Learning Objectives

Chapter 33

Concept 33.1: Sponges are basal animals that lack true tissues
 From a diagram, identify the parts of a sponge (including the spongocoel, porocyte, epidermis,
choanocyte, mesohyl, amoebocyte, osculum, and spicules) and describe the function of each.

o
 Spongocoel: the central cavity where water is drawn in
 Porocyte: what water enters through
 Epidermis: outer layer; epidermal cells
 Choanocyte: flagellated cells; creates a current that draws water in through the
pores and out through the osculum
 Mesohyl: two layers of cells separated by gelatinous matrix; middle matter
 Amoebocyte: cells transport nutrients to other cells of the sponge body,
produce materials for skeletal fibers, or become any type of sponge cell as
needed
 Osculum: large opening that connects spongocoel to environment
 Spicules: skeletal fibers
 Lifestyle: sessile, immobile filter feeders
 Water circulation
o Epidermis seals outside
o Flagellated choanocytes lining the spongocoel push water toward
the osculum
o As water is sucked in the porocytes, the choanocytes filter
suspended particles
 Nutrition: amoebocytes distribute digested particles
 Structure
o Mesohyl contains protein matrix and spicules
o Constructed and maintained by amoebocytes
 Reproduction
o Sexual: most are hermaphrodites
o Asexual: regeneration 
Concept 33.2: Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans
 List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from the other animal phyla.
o They have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes. They also have no
mesoderm. Most are marine. They come in a medusa or polyp form. They use tentacles
to strangle and bring food to the,. They have a gastrovascular cavity that works as a
mouth and anus. Cnidocytes allowcndiaria to evert. Some sting and they are
diploblastic.

o Have muscle and nerve tissue, lack well-developed mesoderm

o Radially symmetrical; mouth but no anus

o Carnivores and detritovores: cnidocytes paralyze and attach to prey

o Prey digested in dead end gastrovascular cavity

o Reproduce sexually, by budding, and by regeneration

 Describe the specialized cells that are found in Cnidarians.
o Cnidocytes: capsule like organelle housing a coiled thread that, when discharged,
explodes outward and functions in capture or defense
 Describe the two basic body plans in Cnidaria and their role in Cnidarian life cycles.
o Polyp: sessile; mouth up, surrounded by tentacles
 Example: hydra, sea anemone
o Medusa: flattened, mouth-down version of polyp; floats, or free swimmer
 Example: jellyfish
 List the four classes of Cnidaria.
o Hydrozoa
 Most marine; a few freshwater.
 Polyp and medusa stages in most species
 Polyp stage often colonial
o Scyphozoa
 All marine
 Polyp stage absent or reduced
 Free swimming
 Medusae up to 2 m in diameter
o Cubozoa
 All marine
 Box-shaped medusa
 Complex eyes
 Potent venum
o Anthozoa
 All marine
 Medusa stage completely absent
 Most sessile
  Many colonial

