Chapter 28. Gauss's Law

Chapter 28.
Gauss’s Law
The nearly spherical shape Chapter 28. Gauss’s Law
of the girl’s head determines
Topics:
the electric field that causes
her hair to stream outward. • Symmetry
Using Guass’s law, we can • The Concept of Flux
deduce electric fields, • Calculating Electric Flux
particularly those with a • Gauss’s Law
high degree of symmetry,
• Using Gauss’s Law
simply from the shape of the
charge distribution. • Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
Chapter Goal: To
understand and apply
Gauss’s law. 1 2
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The amount of electric field

passing through a surface is
called
Chapter 28. Reading Quizzes
A. Electric flux.
B. Gauss’s Law.
C. Electricity.
D. Charge surface density.
E. None of the above.
3 4
The amount of electric field Gauss’s law is useful for calculating
passing through a surface is electric fields that are
called
A. symmetric.
A. Electric flux. B. uniform.
B. Gauss’s Law. C. due to point charges.
C. Electricity. D. due to continuous charges.
D. Charge surface density.
E. None of the above.
5 6
Gauss’s law is useful for calculating

Gauss’s law applies to
electric fields that are
A. lines.
A. symmetric. B. flat surfaces.
B. uniform. C. spheres only.
C. due to point charges. D. closed surfaces.
D. due to continuous charges.
7 8
The electric field inside a
Gauss’s law applies to conductor in electrostatic
equilibrium is
A. lines.
B. flat surfaces.
C. spheres only.
D. closed surfaces. A. uniform.
B. zero.
C. radial.
D. symmetric.
9 10
The electric field inside a

conductor in electrostatic
equilibrium is
Chapter 28. Basic Content and Examples
A. uniform.
B. zero.
C. radial.
D. symmetric.
11 12
Symmetry and Electric Field The Concept of Flux
We say that a charge distribution
is symmetric if there are a group
of geometric transformations that
do not cause any physical
change.
13 14
An electric field passing through a

The Concept of Flux
surface
15 16
The electric Flux of a constant electric
field
The electric Flux of a Nonuniform
Electric Field
r r
Φ e = ∑ δ Φ i = ∑ Ei ⋅ (δ A)i
i i
r r
Φe = ∫ ⋅ dA
E
surface
17 18
Electric Flux
The Flux Through a Curved Surface
Definition:
• Electric flux is the product of the
magnitude of the electric field and the
surface area, A, perpendicular to the field
• ΦE = EA
• The field lines may make some angle θ
with the perpendicular to the surface
r
• Then ΦE = EA cos θ E
normal
θ
r Φ E = EA
θ E
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19 Φ = EA cos θ
E
20
Electric Flux Electric Flux
Definition: • In the more general case, look at a

• Electric flux is the scalar product
r of electric small flat area element
field and the vector A r r r
rr r ∆Φ E = Ei ∆Ai cos θi = Ei ⋅ ∆Ai
A E
• Φ = EA θ
θ
• In general, this becomes
r r r r
rr
Φ E = lim
r
∆Ai →0
∑E i ⋅ ∆Ai = ∫ E ⋅ dA
Φ E = EA = EA cos θ > 0 surface
or r
E • The surface integral means the
r θ
A integral must be evaluated over the
θ surface in question
• The units of electric flux will be
rr N.m2/C
Φ E = EA = − EA cos θ < 0 21 22
Electric Flux: Closed Surface Electric Flux: Closed Surface

r r
• A positive point charge, q, is E has the same direction as A at every point.
located at the center of a sphere of q
E = ke
radius r r2
• The magnitude of the electric field Spherical Then Spherical
surface r r surface
everywhere on the surface of the Φ = ∑ Ei dAi =E ∑ dAi =
sphere is i i
E = keq / r2 q
= EA0 = E 4π r 2 = 4π r 2 ke =
• Electric field is perpendicular to the r2
surface at every point, so q Gauss’s Law
r r = 4π ke q =
A ε0
E has the same direction as
at every point. BECAUSE 1
Φ does not depend on r E∝ 2
23 24 r
Electric Flux: Closed Surface
r EXAMPLE 28.1 The electric flux inside a
r
E and A have opposite directions at every point. parallel-plate capacitor
|q| QUESTION:
E = ke
r2
Spherical
Then surface
r r
Φ = ∑ Ei dAi = − E ∑ dAi =
i i
|q| −
= − EA0 = − E 4π r 2 = −4π r 2 ke =
r2
q Gauss’s Law
= −4π ke | q |=
ε0
Φ does not depend on r ONLY BECAUSE 1
E ∝25 26
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EXAMPLE 28.1 The electric flux inside a EXAMPLE 28.1 The electric flux inside a
parallel-plate capacitor parallel-plate capacitor
27 28
Gauss’s Law
EXAMPLE 28.1 The electric flux inside a
parallel-plate capacitor Gauss’s law states
r r q
ΦE = ∫ ⋅ dA = εino
E
qin is the net charge inside the surface
E is the total electric field and may have contributions

from charges both inside and outside of the surface
r
Ai
r
q E q
r
E r
Ai q q
Φ= Φ=
29
ε0
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What is the electric flux here? Gauss’s Law:

