MODULE 3

MANILA STUDIES
by:

LOIDA J. PRIMAVERA

Subject: Manila Studies

Political and Social Aspects of Manila

 MODULE 3

Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:

1. Familiarize with the political and social cultural aspects

of Manila
2. Recognized the contributions of former mayors who
contributed to the growth of Manila
3. State the accomplishments of the mayors who give
changes on the political and socio-cultural aspects of
Manila
4. Discuss briefly the changes in political and socio-cultural
aspects in the City of Manila
5. Appreciates the accomplishments of Manileños for the
welfare of the populace
 THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD MANILA
There were several version of the origin of the word Manila. One version was,
manila got name from tagalog words”May” meaning “there is”, like “may
pagmamahal” (there is love) or “may-bigas” (there is rice” and the term “nilad” or
“Yamstick Mangrove” with a scientific name “scyphiphora hydro-phylacea”
the name of the shrub that commonly grew plentifully along the shorelines of the Pasig
River and Manila Bay

According to the tradition, this plant always attracted locals and visitors of this
land along the river banks. It’s soft branches swang tenderly in the winds became in
from the river and was like welcoming the visitors, which made the place very popular.
The locals and visitors picked its flowers and was made into wreaths that were offered to
religious altars and shortly became products circulated to other places. On one occasion
when two Spaniards asked a woman, where the flowers came from, the woman says “ sa
may nilad” and soon after, people in all walks of life called it as “Sa Maynila”

NILAD PLANT
 The other version,came from Emma Helen Blair. The origin of the name “Manila”
came form the word Nilad. It was a plant called the”indigo” or indigoferr tinctoria”. It
was a different from “scyphiphora hydro-phylacea”. It was a small tree, producing
white flowers, but it was seldom seen along the river.

On the other hand, Julio Nakpil stressed that the error of removing “d” from
“Maynilad” was probably a mistake on the part of the Spaniards.

Lastly, Alexander Salt put forward the idea that the city got its name from its
location on the tonque of the land. He said that Maynila is from the tagalog phrase ”sa
may dila” or “in the tongue” that described the place of the city in the tongue of the
land mass.

Nonetheless, the first version is accepted that the others.

HISTORY

The City of Manila occupies a unique position in Philippine political geography,

for it is both a chartered city, and also it fulfills the functions of a province for the four
cities and thirteen municipalities composing its metropolitan area. But then, Manila has
always been an exceptional case, defying just about every political formula devised to
govern other towns, cities and provinces. It has required special laws and governmental
systems to rule it, practically from the beginning of the Spanish rule of the Philippines in
the 16th Century up to the present.

Manila City proper is bounded on the north by Navotas and Caloocan City, on the
northeast by Quezon City and San Juan del Monte, on the southeast by Mandaluyong
and Makati, and on the south by Pasay City. It faces beautiful Manila Bay to the west.

A relatively new development is the incorporation of all the cities and

municipalities comprising the Manila metropolitan area into one unit--a "mega-city"--
called "Metro Manila." It is governed as one unit by a governor, who coordinates its
functions and services through the various city and municipal officials, very much like a
provincial governor rules many towns. And yet, the component cities, provinces and
municipalities retain their previous jurisdictions. Metro Manila is comprised of the
cities of Manila, Quezon City, Caloocan City and Pasay City, and the municipalities of
Navotas, Malabon, Valenzuela (in Bulacan province), Marikina, Pasig, Mandaluyong,
San Juan del Monte, Makati, Pateros, Taguig (Tagig), Paranaque, Las Pinas and
Muntinglupa.
 Manila was first visited by Spaniards in 1570. Governor-General Legazpi, searching for a
suitable place to establish his capital after being compelled to move from Cebu to Panay by
Portugese pirates, and hearing of the existence of a prosperous Mohammedan community in
Luzon, sent an expedition under Martin de Goiti to discover its location and potentials. De Goiti
anchored at Cavite, and tried to establish his authority peaceably by sending a message of
friendship to Maynilad. Rajah Soliman, then its ruler, was willing to befriend the Spaniards, but
would not submit to Spanish sovereignity peaceably.