Concept 33.3: Lophotrochozoans, a clade identified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal
body forms
 Distinguish between:
o Diploblastic and triploblastic development
o Acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates
o Gastrovascular cavity and alimentary canal
 Gastrovascular cavities are simply pouches food are digested in and are not the
same as a digestive system. Only simple organisms, like Cnidarians, possess this.
 A digestive system, also known as a alimentary canal, use multiple organs to
digest the food and then transport it to various areas of the body. Snails do have
a digestive system. Pretty much everything that evolved after Platyhelminths
(flatworms) possess a full digestive system.
o Protostome and deuterostome
 List the characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes and give examples of each.
o Acoelomate without an anus
o Name means "flat worms"
o Both parasitic and free-living forms
o Bilaterally symmetrical.
o Body having 3 layers of tissues with organs and organelles.
o Body contains no internal cavity.
o Possesses a blind gut (i.e. it has a mouth but no anus)
o Has Protonephridial excretory organs instead of an anus.
o Has normally a nervous system of longitudinal fibres rather than a net.
o Generally dorsoventrally flattened.
o Reproduction mostly sexual as hermaphrodites.
o Mostly they feed on animals and other smaller life forms.
o Some species occur in all major habitats, including many as parasites of other animals.
o Classes
 Class Turbellaria
 Most marine, some freshwater; few terrestrials, predators and
scavengers; body surface ciliated
o Ex.: planaria
 Class Monogenea
 Marine and freshwater Parasites with a simple life history, one egg one
adult
 Most infect external surfaces of fish
 Ciliated larva starts infection on host
o Aquatic ectoparasites
o monogeneans
 Class Trematoda
 Mostly Vertebrate parasites with two suckers and complex life histories
o Trematodes (also called flukes)
 Class Cestoidea
  Scolex (attaches to host) with suckers and hooks; proglottids are
reproductive sections, produce eggs and break off after fertilization; no
digestive system or head; life cycle with one or more intermediate host
o Tapeworms
 Describe unique features of Rotifers that distinguish them from other pseudocoelomates.
o Have an alimentary canal
o Movement of body distributes fluid throughout body, circulating nutrients
o Crown of cilia draws water into mouth
o Jaws behind mouth grind up food
o Reproduction called parthenogenesis
 Females make females with unfertilized eggs
 Others make females and then simple males that cant feed themselves
 Define parthenogenesis and describe asexual forms of rotifer reproduction.
 List the characteristics that distinguish the phylum Mollusca from the other animal phyla.
o Coelomates
o 3 part body
 Muscular foot: used for movement
 Visceral mass: contains internal organs
 Mantle: fold of tissue that drapes over visceral mass and secretes a shell
o Feed by radula that scrapes up food
o Most molluscs have 2 sexes but snails are hermaphrodites
 Describe the basic body plan of a mollusk and explain how it has been modified in the Bivalvia,
Cephalopodia, Gastropoda, and Polyplacophora.
o Bivalvia: clams, oysters, mussels and scallops
 Shell divided into 2 halves
 Marine and freshwater
 Paired gills, no radula
 No distinct head
 Mantle cavity has gills for gas exchange
 Suspension feeders
o Cephalopodia: squid, octopus, cuttlefishes, nautiluses
 Marine
 Head surrounded by tentacles
 Shell external, internal, or absent
 Mouth with or without radula
 Predators; use tentacles to grasp prey then bite and immobilize with venom
 Foot is part of their tentacles
 Move by squirting water through siphon
 Shell is reduced and internal or missing altogether
 Cephalopods are only molluscs with closed circulatory system
 Well-developed sensory organs and complex brain
o Gastropoda: snails, slugs
 Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial
 Head present
 Symmetrical body with coiled shell
 Shell reduced or absent
 Foot for locomotion
  Radula
o Polyplacophora: chitons
 Marine
 Shell with 8 plates
 Foot for locomotion
 Radula (rasping tongue)
 No head
 List the characteristics that distinguish the phylum Annelida from other animal phyla.
o Body composed of ring-like segments
o Coelomates with closed circulatory system
o Well-differentiated digestive system: pharynx, crop, gizzard, intestine
o Metanephridia excrete nitrogen waste
o Hermaphrodites: eggs laid in mucus capsule made by clitellum
 Distinguish among the three classes of Annelida and give examples of each.
o Oligochaeta: freshwater, marine, and terrestrial segmented worms (earthworms)
 Reduced head
 No parapodia
 Chaetae present
o Polychaeta: mostly marine segmented worms
 Well-developed head
 Each segment has parapodia with many chaetae
 Free-living
o Hirudinea: leeches
 Body flattened
 Reduced coelom and segmentation
 Chaetae usually absent
 Suckers at anterior and posterior
 Parasites, predators, and scavengers

Concept 33.4: Ecdysozoans are the most species-rich animal group

 List the characteristics of arthropods that distinguish them from the other animal phyla.
o Segmented, hard exoskeleton, specialized jointed appendages
o Grows by molting (ecdysis)
o Well-developed sensory structures; most are well-cephalized
o Open circulatory system
o Extremely diverse; 1018 individuals
 Distinguish between hemocoel and coelom.
o Hemolymph-filled body sinuses are called hemocoel. Coelom formed in beginning and is
reduced and hemocoel becomes the body cavity in adults.
 Define and distinguish between the major arthropod lines of evolution represented by:
o Cheliceriformes: horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
 Body having one or two main parts
 Six pairs of appendages (chelicerae, pedipalps, and 4 walking legs)
 Mostly terrestrial or marine
o Hexapoda: insects, springtails
 Body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen.
 Antennae present
  Mouthparts modified for chewing, sucking, or lapping
 Two pairs of wings, mostly terrestrial
o Crustacea: crabs, lobsters, crawfish, shrimp
 Body of two or three parts
 Antennae present
 Chewing mouthparts
 Three or more pairs of legs
 Most marine and freshwater
o Myriapoda: millipedes and centipedes
 Distinct head bearing antennae and chewing mouthparts
 Terrestrial
 Millipedes are herbivorous and have two pairs of walking legs per trunk
segment
 Centipedes are carnivorous and have one pair of legs per trunk segment and
poison claws on first body segment

Concept 33.5: Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes

 List the characteristics of echinoderms that distinguish them from other animal phyla.
o Deuterostomes
o Bilateral symmetry in larvae, radial in adult
o Molecular data puts them in Bilateria
o Water vascular system, use suction in tube feet to move and feed
o Endoskeleton of calcareous plates
 Distinguish among the six classes of echinoderms and give examples of each.
o Asteroidea: sea stars
 Star-shaped body with multiple arms; mouth directed to substrate
o Ophinuroidea: brittle stars
 Distinct central disk;
 Long flexible arms
 Incomplete digestive system
o Echinoidea: sea urchins, sand dollars
 Roughly spherical or disk-shaped
 No arms
 Five rows of tube feet; enabling slow movement
 Mouth ringed by complex jaw-like structure
o Crinoidea: sea lilies, feather stars
 Feathered arms surrounding upward-pointing mouth;
 Suspension feeders
o Holothuroidea: sea cucumbers
 Cucumber-shaped body
 Five rows of tube feet
 Mouth is modified as feeding tentacles
 Reduced skeleton
 No spines
o Cencentricucloidea: sea daises
 Armless, disk-shaped body ringed with small spines;
 Incomplete digestive system
 Live on submerged wood