Chapter 32. Fundamentals of Circuits Chapter 32. Fundamentals of Circuits Chapter 32. Fundamentals of Circuits Chapter 32. Fundamentals of Circuits

Chapter 32. Fundamentals of Circuits Chapter 32.
Fundamentals of Circuits
Surprising as it may seem,
Topics:
the power of a computer is
achieved simply by the • Circuit Elements and Diagrams
controlled flow of charges • Kirchhoff’s Laws and the Basic Circuit
through tiny wires and • Energy and Power
circuit elements. • Series Resistors
Chapter Goal: To • Real Batteries
understand the fundamental
• Parallel Resistors
physical principles that
govern electric circuits. • Resistor Circuits
• Getting Grounded
1
• RC Circuits 2
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
How many laws are named after Kirchhoff?
Chapter 32. Reading Quizzes A. 0

B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4
3 4
What property of a real battery makes
How many laws are named after Kirchhoff? its potential difference slightly different
than that of an ideal battery?
A. 0
B. 1 A. Short circuit
C. 2 B. Chemical potential
D. 3 C. Internal resistance
E. 4 D. Effective capacitance
E. Inductive constant
5 6
What property of a real battery makes In an RC circuit, what is the

its potential difference slightly different name of the quantity
than that of an ideal battery? represented by the symbol τ?
A. Period
A. Short circuit
B. Torque
B. Chemical potential
C. Terminal voltage
C. Internal resistance
D. Time constant
D. Effective capacitance
E. Coefficient of thermal expansion
E. Inductive constant
7 8
In an RC circuit, what is the Which of the following are ohmic materials:
name of the quantity
represented by the symbol τ?
A. batteries.
A. Period B. wires.
B. Torque C. resistors.
C. Terminal voltage D. Materials a and b.
D. Time constant E. Materials b and c.
E. Coefficient of thermal expansion
9 10
Which of the following are ohmic materials: The equivalent resistance for a group of
parallel resistors is
A. batteries.
A. less than any resistor in the group.
B. wires.
B. equal to the smallest resistance in the group.
C. resistors.
C. equal to the average resistance of the group.
D. Materials a and b.
D. equal to the largest resistance in the group.
E. Materials b and c.
E. larger than any resistor in the group.
11 12
The equivalent resistance for a group of
parallel resistors is
A. less than any resistor in the group. Chapter 32. Basic Content and Examples
B. equal to the smallest resistance in the group.
C. equal to the average resistance of the group.
D. equal to the largest resistance in the group.
E. larger than any resistor in the group.
13 14
15 16
Tactics: Using Kirchhoff’s loop law
17 18
Tactics: Using Kirchhoff’s loop law
19 20
Energy and Power EXAMPLE 32.4 The power of light
The power supplied by a battery is
QUESTION:
The units of power are J/s, or W.

The power dissipated by a resistor is
Or, in terms of the potential drop across the resistor
21 22
EXAMPLE 32.4 The power of light EXAMPLE 32.4 The power of light
23 24
EXAMPLE 32.4 The power of light Series Resistors
• Resistors that are aligned end to end, with no
junctions between them, are called series resistors or,
sometimes, resistors “in series.”
• The current I is the same through all resistors placed
in series.
• If we have N resistors in series, their
equivalent resistance is
The behavior of the circuit will be unchanged if the N series

resistors are replaced by the single resistor Req.
25 26
EXAMPLE 32.7 Lighting up a flashlight
QUESTION:
27 28
EXAMPLE 32.7 Lighting up a flashlight EXAMPLE 32.7 Lighting up a flashlight
29 30
EXAMPLE 32.7 Lighting up a flashlight EXAMPLE 32.7 Lighting up a flashlight
31 32
Parallel Resistors
• Resistors connected at both ends are called EXAMPLE 32.10 A combination of resistors
parallel resistors or, sometimes, resistors “in parallel.”
• The left ends of all the resistors connected in parallel QUESTION:
are held at the same potential V1, and the right ends are
all held at the same potential V2.
• The potential differences ∆V are the same across
all resistors placed in parallel.
• If we have N resistors in parallel, their
equivalent resistance is
The behavior of the circuit will be unchanged if the N

parallel resistors are replaced by the single resistor Req.
33 34
EXAMPLE 32.10 A combination of resistors EXAMPLE 32.10 A combination of resistors
35 36
Example: Kirchoff’s Rules
EXAMPLE 32.10 A combination of resistors R3 I3

∆V2 R1
+ − R2 I2
I I
+ −
∆V
∆ V1
I = I 2 + I3
−I3R3 + I2R2 = 0
∆V1 − ∆V2 − I2R2 − IR1 = 0
37 38
RC Circuits
• Consider a charged capacitor, an open switch, and
a resistor all hooked in series. This is an RC Circuit.
• The capacitor has charge Q0 and potential difference
∆VC = Q0/C.
• There is no current, so the potential difference across
the resistor is zero.
• At t = 0 the switch closes and the capacitor begins
to discharge through the resistor.
• The capacitor charge as a function of time is
where the time constant τ is
39 40
EXAMPLE 32.14 Exponential decay in an RC EXAMPLE 32.14 Exponential decay in an RC
circuit circuit
QUESTION:
41 42
EXAMPLE 32.14 Exponential decay in an RC EXAMPLE 32.14 Exponential decay in an RC

circuit circuit
43 44
General Strategy
Chapter 32. Summary Slides
45 46
General Strategy General Strategy
47 48
Important Concepts Important Concepts
49 50
Important Concepts Applications
51 52
Applications
Chapter 32. Questions
53 54
Which of these diagrams represent the same circuit? Which of these diagrams represent the same circuit?
A. a and b A. a and b
B. b and c B. b and c
C. a and c C. a and c
D. a, b, and d D. a, b, and d
E. a, b, and c E. a, b, and c
55 56
What is ∆V across the What is ∆V across the
unspecified circuit unspecified circuit
element? Does the element? Does the
potential increase or potential increase or
decrease when decrease when
traveling through this traveling through this
element in the direction element in the direction
assigned to I? assigned to I?
A. ∆V decreases by 2 V in the direction of I. A. ∆V decreases by 2 V in the direction of I.
B. ∆V increases by 2 V in the direction of I. B. ∆V increases by 2 V in the direction of I.
C. ∆V decreases by 10 V in the direction of I. C. ∆V decreases by 10 V in the direction of I.
D. ∆V increases by 10 V in the direction of I. D. ∆V increases by 10 V in the direction of I.
E. ∆V increases by 26 V in the direction of I. E. ∆V increases by 26 V in the direction of I.
57 58
Rank in order, from largest to smallest, Rank in order, from largest to smallest,
the powers Pa to Pd dissipated in the powers Pa to Pd dissipated in
resistors a to d. resistors a to d.
A. Pb > Pa = Pc = Pd A. Pb > Pa = Pc = Pd
B. Pb = Pd > Pa > Pc B. Pb = Pd > Pa > Pc
C. Pb = Pc > Pa > Pc C. Pb = Pc > Pa > Pc
D. Pb > Pd > Pa > Pc D. Pb > Pd > Pa > Pc
E. Pb > Pc > Pa > Pd E. Pb > Pc > Pa > Pd
59 60
What is the potential at points a to e ? What is the potential at points a to e ?
A. A.
B. B.
C. C.
D. D.
E. E.
61 62
Rank in order, Rank in order,

from brightest to from brightest to
dimmest, the dimmest, the
identical bulbs A identical bulbs A
to D. to D.
A. C = D > B > A A. C = D > B > A

B. A > C = D > B B. A > C = D > B
C. A = B = C = D C. A = B = C = D
D. A > B > C = D D. A > B > C = D
E. A > C > B > D E. A > C > B > D
63 64
The time constant The time constant
for the discharge of for the discharge of
this capacitor is this capacitor is
A. 5 s. A. 5 s.
B. 1 s. B. 1 s.
C. 2 s. C. 2 s.
D. 4 s. D. 4 s.
E. The capacitor doesn’t discharge because E. The capacitor doesn’t discharge because
the resistors cancel each other. the resistors cancel each other.
65 66

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Chapter 32. Fundamentals of Circuits Chapter 32.

How many laws are named after Kirchhoff?

Chapter 32. Reading Quizzes A. 0

What property of a real battery makes In an RC circuit, what is the

Tactics: Using Kirchhoff’s loop law

The units of power are J/s, or W.

Or, in terms of the potential drop across the resistor

The behavior of the circuit will be unchanged if the N series

EXAMPLE 32.7 Lighting up a flashlight

EXAMPLE 32.7 Lighting up a flashlight EXAMPLE 32.7 Lighting up a flashlight

The behavior of the circuit will be unchanged if the N

EXAMPLE 32.10 A combination of resistors EXAMPLE 32.10 A combination of resistors

EXAMPLE 32.10 A combination of resistors R3 I3

∆V1 − ∆V2 − I2R2 − IR1 = 0

where the time constant τ is

EXAMPLE 32.14 Exponential decay in an RC EXAMPLE 32.14 Exponential decay in an RC

Chapter 32. Summary Slides

General Strategy General Strategy

Important Concepts Applications

Chapter 32. Questions

Rank in order, Rank in order,

A. C = D > B > A A. C = D > B > A

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