Naturally, this was unsatisfactory to the Spanish commander, so after he secured

equipment and reinforcements, he attacked Maynilad in June of 1570. He captured it after a
stout fight, and having formally taken possession of the city in the name of the King of Spain, he
returned to Panay.

The next year, in 1571, the Spaniards returned, this time led by Governor-General
Legazpi himself. Seeing them approach, the natives set fire to the town, levelling it to the
ground, while the people fled to Tondo and neighboring towns.

After occupying the remains of Maynilad on June 19, 1591, and commencing the
construction of a fort there, Legazpi made overtures of friendship to Rajah Lakandula of Tondo,
which this time were prudently accepted. Soliman, however, refused to submit to the Spaniards,
despite the wise counsel of Lakandula, whose aid Soliman solicited in an effort to expel the
invaders. Failing to get Lakandula's support, as well as that of the Pampangans and
Pangasinans, Soliman gathered together a considerable force of Tagalog warriors, and attacked
the Spaniards in a decisive battle at the town of Bangcusay. There the Filipinos were defeated,
and Soliman himself was killed.

With the destruction of Soliman's army, and the friendly interventions of Rajah
Lakandula, the Spaniards were enabled to establish their authority throughout the city and its
adjacent settlemnts, and soon several Christian missions were established.

Eventually, Roman Catholic missions, parishes and schools were established by nearly
every religious order to come to the Philippines. The first priests were Augustinians and secular
priests, followed by Franciscans, Jesuits, Dominicans and Augustinian Recollects, with many
other orders following in later centuries.

The rule of the Spanish conquerers of the "City of Soliman" was full of dangers, since the
people were opposed to foreign sovereignty. Consequently, the city was frequently the scene of
serious disturbances. The Chinese, angered by the loss of free trade, the commercial restrictions
placed by the untrusting Spanish upon them, and the laws forcing them to pay tribute to Spain,
made several efforts to destroy the Spaniards.
 The first of these Chinese revolts occurred in 1574, when a force of some 3,000 men and
62 Chinese warships under the command of Limahong attacked the city. This attenpt proved
fruitless, the Chinese being defeated with heavy losses. As a safeguard against similar uprisings
later, the Chinese residents and merchants of Manila were confined to a separate district, called
"Parian de Alcaceria."

However, this precaution was not totally effective, for at various times in the following
century, the Chinese rose in revolt. In 1602, they set fire to Quiapo and Tondo, and for a time
threatened to capture Intramuros. In 1662, they again revolted, while in 1686, a conspiracy led
by Tingco plotted to kill all the Spaniards. It is no surprise, then, to learn that at various times
during the Spanish era, the Chinese were expelled (or decrees were made to that effect) from
Manila and from the entire country. Later reconciliations nearly always permitted the
continuation of the Chinese community in the city, however.

In 1595, Manila was decreed to be the capital of the Archipelago, although it had already
in fact served that function practically from its founding in 1571. Besides being Spain's pre-
eminent city in the Philippines, and dominant over other provincial capitals, it was itself a
provincial capital over a province whose territory at one time covered nearly all of Luzon, and
included the modern territorial subdivisions of Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas,
Quezon, Mindoro, Masbate and Marinduque. Later, these subdivisions were themselves made
provinces, leaving Manila province with a territory roughly equal to the present City of Manila
proper (except Intramuras, the capital site), and the northwestern two-thirds of Rizal province.
The boundary of Manila province went from northeast to southwest, including Antipolo, Cainta,
Taytay and Taguig, and all of the towns north and west of them, in Manila province; and
Angono, Teresa, Morong, and the towns south and east of them, in Laguna province. Early in the
province's history, the provincial name was changed fran Manila to "Tondo" province, by which
it was known for most of the Spanish era.

In 1762, during the "Seven Years' War," the British occupied Manila, remaining in the
city until 1764. The fleeing Spaniards destroyed many of the records, and in the sack of the town
by the British, many historical documents of great value were destroyed or stolen from the
archives.