Gauss’s law states r r q r r qin
ΦE = ∫ ⋅ dA = εino
E
Gauss’s law states ΦE = ∫ E ⋅ dA = ε o

from charges both inside and outside of the surface
q5 from charges both inside and outside of the surface
q1 q5
q2 q2
Φ=0
Φ=0 q
q3 −q
q4 q4
q6 q7 q6 q7
31 32
Gauss’s Law: Applications
Chapter 28
Although Gauss’s law can, in theory, be solved to find
E for any charge configuration, in practice it is limited to
symmetric situations
To use Gauss’s law, you want to choose a Gaussian
r r qin
surface over which the surface integral can be simplified
Φ= ∫ E ⋅ dA = ε o
and the electric field determined
Gauss’s Law: Applications Take advantage of symmetry
Remember, the gaussian surface is a surface you
choose, it does not have to coincide with a real surface
q5
q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 q6 q2
Φ= q1
ε0
q3
q4
33 34
r r qin
Gauss’s Law: Point Charge Gauss’s Law: Applications Φ= ∫ E ⋅ dA = ε o
r
E
• Try to choose a surface that satisfies one or more of these conditions:
+ – The value of the electric field can be argued from symmetry to be
q constant over the surface
SYMMETRY: – The dot product of E.dA can be expressed as a simple algebraic product
r Gaussian Surface – Sphere EdA because E and dA are parallel
E - direction - along the radius
Only in this case the magnitude of – The dot product is 0 because E and dA are perpendicular
r
E - depends only on radius, r electric field is constant on the – The field can be argued to be zero over the surface
Gaussian surface and the flux can be
easily evaluated
q correct Gaussian surface wrong Gaussian surface
Φ= - Gauss’s Law
ε0
r r
Φ = ∑ Ei dAi =E ∑ dAi =EA0 = E 4π r 2 - definition of the Flux +
i i
q q
Then = 4π r 2 E E = ke
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2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
35
36
0
Gauss’s Law: Applications Gauss’s Law: Applications
Spherically Symmetric Charge Distribution Spherically Symmetric Charge Distribution
The total charge is Q r
SYMMETRY: E Q Q
r E= = ke 2 The electric field is the same as
r ∆A 4πεo r 2
r
E - direction - along the radius for the point charge Q !!!!!
r
E - depends only on radius, r Q
For r > a
a Q
• Select a sphere as the gaussian ≡
surface
• For r >a
r r qin Q
∫ ⋅ dA = ∫ EdA = 4πr
2
ΦE = E E= =
εo ε o
For r > a
Q Q
E=
4πεo r 2
= ke 2
r
The electric field is the same as
for the point charge Q
≡
37 38

Spherically Symmetric Charge Distribution Spherically Symmetric Charge Distribution
r
SYMMETRY: r E
∆A
r
E - direction - along the radius • Inside the sphere, E varies
r linearly with r
E - depends only on radius, r
E → 0 as r → 0
• Select a sphere as the gaussian • The field outside the sphere is
surface, r < a
equivalent to that of a point
Q 4 3 r3
qin = πr = Q 3 < Q charge located at the center of
4 3 3 a
πa the sphere
3 r r qin
∫ ⋅ dA = ∫ EdA = 4πr
2
ΦE = E E=
εo
qin Qr 3 1 Q
E= 2
= k e 3 2
= ke 3 r
4πεo r a r a 39 40
Field due to a thin spherical shell Field due to a thin spherical shell
• Use spheres as the gaussian surfaces • When r < a, the charge inside the surface is 0 and E = 0
• When r > a, the charge inside the surface is Q and
E = keQ / r2 ∆A1 ∆q1 = σ∆A1 ∆q2 = σ∆A2
• When r < a, the charge inside the surface is 0 and E = 0 r1 ∆A1 = r12 ∆Ω ∆A2 = r22 ∆Ω
r
∆E 2 ∆q1 σ∆ A σ r 2 ∆Ω
∆E1 = ke 2
= ke 2 1 = ke 1 2 = keσ∆Ω
the same r1 r1 r1
solid angle r
∆E1
∆q2 σ∆ A σ r 2 ∆Ω
∆E 2 = k e 2
= ke 2 2 = ke 2 2 = keσ∆Ω
r2 r2 r2
r2
∆E1 = ∆E2
r r
∆E1 + ∆E2 = 0
1
41 ∆A Only because in Coulomb law E∝ 42
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Field from a line of charge Field from a line of charge
• Select a cylindrical Gaussian surface r The flux through this surface is 0

dA
– The cylinder has a radius of r and a
length of ℓ
• Symmetry: The flux through this surface:
E is constant in magnitude (depends only r r qin

