Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nursing Theorists
Nursing Theorists
NURSING THEORISTS
THEORISTS
BETTY NEUMAN
HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL
Health Care System each person is a complete system; the goal of nursing is assist in maintaining
client system stability
Types of stressors Three types of prevention
o Interpersonal o Preventative
o Intrapersonal o Corrective
o Extrapersonal o Rehabilitative
Lines of resistance – internal factors that defend stressors
Nursing helps the person when stressors occur
Defines environment as “the totality of the internal and external forces which surround a person and
with which they interact at any given time.”
Neuman’s model used “GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY” as a framework for its development
Reconstitution – A termed for the increase in energy that occurs in relation to the degree of reaction
to the stressor
Nursing is a unique profession, concerned with all the variables affecting an individual’s response to
stressors, which are intra, inter & extra personal in nature.
IMOGENE KING
GOAL – ATTAINMENT THEORY
Goal – attainment theory is a type of interaction theories
the goal of nursing is to use communication to help the client re-establish positive adaptation to the
environment
grouped her theory into health concerns in three systems
o social - Family, religious groups, schools, work, peers
o personal - Individual; perception, self, growth, development, time space, body image
o interpersonal - Socialization; interaction, communication and transaction
Theory of goal attainment: behavior>return behavior>disturbance>set goal> agree on goal>help
attain goal.
Open systems framework
Human beings are open systems in constant interaction with the environment
BYMR
The nurse and patient mutually communicate, establish goals and take action to attain goals
Each individual brings a different set of values, ideas, attitudes, perceptions to exchange.
MADELEINE LEININGER
TRANSCULTURAL MODEL OF NURSING
BYMR
Hildegard Peplau
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP THEORY
“Nursing is therapeutic interpersonal process”
orientation - patient seeks assistance from nurse
identification - patient responds to nurse who intervenes to assist
exploration - patient uses services offered
resolution - therapeutic relation ends
Based on psychodynamic nursing
using an understanding of one's own behavior to help others identify their difficulties
Applies principles of human relations
Patient has a felt need
Peplau's Concepts
Person
– An individual; a developing organism who tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs
– Lives in instable equilibrium
Environment
– Not defined
Health
– Implies forward movement of the personality and human processes toward creative,
constructive, productive, personal, and community living
Nursing
– significant, therapeutic, interpersonal process that functions cooperatively with
others to make health possible
– Involves problem-solving
JEAN WATSON
HUMANG CARING
Caring is a moral ideal & entails the body [mind – soul engagement with one another]
Carative factors:
Cultivating sensitivity to self & others
Forming humanistic – altruistic value system
Instilling faith – hope
BYMR
Caring is healing, it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being
cared for, it allows access to higher human spirit.
7 assumptions about the science of caring:
It can be demonstrated and practiced
It results in satisfying human needs
It promotes health
It accepts the person as is
Gives the person choices to act on his own
Is healthogenic
Covers more of the person than curing; it is central to nursing
PATRICIA BENNER
EXPERT TO NOVICE
She described the 5 levels of nursing experience in her theory in nursing
Novice – has no professional experience
Beginner – can note recurrent meaningful situational components, but not prioritize
between them
Competent – begins to understand actions in terms of long – range goals
Proficient – perceives situations as wholes, rather than in terms of aspects
Expert – Has initiative grasp of the situation & zeros in the accurate region of the problem
Caring means that person, events, projects & things matter to people. It reveals stress & copping
options. Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse
assist clients to recover in the face of the illness.
Dorothea Orem
SELF – CARE DEFICIT THEORY
theory of Self care
theory of self – care deficit
theory of nursing systems
According to her, Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons who are wholly or partly
dependent of when those who are supposedly caring for them are no longer able to give care.
SELF-CARE MODEL
Self-care comprises those activities performed independently by an individual to promote and
maintain person well-being
BYMR
Self care agency is the individual's ability to perform self care activities
Self- care deficit occurs when the person cannot carry out self-care
The nurse then meets the self-care needs by acting or doing for; guiding, teaching, supporting or
providing the environment to promote patient's ability
Wholly compensatory nursing system-Patient dependent
Partially compensatory- Patient can meet some needs but needs nursing assistance
Supportive educative-Patient can meet self care requisites, but needs assistance with decision
making or knowledge
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
The role of nursing is to facilitate “The body’s reparative processes” by manipulating client’s
environment
She theorized the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery
Florence trained in nursing at Germany
Built St. Thomas School of Nursing when she was 40 years old
Notes in nursing
Notes in hospital
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Florence was born in Italy
First woman to be granted the Order of Merit and the Royal Red Cross (RRC) by Queen Victoria of Great
Britain
Person is influenced by the environment = overall theme
Nursing = a calling to help patients in a repetitive process directly working with the patient or by affecting
the environment to improve health or recovery from illness
First nursing theorist
Unsanitary conditions posed health hazard (Notes on Nursing, 1859)
5 components of environment: ventilation, light, warmth, effluvia, noise
External influences can prevent, suppress or contribute to disease or death.
Nightingale's Concepts
Person
– Patient who is acted on by nurse
– Affected by environment
– Has reparative powers
Environment – Foundation of theory. Included everything, physical, psychological, and social
Health
– Maintaining well-being by using a person's powers
– Maintained by control of environment
Nursing
– Provided fresh air, warmth, cleanliness, good diet, quiet to facilitate person's reparative
process
Jean Piaget
COGNITIVE THEORY
Cognitive development deals on ways in which a person learn to think, reason out and use language.
The cognitive theory by Piaget pointed out three primary abilities which are present in each phase
Assimilation – deals with the process where an individual encounter & reacts towards new situation &
using the mechanisms that they already have
MARTHA ROGER
UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS
Unitary human being are irreducible, four – dimensional, negentropic energy fields
Energy fields have no boundaries, are open, have patterns & the patterns change
BYMR
The purpose of nursing is to help all people achieve maximum well being
“Continuous & mutual interaction between man & environment” is termed as integrality
Explained the “Humanistic science of nursing”
Energy fields
Fundamental unity of things that are unique, dynamic, open, and infinite
Unitary man and environmental field
Universe of open systems
Energy fields are open, infinite, and interactive
Pattern
Characteristic of energy field
A wave that changes, becomes complex and diverse
Pandimensionality A nonlinear domain with out time or space
Roger's Definitions
Integrality – Continuous and mutual interaction between man and environment
Resonancy – Continuous change longer to shorter wave patterns in human and environmental fields
Helicy – Continuous, probabilistic, increasing diversity of the human and envrionmental fields.
Characterized by nonrepeating rhymicities.
DOROTHY JOHNSON
BEHAVIOURAL SYSTEMS MODEL
Achievement, Affiliation, Dependency
Behavioral systems
Behavioral subsystems
Attachment – Social bonds Sexual – procreation or gratification
Dependency – Helping or Nurturing Aggressive – self-protection & preservation
Ingestive – food intake Achievement – efforts to gain mastery &
Eliminative - excretion control
The nurse assesses the client's needs in these subsystems. When the client is stressed the subsystems
are disrupted. The nurse provides care to resolve problems in the subsystems to meet the patient's
needs.
The person is a behavioral system comprised of a set of organized, interactive, interdependent, and
integrated subsystems
BYMR
Constancy is maintained through biological, psychological, and sociological factors.
A steady state is maintained through adjusting and adapting to internal and external forces.
Johnson's Concepts
Person – A behavioral system comprised of subsystems constantly trying to maintain a
steady state
Environment – Not specifically defined but does say there is an internal and external
environment
Health – balance and stability
Nursing – External regulatory force that is indicated only when there is instability.
Joyce Travelbee
HUMAN TO HUMAN MODEL
Postulated the Interpersonal Aspect of Nursing
Person is described as a human being; both the nurse & the patient are human beings.
Nursing is an interpersonal process whereby the professional nurse practitioner assists an individual,
family, or community to prevent or cope with experience or illness & suffering, & if necessary, to find
meaning in these experiences.
Virginia Henderson
14 BASIC NEEDS
basic nursing care involves 14 activities: physiological, spiritual and sociological. Pay attention and listen
to person
Nature of Nursing Model
For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis & action
related to care of the ill person
The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health that he would perform unaided if he has the necessary strength, will &
knowledge, & do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.
The Nature of Nursing
Topology Nursing Problems
A list of 21 nursing problems
Condition presented or faced by the patient or family.
Problems are in 3 categories
Physical, social and emotional
BYMR
The nurse must be a good problem solver
Ernestine Weidenbach
THE HELPING ART OF CLINICAL NURSING
Developed the Clinical nursing – a helping Art Model
Nursing theory prescriptive
Central purpose – the philosophy, culture, individually of the patient & nurse
Prescription – the interactive plan of care for the patient
Realities – the patient, nurse, environment, goals etc.
Nursing observes, ministers & validates
Myra Levine
THEORY OF CONSERVATION = HOLISTIC
Her idea was that we need to help the person conserve energy; structural integrity; personal integrity &
social integrity
Believed nursing is a disciple the basis of which is the person’s dependence & relation to others.
Health – the ability to maintain integrity
LYDIA HALL
NURSING IS THE CARE, CORE & CURE (3C)
BYMR
Depicted by circles
ABRAHAM MASLOW
HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS
Nurse’s highest priority to which client need is Elimination
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs clearly depicts the human needs as it is ranked based on how essential it
is for our survival.
Self – actualized person:
Understands poetry, music, philosophy, science etc.
Desires privacy, autonomous
Problem centered
Makes decision contrary to public opinion
Characteristics:
It is realistic, sees life clearly, & is subjective about his or her observations
Has superior perception, is more decisive
It is highly effective, flexible, spontaneous, courageous, willing to make mistakes
SWANSON
Caring involves 5 processes, Knowing, being with, doing for, enabling & maintaining belief
BYMR
DUNN
Developed the concept of HIGH – LEVEL WELLNESS
Moses
Father of sanitation
Laissez – Faire
LEADERSHIP STYLE
A leader is someone who can influence others to accomplish a specific goal. This leadership style has
a minimal leader activity level.
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1. "Each human being perceives the world as a 10. Following is the concept related to
total person in making transactions with Nightingale theory? "Poor or difficult
individuals and things in environment". This environments led to poor health and
assumption is stated by: Imogene King's disease". "Environment could be altered to
conceptual framework improve conditions so that the natural laws
2. Notes on Nursing: What it is, What it is not would allow healing to occur”. “The goal of
was written by: Florence Nightingale nursing is "to put the patient in the best
3. Ernestine Wiedenbach's conceptual model condition for nature to act upon him".
of nursing is called: The Helping Art of 11. Self-care deficit theory was proposed by:
Clinical Nursing Dorothea Orem
4. A system of nursing care in which patients 12. Which theory defines nursing as the science
are placed in units on the basis of their and practice that expands adaptive abilities
needs for care as determined by the degree and enhances person and environment
of illness rather than on the basis of a transformation? Roy's adaptation model
medical specialty is: Progressive patient care 13. "Nursing is therapeutic interpersonal
5. Which of the following terms refers to the process". This definition was stated by: A.
branch of philosophy that deals with Hildegard Peplau
questions concerning the nature, scope, and 14. Which of the following statements is related
sources of knowledge? Epistemology to Florence Nightingale? The role of nursing
6. A theory of knowledge emphasizing the role is to facilitate "the body's reparative
of experience, especially experience based processes" by manipulating client's
on perceptual observations by the senses is: environment.
Empiricism 15. Following is a concept related to Roy's
7. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy which Adaptation Mondel? Focal Stimuli, Cognator
deals with: The study of the nature of reality Subsystem, Role function
8. According to Peplau's interpersonal model, 16. Imogene King's "goal attainment theory" is a
during which phase of nursing process, the type of: Interaction theories
patient participates in goal setting and has a 17. Which of the following theory has used
feeling of belonging and selectively "General Systems Theory" as a framework
responds to those who can meet his or her for its development? Neuman's model
needs? Identification 18. Transcultural Model of Nursing was
9. Deliberative Nursing Process Theory was proposed by: Madeleine Leininger
explained by: Ida Jean Orlando
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19. Following are concepts explained in Dorothy
Johnson's Behavioral Systems Model?
Affiliation, Dependency, Achievement
20. Watson's carative factors include all the
following: Forming humanistic-altruistic
value system, Instilling faith-hope,
Cultivating sensitivity to self and others
21. Florence Nightingale – Environment theory
22. Hildegard Peplau – Interpersonal theory
23. Virginia Henderson – Need Theory
24. Fay Abdella – Twenty One Nursing Problems
25. Ida Jean Orlando – Nursing Process theory
26. Dorothy Johnson – System model
27. Martha Rogers – Unitary Human beings
28. Dorothea Orem – Self-care theory
29. Imogene King – Goal Attainment theory
30. Betty Neuman – System Model
31. Sister Calista Roy – Adaptation theory
32. Jean Watson – Philosophy & Caring Model
33. Madeleine Leininger – Transcultural nursing
34. Patricia Benner – From Novice to Expert
35. Lydia E. Hall – The Core, Care and Cure
36. Joyce Travelbee – Human-To-Human
Relationship Model
37. Margaret Newman – Health As Expanding
Consciousness
38. Katharine Kolcaba – Comfort Theory
39. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse – Human Becoming
Theory
40. Ernestine Wiedenbach – The Helping Art of
Clinical Nursing
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