In about 1853, four pueblos or towns of Tondo province were joined with the
northeastern towns of Laguna province to form the politico-military "Distrito de los Montes de
San Mateo," or District of the San Mateo Mountains. Tondo province annexed to this new
district the towns of Cainta, Taytay, Antipolo and Boso-boso, while Laguna contributed the
towns of Angono, Binangonan, Cardona, Morong, Baras, Tanay, Pililla and Jalajala. But the
name of the new district proved unwieldy, too long, and misled many into thinking the town of
San Mateo (in Tondo province) was the capital of the San Mateo Mountain District, when in
reality the district capital was in Morong. So, in about 1859, following common practice of the
day, the district was renamed after its capital; namely, Morong District. At about the same time,
Tondo Province was renamed Manila Province.
 Being the traditional seat of education and liberal thinking in the Philippines, Manila
was a rich field for anti-Spanish propaganda. But outwardly it remained quiet until July 7, 1892,
when the secret revolutionary organization devoted to the overthrow of Spanish rule of the
country, called the Katipunan, was organized in Manila's suburb, Tondo. Although initial
skirmishes between the Filipinos and Spanish were brief and nearly always lost by the Filipinos,
the movement grew until open rebellion broke out in 1896, with the Spaniards losing the
Philippines to the combined Filipino-American forces in 1898. But Spain ceded the country only
to the Americans, who exerted their control militarily, defeating the Filipinos in the "Mock
Battle" of Manila on August 13, 1898. Thereafter, the Americans pursued the retreating Filipino
forces province by province, until General Emilio Aguinaldo (then president of the Republic)
surrendered in Palanan, Isabela, on March 23, 1901. Manila continued under an American
military government until civil government was established for the city on July 31, 1901.

In 1948, Quezon City was declared the national capital of the new Republic of the
Philippines, thus robbing Manila City of an honor it had held since 1595. But on May 29, 1976,
President Ferdinand Marcos' Decree No 940 returned the national capital to Manila, declaring
that "the area prescribed as Metro Manila by P. D. 824" was to be the seat of the national
government.

Not even a hundredth part of Manila's rich and lengthy history can be written here.
Therefore, the reader is referred to other works for more details.
Dialects
It is probable that nearly every dialect spoken in the Philippines is spoken in Manila, for this
cosmopolitan city receives its population from the entire country. Many foreign languages are
also spoken, mainly by foreign nationals engaged in the diplomatic corps or business
enterprises. But Tagalog is the predominant dialect, spoken by 76.4% of Manila's population,
followed by Iloco (4.9%), Samar-Leyte (3.3%), Pampango (3.0%), Bicol (2.8%), Chinese (2.6%),
Cebuano (1.9%), Hiligaynon (1.9%), Pangasinan (1.7%), and the remaining 1.5% speak any of the
other dialects used in the country. Pilipino can be spoken by 98.0% of the population, English by
66.1%, and Spanish by 8.4%.

Religions
Roman Catholics predominate, comprising 93.5%, followed by Iglesia ni Cristo (1.9%),
Protestants (1.8%), Buddhists (1.1%), Moslems and others comprising the remaining 1.4% of
Manila's population.

SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECT

Manila is also the home of the performing artist in the country. There is the Philippine
Cultural Center, Folk Arts Theater, facing Manila May, the historic Metropolitan Theater which
is currently being renovated, an open theater in Rizal and Paco Parks, The libraries and
museums include the National Library and the National Museum known for its anthropological
and archeological exhibits

The national Institute of Science and Technology with a scientific reference library and
large collections of plants, the Planetarium, Fort Santiago which houses original works of the
Philippine Patriot and national hero Jose Rizal and the Kamaynilaan (Manila City) Library and
Museum, which contains valuable cravings, paintings and antiquated manuscripts.

Manila is a great city and a mystic place for many residents and tourists alike. Despite its
noise and tragic stories and tales, it remains a home for many Filipinos who dream of good
fortunes and life. Manila is a living witness of the past centuries

To visualized the above mention place. Please see the pictures below
 CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES

The Cultural Center of the Philippines is a government owned and controlled

corporation established to preserve, develop and promote arts and culture in the
Philippines. The CCP was established through Executive Order No. 30 s. 1966 by
President Ferdinand Marcos. 
Founder: Ferdinand Marcos
Founded: September 1966
Owner: Government of the Philippines
Number of employees: 300 (2011, about)
Headquarters: Manila
Architect: Leandro Locsin
 FOLK ARTS THEATRE
( THE TANGHALANG FRANCISCO BALAGTAS)

Folk Arts Theater is also known as “The Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas”. It is

one of the performance venues of the Cultural Center of the Philippines. This covered
proscenium amphitheater is where entertainment such as popular concerts, musicals,
and plays are usually staged. It has 8,458 seating capacity in ten sections.

The theater takes its name from Francisco Baltazar also known as Francisco
Balagtas, in awe to the country's greatest poet. The theater was built in 90 days and was
designed by Leandro V. Locsin in 1974.

The building was officially authorized by First Lady Imelda Marcos for the Miss
Universe Beauty Pageant in 1974, which was to be held in Manila in the same year.
 METROPOLITAN THEATER

In 1862, the Teatro del Príncipe Alfonso XII was built within Plaza Arroceros, near the
present-day Metropolitan Theater. This theater stood until 1876, when the old theater
was burnt down.
It was in 1924, during the American Colonial period that the idea of constructing
a theater in Manila came about. The Philippine Legislature then approved Senator
Alegre's proposal to build a theater within the Mehan Garden
The construction began in 1930 under the supervision of the architecture
firm of Pedro Siochi and Company in an 8,239.58 square meter area of the park. It was
inaugurated on December 10, 1931. This new theater housed different performances
from zarzuelas, dramas to translations of foreign classics.
Location: Padre Burgos Avenue cor Arroceros Street, Manila
Renovated: 2015- on going
Architect: Juan M. Arellano
 NATIONAL LIBRARY

The National Library of the Philippines is the official national library of the Philippines. The complex
is located in Ermita on a portion of Rizal Park facing T. M. Kalaw Avenue, neighboring culturally
significant buildings such as the Museum of Philippine Political History and the National Historical
Commission. 

Location: Rizal Park
Address: 1000 Kalaw Ave, Ermita, Manila, 1000 Metro Manila
Opened: 1901
Criteria for collection: Filipino literary and scholarly works (Filipiniana)
Architect: Jose Zaragosa
 NATIONAL MUSEUM

The National Museum of the Philippines is an umbrella government organization

that oversees a number of national museums in the Philippines including ethnographic,
anthropological, archaeological and visual arts collections.
Address: Padre Burgos Ave, Ermita, Manila, 1000 Metro Manila
Departments: Personnel Office In National Museum Of The Philippines
Founded: 29 October 1901
Phone: (02) 8527 1215
Artwork: Spoliarium
Architect: Juan M. Arellano

POLITICAL ASPECT
 Political Structure

Manila is divided into six (6) congressional districts with six (6) congressmen per district
to represent their constituents in the legislative branch of the national government. However,
for administrative convenience, the city is still subdivided into smallest administrative division
known as barangay which is headed by a chair person called barangay captain and seven (7)
barangay councilors or “kagawad”. At present there 897 barangays, 100 zones in 16
administrative districts in Manila. The city’s chief administrative is the mayor. The legal elected
person by the people to administer the city. The mayor is assisted by a vice-mayors who often
serve as the head of the city council or group of elected councilors and may function as chief
operating officers. The other people who directly help the mayor to maintain peace and order in
the city are the councilors. The councilors are elected to the local council to represent their local
community. At present, there are six (6) elected councilors per congressional district in Manila

The current mayor is Francisco “Isko Moreno” Domagoso and the vice- mayor is Maria
Shiela “Honey” Lacuna-Pangan, a medical practitioner

POST WAR MAYORS OF MANILA

ARSENIO CRUZ HERRERA

1901-1905
 Arsenio Cruz Herrera (December 14, 1863 – April 8, 1917)
was considered the first Filipino mayor of Manila. He was also the leader of
the Progresista Party from 1907 to 1914.

Arsenio was born on December 14, 1863, in Tondo, Manila. His parents
were Tomás Cruz and Ambrosia Herrera. He studied in a school under Fortunato
Jacinto, then at Colegio de San Juan de Letran where he received a degree
of bachiller en artes (Bachelor of Arts) in 1880. He later enrolled at
the University of Santo Tomas to attain a licentiate in canon law (1889) and
jurisprudence (1892). At the University of Santo Tomas, he studied while working
at the university library. He was able to start his own law office right after
graduating, a firm where Juan Sumulong and Rafael Palma were later able to
work as young lawyers. His law practice earned as much as eighty thousand pesos
per year.
 FELIX FERNANDEZ ROXAS
1905-1917

Felix Fernandez Roxas led a very colorful life and had several
careers. He was the Mayor of Manila and Governor of Batangas.
 JUSTO LUKBAN
1917-1920

Justo Lukban (May 28, 1863 – September 2, 1927) was

a Filipino physician and politician. Lukban was elected to the Philippine
Assembly and was mayor of the capital Manila from 1917 until 1920.
Justo Lukban was born in Labo, nowadays part of the Philippine province
of Camarines Norte. He was the second child from a family of six children of
Agustin Lukban and Andrea Rillon. One of his three brothers was
General Vicente Lukban. He enrolled in 1873 at the Colegio de San Juan de
Letran where he achieved a Bachelor of Arts-degree.[1] Afterwards, Lukban
studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1888 he achieved his
medical license and started his own practice in Manila
 EULOGIO A. RODRIGUEZ, SR.
1923

Eulogio "Amang" Adona Rodriguez Sr. (January 21, 1883 - December 19,

1964) was a Filipino politician, twice served as President of the Senate of the
Philippines. Coming from a rich family
Rodríguez was born in Montalban (renamed Rodriguez in his honor), then part
of Manila province on January 21, 1883 to Petronilo Rodríguez and Monica Adona. He
first studied at the Spanish-run public school in Montalban, then took his secondary
course at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran in Manila, where he completed his Bachelor
of Arts in 1896. He then studied law under a private tutor. To help himself in his studies,
he worked as a farmer.
 LEON G. GUINTO, SR.
(1940-1941)

Leon Gawaran Guinto Sr. (June 28, 1886 – July 10, 1962) was a public
servant in the Philippines from the Commonwealth period up to the post-war era,
best remembered as the war-time Mayor of the City of Greater Manila in the
Philippines.

León Guinto was a public servant in the Philippines from the Commonwealth
period up to the post-war era, best remembered as the war-time Mayor of the
City of Greater Manila in the Philippines.

He was best remembered as the war-time Mayor of the City of Manila. He was
born to Juan P. Guinto and Pia Gawaran in the village of San Nicolas in Bacoor,
Cavite. By 1920, after completing his law studies and qualifying as a bona fide
lawyer, Guinto was employed as private secretary to the then Philippine Senate
 HERMENEGILDO J. ATIENZA

Hermenegildo Joaquin. Atienza Born on April 21, 1909 was a Filipino

politician. He served as Mayor of Manila (1944–1945) and as a member of
the Philippine House of Representatives (1946–1949). His term as mayor coincided with
the Liberation of Manila. He was previously the Vice Mayor of Manila (1940–1944) and
a member of the Manila City Council (1934–1940).
Atienza topped the Philippine Bar Examination in 1932 as a student at the University of
the Philippines. During World War II, he was imprisoned by the Japanese in Fort
Santiago, alongside guerilla leader Guillermo Nakar . After the war he was elected to
the 1st Congress of the Philippines for Manila's second district. He became a strong
opponent of the amnesty granted to collaborationists with the Japanese occupation.[1] In
1949 he introduced House Bill No. 2613, the Reciprocity Immigration Bill, which would
have barred Australians from the country in response to the treatment of Lorenzo
Gamboa under the White Australia policy.[2]
His nephew Lito Atienza also became Mayor of Manila.

THE BIG THREE OF MANILA

ARSENIO H. LACSON
(1552-1662)
 Arsenio “Arsenic” H. Lacson (December 26, 1912 – April 15, 1962) was
a Filipino journalist and politician who gained widespread attention as Mayor of
Manila from 1952 to 1962. He was the first Manila mayor to be reelected to three terms
A lawyer by profession and an alumnus of University of Santo Tomas. He
joined the law office of Senator Vicente Francisco and later, the Department of Justice
as an assistant attorney, Lacson also worked as sportswriter before the outbreak of
World War II, a tough reformist mayor who fought the corrupt employees of the city,
saved the city’s coffer from bankruptcy and ran after the criminals in the city. He died
on April 15, 1962 suddenly from a stroke amidst talk that he was planning to run in
the 1965 presidential election
Nicknamed "Arsenic" and described as "a good man with a bad mouth", Lacson's
fiery temperament became a trademark of his political and broadcasting career.

ANTONIO A. VILLEGAS
(1962-1971)
 Antonio de Jesus Villegas (January 9, 1928 – November 16, 1984) was
a Filipino Mayor of Manila from 1962 to 1971. His term was after the term
of Arsenio Lacson as Mayor of Manila, and before the period of martial law in the
Philippines.
A writer of many books, as mayor provided free education and books to
students, constructed the Ospital ng Maynila, made Manila as non-smoking city,
solved the traffic problems in Manila, built public parks and planted trees along
the streets of Manila. He died on November 16,1984 at Reno, Nevada, USA

RAMON D. BAGATSING
(1971-1986)
 Ramon Delaraga Bagatsing, Ll.M., DCL (August 19, 1916 – February 14,
2006) was the five-term Mayor of Manila. He was the only Indian Filipino and person
with disability (as an amputee) to serve as Mayor of the City of Manila from 1971 to
1986. Bagatsing held the unique distinction of being the only person to survive both
the Bataan Death March and the military hero for the Liberation of Manila during
the Second World War and the Plaza Miranda bombing in 1971.
Before occupying the city's highest office, Bagatsing served as a Representative
to Congress for Manila, member of Cabinet, lawyer, lay minister, and policeman. He
earned the moniker. He was known as "The Incorruptible" for his clean record in public
service and for his unwavering anti-graft and corruption stance.
He was a victim of the “Plaza Miranda Bombing” incident. He loved the poor of
Manila, established cooperatives, built schools, day care centers and hospitals. He was
loved by his city workers

MANILA UNDER THE FIFTH REPUBLIC

 When President Ferdinand Marcos was ousted in February 25, 19876 because of
the People Power Revolution, Corazon Cojuangco Aquino, the widow of Ninoy Aquino
was installed as the first president of the fifth Republic. Under the Aquino
Administration, Manila witnessed eight unsuccessful coup attempts, the most serious
attempts was in December 1989. During this period, Germiliano “Mel” Lopez Jr was the
Officer in Charge of the city appointed by Corazon Aquino, a former Batasang Pambansa
Assemblyman from 1984 -1986 and chairman of the Philippine Sports Commission. But
in 1988, he won in the mayoral election by Manila and served up to 1992.

GERMILIANO
“MEL”LOPEZ, JR.
(1988-1992)

In the 1992, National and Local Election, Alfredo S. Lim, the strong ally of
the Aquino Administration and Director of National Bureau of Investigation
became the mayor of City of Manila
 Former Mayor Lim defeated Mel Lopez and became the 19 th elected city
mayor. His slogan was “Magaling na lider, disiplinado”. Lim was known for his
tough stance against drug syndicates, other criminals and prostitution. He also
founded the City of Manila, now Universidad de Manila (UDM). When Lim ran
for presidency in 1998 presidential election, his vice-mayor Lito Atienza was
elected as City Mayor

ALFREDO S. LIM
(1992-1998)
(2007-2013)

In 2007, Lim decided run again for Mayor of Manila. He won and defeated Atienza's
son, Ali Atienza; Lim thus gave up his Senate seat. Shortly after assuming office, he adopted
the slogan "Linisin, Ikarangal (ang) Maynila" (transl. Clean, Dignify Manila, hence the
acronym LIM).

José "Lito" Livioko Atienza Jr. (born August 10, 1941) is a Filipino politician

serving as the Party-list Representative for Buhay since 2013 and concurrently a Deputy
Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines since November 2020. He
previously served as the Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources from 2007 to
2009 in the administration of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. He also served three
consecutive terms as Mayor of Manila from 1998 to 2007.
He has been hosting the television series Maynila since 1998 and Deputy Speaker
of the House of the Representatives of the Philippines.

JOSE “LITO” L. ATIENZA

(1998-2007)

Joseph Ejercito Estrada (born José Marcelo Ejercito; April 19, 1937), also

known by the nickname Erap, is a Filipino politician and former actor who served as
the 13th president of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001, ninth vice president of the
Philippines from 1992 to 1998, and the 26th Mayor of the City of Manila, the country's
capital, from 2013 to 2019. In 2001, he became the first president in Asia to be
impeached from an executive role and resigned from power.
Estrada gained popularity as a film actor, playing the lead role in over a hundred
films in an acting career spanning some three decades, and model, who was started as a
fashion and ramp model at the age of 13. He used his popularity as an actor to make
gains in politics, serving as Mayor of San Juan from 1969 to 1986, as Senator from 1987
to 1992, then as Vice President under President Fidel V. Ramos from 1992 to 1998.
Estrada was elected president in 1998 with a wide margin of votes separating him
from the other challengers, and was sworn into the presidency on June 30, 1998. In
2000 he declared an "all-out-war" against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and
captured its headquarters and other camps. Allegations of corruption spawned
an impeachment trial in the Senate, and in 2001 Estrada was ousted by "People Power
2" after the prosecution walked out of the impeachment court when the senator-judges
voted "no" in the opening of the second envelope.
In 2007, Estrada was sentenced by a special division of
the Sandiganbayan to reclusión perpetua for the plunder of $80 million from the
government, but was later granted pardon by President and his former deputy Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo. He ran for president again in the 2010 presidential election, but was
defeated by Senator Benigno Aquino III by a wide margin. He later served as Mayor of
Manila for two terms, from 2013 to 2019.

JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA

(2013-2019)

Francisco “Isko Moreno” Domagoso (born October 24, 1974), also known

by his screen name Isko Moreno, is a Filipino politician and former actor who
 currently serves as the 22nd Mayor of Manila since 2019. Prior to becoming
mayor, he served as a former three-term councilor of the city's first congressional
district from 1998 to 2007 and more recently as the vice mayor of Manila from
2007 to 2016. As an actor, Isko Moreno started as a matinee idol and later
became known for his mature roles during his short stint in the "titillating
films" genre that was prevalent in the country during the 1990s

Moreno caught the attention of talent scout Wowie Roxas in 1993 while
attending a funeral in Tondo and was then persuaded to join show business. He
was part of That's Entertainment, a daily variety show featuring German
Moreno's stable of aspiring teenage actors, under the screen name Isko
Moreno. His major break came in 1993 when he was cast in a cameo role in the
romantic movie May Minamahal and became a leading man to Claudine
Barretto in Muntik na Kitang Minahal a year later

Moreno started his political career when he elected and sworn as councilor for
Manila’s first congressional district in 1998 and reelected in 2001 and 2004
respectively. In 2007, he later became vice mayor of the city. He took a crash course in
Local Legislation and Local Finance at University of the Philippines. He then studied
public administration in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (University of the City of
Manila) while fulfilling his alderman duties. Moreno also serves as vice chairman of the
Manila Historical and Heritage Commission and studies Law in Arellano University.

In May 2012, Joseph Estrada, the former President of the Philippines, announced
his intention to run for Mayor of Manila but only for one term in 2013. He intends to
run with Domagoso, who is running for re-election as Vice Mayor.
In 2016, