NUST

NAME: HAMUTENYA TIOFELUS H.

STUDENT NUMBER: 220040427
COURSE: ACH215S LAB REPORT
 DETERMINING THE LIMITING REACTANT IN Mg AND HCL REACTION

INTRODUCTION
It is well established that if two substances , reacts with each other theres is always if not in
all cases, a reactant that will be used up and one that will be left or be in excess after the
reaction has completely occurred , so a reactant that is used up is known to be a limiting
reagent because it limits the experiment as it get used up by the other reactant, so as far as
that is concerned, using amount of reactants and a chemoical balance equation, could help
in the prediction of substance in a reaction that is limiting an experiment. so as far as this, an
experiment was carried out to determine a reactant that will limit the reaction when
hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium to form magnesium chloride and water.Hence the
purpose of the experiment was to find out the reactant that was a limiting reactant

MATERIAL USED IN HCL AND Mg REACTION TESTING

 Dropper bottle containing 6M HCl.
 Magnesium ribbon (2 pieces, 3–5 cm each)
 Test-tube rack
 20 x 150-mm test tube
 Test-tube holder

PROCEDURES THAT WERE TAKEN IN HCL AND Mg REACTION TESTING

1. T wo pieces of magnesium ribbon that are 3–5 cm long was obtained.
2. Mass of the first piece of magnesium. Set the second piece aside to use in step 8
was measured and recorded.
3. In the data table, of the colour, length, and texture of your piece of magnesium
observations were recorded.
4. Magnesium was bent several times and put it into the test tube.
5. A test tube containing the magnesium was placed in a test-tube rack and ten drops
of 6M was added HCl. Information is recorded in a Data Table 1 any observations
observed during and immediately during the reaction the reaction. CAUTION: the
was no need to inhale vapours or look down into test tube. The reaction was
observed.
from the side of the test tube.
6. After the reaction has stopped, another ten drops of 6M HCl was added to the test
tube. Any observations during and immediately following the reaction was
recorded.
7. As 6M HCl was added during one drop of at a time, the reaction was observed and
recorded after each drop has stopped to react. Adding drops of hydrochloric acid was
stopped when all magnesium ribbon in the test tube was reacted.
 8. Place the second piece of magnesium ribbon into the test tube and record your
observations.

Results of Mg with HCL

MASS OF Mg
DATA TABLE 1.
substance observation

Mg Turns slightly milky, bubbles forms, test

Mg +10 drops
Mg +20 drops
Mg +21 drops of HCL (if needed)
Mg +22 drops of HCL (if needed)
Mg +23 drops of HCL (if needed)
Mg +24 drops of HCL (if needed)
Mg +25 drops of HCL (if needed)
HCL + second piece of magnesium
tube becomes warm, and changes back to
clear after a while
More bubbles accompanied with fizzy
sound and warmer than first one
Becomes milky after shaking it,no bubbles
were observed
More bubbles produced, fizz sound
produced at a slower rate, turns milky after
shaking it, clear time
Turns more milky, magnesium ribbon slowly
became smalller
More milky, more bubble and becoming
colder
Became cold at touch, but still milky ,
magnesium ribbon still at present
Few bubbles were formed and turns more
milky after shaking, has dissolved after 44
drops of HCl
Less reaction was observed , magnesium
reation failed to dissolve

Discussion :
When magnesium ribbon(Mg) was added to hydrochloric acid (HCl), the Mg will dissolved
and will form bubbles of hydrogen gas (H₂). When the Mg dissolves, it forms magnesium ions
with a 2+ charge (Mg2+) , and when the hydrogen atoms form H₂ gas, they leave behind
chloride ions, Cl-. Then, the Mg2+ ions will bond with the Cl- ions. Here is the single
replacement reaction equation:
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

In a reaction one mole of Mg reacts with 2 moles of HCL and will form 1 mole of MgCl2 &1
mole of H2
Therefore HCL is a limiting reactant since there was o.14 moles of Mg left while HCl was used
up.

The rate of reaction was followed between magnesium and the acid, by measuring the
amount o. In this reaction, the magnesium and acid are gradually used up. However the acid
is in excess, so it is mainly the loss of magnesium (surface area becomes smaller) that causes

Conclusion :
The reaction between magnesium ribbon and hydrochloric acid solution is exothermic
reaction. Furthermore, when the time taken for 10(s) intervals is increases, the volume of
hydrogen gas also increases but the volume of hydrogen gas decreases in the middle of
reaction because magnesium is used up.

REFERNCES
1. Nuffield foundation, 2007. Rate of reaction magnesium with hydrochloric acid, [online]
Available at : < http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-chemistry/rate-reaction-
magnesium-hydrochloric-acid > [Accessed on 17 April 2013]
2. Jim Clark, 2011. Reaction between Magnesium and hydrochloric acid [online] Available
at : < http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group2/reactacids.html> [Accessed on 19
April 2013]
3. 123HelpMe.com, 2000 . The reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid . [online]
Available at : < http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=148762 > [Accessed on 19 April
2013]
4. Geoffrey Neuss, 2007. IB Chemistry Course Companion, Oxford Press.
5. A .Caroline, M. Chris, O. Steve, 2011. Cambridge, Chemistry For The IB Diploma.
Cambridge University Press, UK.
 NUST

NAME: HAMUTENYA TIOFELUS H.

STUDENT NUMBER: 220040427
COURSE: ACH215S LAB REPORT
 DETERMINING THE PERCENTAGE OF ACETIC ACID IN VINEGAR

Introduction
It is also important when it comes establishing the amount of a substance or a reactant in a
product of a reaction this help us to calculate the percentage purity of a substance to, so as
far as this is concerned, two experiments were carried out on the same day to Identify the
limiting ractant in hydrochloric acid and magnesium reaction as well as determine the
amount or the percentage value of acetic acid in their products and reaction

MATERIAL USED IN DETERMINING % OF ACETIC ACID IN VINEGAR

 Sodium hydroxide pellets (NaOH) 100-mL graduated cylinder
 Acetic acid solution (white vinegar) Ring stand
 Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP)
Burette
 Phenolphthalein solution Burette
clamp
 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks (2) Balance
 250-mL beaker Label
 250-mL plastic bottle with screw topDistilled water

PROCEDURES THAT WERE TAKEN IN IN DETERMING THE PERCENTAGE OF

ACETIC ACID IN VINEGAR

Part A: Standardizing a NaOH Solution.

1. A cleaned 250-mL plastic bottle Standard NaOH Solution was labelled. Name`s has
been written on and the date of preparation was labelled.
2. In the 250-mL plastic bottle, 8 NaOH pellets was dissolved in 200 mL of distilled
water.
CAUTION: Sodium hydroxide is caustic.
3. A burette, burette clamp, and 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask was set up as shown in
Figure A.
4. A burette was prepared by rinsing it with tap water. Then rinsed with distilled water, and
finally with 5 to 10 mL of your NaOH solution.
5. The stopcock of the burette was closed and poured enough NaOH solution into the burette so that
the NaOH level was around the 5-mL mark.
6. Elimination of any air in the burette tip was to place a waste beaker under the burette.
The stopcock was thyen opened and its tip was filed in the tip of the burette. Two drops of
NaOH may have ran out into the waste beaker.
7. Observed initial volume of NaOH in was recorded Data Table 1.
8. 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask was cleaned and rinsed with distilled water. Mass of the empty
flask and record was also measured and recorded Data Table 1.
9. About 0.5g of KHP was added to the flask and its mass was measured again.The mass of
flask and acid was then recorded in Data Table 1.
10. About 50 mL of distilled wate was added into the flask containing the acid, it was then
swirled until the oxalic acid has dissolved.
11. 3 drops of phenolphthalein solution was added to the flask containing the acid solution. T
was then placed under the flask and under the burette so that the tip of the burette could be
1–2 cm inside the mouth of the flask.
12. The titration has begun by allowing small amounts of the NaOH to flow into the flask containing
the acid. The flask was then Swirled and allowed to mix to mix base and acid.
13. When the pink colour of the indicator begun to take longer to disappear, It would be close to
the equivalence point. The stopcock was then adjusted on the burette so that the base could
run into the acid drop- wise.
14. Drops of base were continually being added until a permanent light pink color was obtained. The
final volume of the NaOH solution was then recorded in Data Table 1.

Part B: Determining the Percent of Acid in Vinegar

1. Mass of a second clean 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask was measured and recorded in Data
Table 2.
2. 5 mL of vinegar was poured into the flask into and mass of the flask and vinegar was then
measured. Mass was recorded in Data Table 2.
Note: You could add 50ml of water to the acetic acid. It would not change the results!!!!!!!
3. The burette was then filled with NaOH solution so that the level of the solution was at
approximately the 5- mL mark.Initial volume was recorded in Data Table 2.
4. Sodium hydroxide solutionwas then added to the acid solution, followed steps 11 through 14 in
Part
A. Final volume of NaOH was recorded and used in Data Table 2.
 RESULTS FOR THE PERCENTAGE OF ACETIC ACID IN VINEGAR

DATA TABLE 1

SUBSTANCE OBSVERTIONS
Mass of flask and KHP (g) 112.9
Mass of empty flask (g) 112.4
0.55
Mass of KHP acid (g)
Moles of KHP (mol) 0.007034921
Final volume of NaOH (mL) 26
Initial volume of NaOH (mL) 15.8
4.2
Volume of NaOH used (mL)
0.007034921
Moles of NaOH (mol)
0.0016744981
Molarity of NaOH (M)
 DATA TABLE 2

118.25
Mass of flask and vinegar (g)
Mass of empty flask (g) 115.53
Mass of vinegar (g) 2.97
Final volume of NaOH (mL) 13.2
Initial volume of NaOH (mL) 5
8.2
Volume of NaOH used (mL)
Mass of acetic acid (g) 6.6
Percentage of acetic acid in 3.83
vinegar solution

DISCUSSION
The experiment involves two steps: (i) Standardization of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution
using potassium hydrogen phtalate (KHP) solution, and (ii) titration of an unknown monoprotic
acid solution using the standardized NaOH solution. The two steps, (i) and (ii), are essentially
similar. Therefore, only the first step is briefly described below. The neutralization reaction
proceeds as follows: NaOH + KHP → Na+ + K+ + P2- + H2O Once this reaction is complete, an
excess of NaOH starts building up, triggering the response from the indicator: NaOH +
HIn(colorless) → Na+ + In- (pink) + H2O. An interesting question is why NaOH first reacts with
KHP and only then, after KHP is consumed, it starts reacting with HIn. At this point I do not
know the answer, but hope that this question will be addressed later in class. Another question
arises as to why step (i) is needed at all. Indeed, one could envisage a simpler measurement
scheme where the solution of NaOH is prepared with known concentration and used to titrate
an unknown acid. Bear in mind, however, that NaOH is a poor primary standard: it is highly
hygroscopic, chemically unstable (reacts with CO2 of air), typically low-purity (if purchased
cheap), and has low molecular weight (which leads to higher relative error when the compound
is weighed out). Conversely, KHP has many desirable characteristics which make it a good
primary standard. This dictates a choice of the two-step scheme, with KHP as a primary
standard and NaOH as a secondary standard.

Due some error this formula is used to calculate the percentage error
 CONCLUSION
This study demonstrates that the titration method relying on visual detection of the end point
allows for precise determination of the unknown concentration (relative error less than 1%).
The precision and accuracy of the method can be improved by (i) fitting the burette with an
electronic device to control the flow of the fluid, (ii) using a spectrophotometer to detect the
color change at the end point of the titration, and (iii) using a special small-volume chamber
where two solutions – basic and acidic – can be rapidly mixed in order to prevent a time lag
from slow diffusion.

REFERENCES
 https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~sabrash/141Lab/Chem_141_Titration_Lab_Lecture_
Notes_F10.pdf
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fin.pinterest.com%2Fpin
%2F424323596115704874%2F&psig=AOvVaw2mEFHY2PVFPUHtZGqqV8tW&ust=16143
38922014000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCIiRpqP3hO8CFQAAAAAd
AAAAABAa
 https://www.chem.purdue.edu/courses/chm224/Miscellaneous/Model_report_Expt2-
revised_2009.pdf