on radius r) and perpendicular to the ΦE = ∫ ⋅ dA =
E ∫ EdA = E ( 2πr l ) = ε o
surface at every point on the curved part
qin = λl
of the surface
λl
E ( 2πr l ) =
εo
λ λ
E= = 2ke
43
2πεo r r 44
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Field due to a plane of charge r Field due to a plane of charge
E2
r
• Symmetry: A2
r r
E must be perpendicular to the plane and A4 A5
h r
dA
must have the same magnitude at all r
dA
points equidistant from the plane r r
h A6
A3
• Choose a small cylinder whose axis is
r
perpendicular to the plane for the A1
r
gaussian surface E1
E1 = E2 = E A1 = A2 = A
r r r r The flux through this surface is 0
Φ = E1 A1 + E2 A2 = EA + EA = 2 EA
The flux through this surface is 0
qin σA σA σ
Φ= = 2 EA = E= does not depend on h
45 ε ε
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0 as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
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46
Gauss’s Law: Applications

Chapter 28
Conductors in Electric Field
σ
E=
2ε 0
λ
E = 2ke
r 47 48
Electric Charges: Conductors and Isolators Electrostatic Equilibrium
Electrical conductors are materials in which Definition:

some of the electrons are free electrons when there is no net motion of charge
These electrons can move relatively freely
within a conductor, the conductor is said to
through the material
Examples of good conductors include copper, be in electrostatic equilibrium
aluminum and silver
Because the electrons can move freely through the
Electrical insulators are materials in which all material r r
F = qE
of the electrons are bound to atoms no motion means that there are no electric forces
These electrons can not move relatively freely no electric forces means that the electric field
through the material inside the conductor is 0
Examples of good insulators include glass, rubber
and wood r
If electric field inside the conductor is not 0, E ≠ 0 then
r r
Semiconductors are somewhere between there is an electric force F = qE and, from the second
49 50
insulators
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Pearson conductors
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Pearson is aInc.,
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as Pearson electrons.
Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium
• The electric field is zero everywhere inside the • If an isolated conductor carries a charge, the charge resides
conductor on its surface
• Before the external field is applied, free Electric filed is 0,

electrons are distributed throughout the so the net flux through
conductor Gaussian surface is 0
• When the external field is applied, the

r r q
electrons redistribute until the magnitude
of the internal field equals the magnitude
Φ= ∫ ⋅ dA = εino
E
of the external field

Then qin = 0
• There is a net field of zero inside the
conductor
51 52
Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium
• The electric field just outside a charged conductor is σ σ >0

perpendicular to the surface and has a magnitude of σ/εo E=
εo
• Choose a cylinder as the gaussian surface σ <0

• The field must be perpendicular to the surface E =0
– If there were a parallel component to E,
charges would experience a force and
accelerate along the surface and it would not be σ >0 σ <0
in equilibrium
σ <0
• The net flux through the gaussian surface is
through only the flat face outside the conductor
– The field here is perpendicular to the surface
• Gauss’s law:
σA σ
Φ E = EA = and E =
ε εo
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53
54
General Principles
Chapter 28. Summary Slides
55 56
General Principles Important Concepts
57 58
Important Concepts Important Concepts
59 60
Applications
Chapter 28. Questions
61 62
This box contains This box contains
A. a net positive charge. A. a net positive charge.

B. a net negative charge. B. a net negative charge.
C. a negative charge. C. a negative charge.
D. a positive charge. D. a positive charge.
E. no net charge. E. no net charge.
63 64
The total electric flux through this box is The total electric flux through this box is
A. 6 Nm2/C. A. 6 Nm2/C.
B. 4 Nm2/C. B. 4 Nm2/C.
C. 2 Nm2/C. C. 2 Nm2/C.
D. 1 Nm2/C. D. 1 Nm2/C.
E. 0 Nm2/C. E. 0 Nm2/C.
65 66

Chapter 28. Gauss's Law

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Chapter 28. Gauss's Law

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Chapter 28.

The amount of electric field

Gauss’s law is useful for calculating

The electric field inside a

Chapter 28. Basic Content and Examples

An electric field passing through a

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

Definition: • In the more general case, look at a

Electric Flux: Closed Surface Electric Flux: Closed Surface

E is the total electric field and may have contributions

What is the electric flux here? Gauss’s Law:

qin is the net charge inside the surface

Gauss’s Law: Applications Gauss’s Law: Applications

Gauss’s Law: Applications Gauss’s Law: Applications

• Select a cylindrical Gaussian surface r The flux through this surface is 0

E is constant in magnitude (depends only r r qin

Gauss’s Law: Applications

Conductors in Electric Field

Electrical conductors are materials in which Definition:

Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium

• Before the external field is applied, free Electric filed is 0,

• When the external field is applied, the

of the external field

• The electric field just outside a charged conductor is σ σ >0

• Choose a cylinder as the gaussian surface σ <0

Chapter 28. Summary Slides

Important Concepts Important Concepts

Chapter 28. Questions

This box contains This box contains

A. a net positive charge. A. a net positive charge.

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