation is done, and the this β
method will reduce the no. of membership functions.
Kihal et al. [114] 2018 SMC V pv, Ipv V mpp, V ref a novel voltage-oriented MPPT for the standalone system is proposed
with the end goal of dynamic fast-tracking under PSC's. This method
uses the adaptive integral derivative sliding mode controller for the full
tracking to the optimum point.
Zhang et al. [115] 2019 Fibonacci- T, P Pmax under the uniform illumination environment, and non-uniform
based MPPT illumination environment, the working this method is validated and
improved Fibonacci method is utilised for decreasing the search range.
Yu et al. [112] 2018 Gauss– V, I V max the parameters which are modified for the PV system are modelled by
Newton this Gauss–newton method, and improved method, namely proposed
MPPT Gauss–Newton is developed and simulated in Matlab platform.
where the velocity part Ψi speaks to the progression size. The track at the starting whereas the conventional one took 2 s to reach
velocity is determined by the (30). the MPP. At time t = 4 s, variable insolation makes the system to
search for MPP again, and it took 0.1 s, and at t = 8 s, this hybrid
ψ ik + 1 = wψ ik + c1r1[Pbest − xik] + c2r2[Gbest − xik] (30) combination took just 0.1 s to track the GMPP. The overall
efficiency of the system is getting increased by this novel
where w is the inertia weight, c1 and c2 are the increasing speed combination of PSO -InC. Badis et al. [118] made a similar attempt
coefficients, r1, r2, Uϵ(0, 1), Pbesti is the individual best position of by cascading PSO with GA, and it decreases the complexity to
some extent. Ishaque et al. [119] also coined an IPSO, which will
molecule i, and Gbest is the best position of the particles in the
decrease the steady-state oscillations. Ghasemi et al. [11] well
whole population [116]. The objective function is characterised as explained the IPSO methodology in both simulation and hardware
given in (31). platforms (Atmel AVR ATMEGA16A microcontroller) and results
gave the optimum efficiency by realising the circuit with the low-
P(dik) > P(dik − 1) (31) cost controller itself. Thus, both cost viability and efficiency of the
system are acquired by this technique. Many papers provide the
The fundamental strategy of this method is given in flowchart PSO technique operation under PSC's. Literature works [120, 121]
shown in Fig. 26. Since the PSO strategy deals with the basis of the are the two recent conference papers, and their contribution is also
search method, the GMPP can be tracked with no trouble. Some helpful to know the performance of this technique.
literature clarifies the following of MPP point with improved PSO
(IPSO) technique bringing about decreasing the steady-state 6.2 Grey wolf optimisation
oscillations. The particles can be instated effectively around the
MPP to keep away from both unnecessary and excess searching, The GWO calculation based MPPT procedure gives the idea of
and a circumstance in which the swarm effectively looks the zone leadership attribute depicts the leadership hierarchy and chasing
turns out to be too little which return the genuine MPP in lesser mechanism of grey wolves proposed by Mirjalili et al. [122]. Grey
time. Robustness to control parameter is the main postulates of this wolves are viewed as at the top of the natural food chain, and they
technique. Abdulkadir et al. [117] gave the improvised technique want to live in a pack. Alpha (α), beta (β), delta (δ) and omega (ω)
by cascading this PSO with InC methodology and the system is are four sorts of grey wolves that are utilised to duplicate the
well able to track the GMPP than a conventional one. It takes 1 s to administration property among themselves. To scientifically show
Fig. 26 Flowchart of PSO algorithm
the social pecking order of wolves while planning GWO, we easier to find the GMPP under different irradiance conditions,
consider the fittest arrangement as the alpha (α). Thus, the second while it requires more time to transfer all the ants into the MPP.
and third best arrangements are named as beta (β) and delta (δ), Fewer ants give a better convergence speed. However, they can
separately. The remainder of the competitor arrangements is quickly become trapped in one of the local power peaks. The size
thought to be omega (ω). It even has an application in the field of K of the solution archive should not be smaller than the dimension
robotic scheduling and image thresholding. The standard of the problem. The flow of an implementation of this technique,
methodologies used are of searching, revolving around, and including parameters to be considered initially is given in Fig. 27.
importantly, searching until the upgraded result is chased. For Maskell et al. [126] gives the comparative analysis among the
evaluation wellness factor is resolved, and utilitarian streamlining classical methods with ACO method. ACO-based MPPT algorithm
agents are utilised as benchmark work. Mohanty et al. [123] made provides better performance to find the GMPP under various
an extensive comparison between the P & O, IPSO and GWO shading conditions. As a result, it ensures to abstract more power
techniques. Hardware implementation is done with interfacing from the PV arrays. Sundareswaran et al. [127] done the real-time
platform of dSPACE1104 along with the TMS320F240 DSP and implementation of this technique with P & O. A case study is being
inorder to sense both voltage and current, a hall effect sensor is implemented on the solar power plant (1 MW) which is integrated
used in order to feed to the controller with real-time data. Mohanty to the grid at Sivaganga, Tamilnadu, India. Four methods, namely
et al. [124] again proposed a hybrid GWO assisted P & O ACO, PSO, P & O and ACO, P & O methods are compared for
methodology tackles the challenging issues of obscure hunt spaces. their efficient tracking with convergence speeds under pre-defined
GWO is demonstrated to be the best calculation in light of its eight shading patterns. The proposed hybrid technique achieves
effortlessness, flexibility, independent system and local optima faster convergence speeds in all shading conditions.
avoidance [18].
6.4 Cuckoo search based GMPPT
6.3 ACO based MPPT
CS technique has been viewed as a standout amongst other
This paper exhibits a novel ACO [125] based MPPT technique to optimising calculations. The core thought of CS can be outlined by
track the GMPP in variable insolation conditions. brood parasitism, which lays its eggs inside the homes of different
The ACO joins a greedy search algorithm, positive feedback birds and can be grouped into interspecific, nest takeover and
mechanism and distributed computing. ACO has a reliable capacity cooperation. Multi-objective design of CS optimisation procedure
to search through the ideal solution. The greedy search algorithm is well explained by Deb et al. [128]. For straightforwardness in
rapidly locates an acceptable solution and improves the portraying the approach of CS, presently utilisation is done in these
effectiveness of the system. The positive feedback mechanism three rules: (i) each cuckoo lays each egg in turn, and dump its egg
guarantees that the ACO detects the best optimal solution. in arbitrarily picked home; (ii) the best quality of eggs within that
Distributed computing encourages ACO to stay away from nest will persist to the following generations; (iii) the quantity of
premature convergence. The hunt procedure is restarted inside a accessible host homes is fixed, and the egg laid by a cuckoo is
period, and re-initialisation is executed relying upon the identified found by the host bird with a probability of [0, 1]. For this
climatic conditions for optimum working. In this MPPT algorithm, situation, the host bird can either discard the egg or relinquish the
the parameters required to be decided by the user include the home, and construct a new home. For effortlessness, this
number of ants (M), the size of the solution archive (K), conclusive presumption can be approximated by the part dad of the
convergence speed constant (ξ), and the locality of the search n homes are supplanted by new homes (with new irregular
process (Q). The number of ants influences the convergence speed arrangements). Whenever the bird find out's the egg is not of his
and the accuracy of the optimisation process. More ants mean it is own, it will destroy the egg via levy flight. It is well explained by
Yang [129].
Fig. 27 Flowchart of ACO-based MPPT algorithm for PV systems
For a maximisation issue, the quality or fitness of an answer can gave the ABC-based MPPT technique, and results of ABC are
necessarily be relative to the objective function, and this function compared with the PSO and enhanced P&O (EPO) methods. The
will be based on the three rules as mentioned earlier. Ahmed et al. efficiency of the ABC technique is almost 99.99%. The interesting
[130] studied this technique characteristics by implementing thing is the tracking speeds, which are as follows, i.e. 4.234, 9.375
simulation and comparing the obtained results with P&O method. and 1.425 s for ABC, PSO and EPO methods respectively.
The results show that it takes 45 ms for P&O, whereas cuckoo However, the efficiencies are falling when the shading patterns are
methodology tracks within 22 ms itself. Also, it senses only voltage changed instantaneously. Padmanaban et al. [133] recently coined
and current, so two sensors are enough, thereby it is better in new hybrid ANFIS - ABC technique which is the best technique so
economic aspects also. Nugraha et al. [131] recently gives the far. The hardware implementation of this technique is done in the
novel approach to improve this technique by cascading with the DSP platform. The system is grid integrated one, and results show
golden section search (GSS) technique. The process is like the first the efficiency is 98.39% while keeping grid voltage and current
CS technique will track the area nearer to MPP, and then the GSS THD 2.3 and 2.5% is well in limits. Li et al. [134] is also recently
is used iteratively for searching the exact GMPP. By this novel ABC implemented conference paper, which compares this
hybrid methodology, GMPP is approached at a very faster rate technique with the other three techniques in terms of tracking
without reducing the tracking speed. speed and efficiency.
The comparison of various parameters of this particular
6.5 Artificial bee colony MPPT Optimised based MPPT techniques is given in Table 8. The
contribution of different optimisation MPPT techniques based on
The ABC algorithm is one of the best technique for obtaining an literature is given in brief in Table 9. Novel methodologies in this
optimum value of GMPP. It emerges from the food searching optimisation technique is explained in Literature works [135–138].
process of honey bees. The honey bees live in the colonies, search
for food by dividing themselves into groups. Likewise, the best
MPP is also searched by the assigning the process of tracking
7 Conclusion
procedure individually. Honey bees are broadly classified into three This paper reviewed a wide range of MPPT techniques in order to
types, mainly employed, onlooker, and scouts. The procedure is enhance the maximum power from the PV system under PSC's.
started by the food information gathered by the employed honey Extensive literature survey is presented for various MPPT
bees. This information is followed to the onlooker honey bees in a techniques with the consideration of specific parameters.
systematic mathematical approach. At the same time, alternate Moreover, it is inferenced from the literature that utilisation of the
food is searched by the scouts. The end objective is to gather MPPT controllers is the best way to track the MPP under PSC's,
information regarding the most abundant food source. If the which paved a way to enormous research. The current review
number of employed bees is more abundant in the group, the better comprises of detailed explanation of working procedures along
the performance, the algorithm has. This process of food searching with the process of flow representation for each MPPT technique.
is well employed to PV systems for searching the optimum point In this review, out of all MPPT techniques available, some
by using the proper AF. By this technique, one GMPP point where techniques are chosen and classified into three groups depending
maximum power is available is tracked at a faster rate. With the upon the tracking algorithm utilised to track MPP under PSC's.
help of this nature of MPP searching, Sundareswaran et al. [132] Some parameters knowledge is beneficial in order to apply a
Table 8 Optimisation-based MPP tracking techniques: immense classification [11, 27, 28, 122, 125]
Parameters PSO GWO ACO CS ABC
system independency high high high high high
ability to track under normal conditions high high high high high
ability to track under PSC's high high high high high
algorithm complexity simple medium simple simple medium
dependency of initial design medium medium medium medium medium
oscillations around MPP no no no no no
sensed parameters V&C V&C V V&C V&C
parameter tuning no yes yes yes no
stability very stable stable stable stable stable
analogue/digital digital digital digital digital digital
converter Used boost buck–boost boost buck–boost boost
grid integration yes yes yes no yes
cost very expensive affordable affordable affordable expensive
simulink/ hardware simulation simulation simulation simulation simulation
efficiency, % 99.89 [123] 99.91 [123] — 99.97 [131] 99.78 [132]
Note: PSC's, partial shading conditions; V, voltage; C, current; V & C, voltage and current.
Table 9 Comparison of different global optimisation-based MPPT approaches from previous works.
Authors Ref Year MPPT Grid Control DC–DC Controller Contribution
technique integration parameter converter
Chao et al. [139] 2015 improved PSO no duty cycle boost PIC cognition, the inertia weight of
microcontrollers each particle in PSO and social
learning factors decreases or
increases exponentially.
Fathabadi [140] 2016 unified algorithm yes duty cycle boost microcontroller MPPT can be designed without
MC68HC11E9 sensors.
Kofinas [141] 2015 big Bang-Big no current buck DSP ANN have been adapted via off-
crunch with ANN line learning approach of the (BB-
BC).
Ahmed et al. [130] 2013 CS no voltage buck–boost Matlab simulation CS-based algorithm is simulated in
converter Matlab and compared with P&O.
Results are CS is fast converging
than P&O.
Ahmad et al. [142] 2014 CS & PSO off-grid voltage buck–boost Matlab simulation studying CS performance under
converter gradual, step and rapid changes in
irradiance and temperature.
Rezk [143] 2016
teaching– no duty cycle boost Matlab simulation evaluating the performance of
learning-based TLBO algorithm.
optimisation
Fathy [144] 2016 mine blast no duty cycle boost Matlab simulation evaluating the performance of
optimisation MBO algorithm.
Mirhassani et [145] 2015 improved PSO no duty cycle boost DSP increasing speed of MPPT through
al. the improvement of PSO using
variable sampling time strategy.
particular MPPT technique. So, design aspects like algorithm algorithms and can be applied to any PV systems without
complexity, sensed parameters, converters used, grid integration, previously knowing their nature. To conclude, this study will be a
tracking speed, ability to track MPP in PSC's, control parameter valuable reference for a researcher to pick the advantageous MPPT
and required sensors are necessary. Merits and de-merits of these that is suitable for a specific application.
techniques are also discussed and ordered them in tables.
Moreover, the hardware platforms for all these MPPT techniques is 8 Acknowledgments
barely discussed in the literature available so far. So, an attempt is
made to study and discuss both software and hardware platforms The Authors gratefully acknowledge the support offered by the
for these techniques. Furthermore, their efficiencies are enlisted Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of
along with their tracking speeds. To be precise, all classical Science & Technology, GoI under the Grant No: ECR/
algorithms are most reliable for uniform irradiation condition with 2017/000316 for this research work.
less algorithm complexity and tracking speed is low compared with
other techniques. Intelligent techniques are gaining momentum in 9 References
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Critical Review On PV MPPT Techniques

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IET Renewable Power Generation

Critical Review on PV MPPT Techniques: ISSN 1752-1416

Ratnakar Babu Bollipo1 , Suresh Mikkili1, Praveen Kumar Bonthagorla1

Nomenclature [1]. Among these renewable energy sources, solar energy-based

by the presentation of power electronics (PE) interface between PV

3 MPPT classification for PV systems

For classical MPPT [25, 26], the techniques include incremental

The implementation of this method with Simulink blocks will be

4.7 Variable step size P & O method

4.11 Look-up table method

V PV × IMPP = f (Pmax) (9)

In this technique, a PI type controller alters the duty cycle of the

4.12 Incremental conductance MPPT

dP 5 Intelligence MPPT techniques

If the operating point is to the left of the curve then we have

Like P & O technique, it is difficult to make (dI/dV) equivalent

4.13 Ripple correlation control

The capability of this technique (ANN) to effectively

V PV(n) ∗ IPV(n) − V PV(n − 1) ∗ IPV(n − 1)

ΔE(n) = E(n) − E(n − 1) (22)

5.4 Fibonacci series based MPPT

The sequence is calculated as

Newton approximation, the goal is to disintegrate the objective 6 Optimisation-based MPPT

Table 7 Intelligent MPPT techniques, previous work done

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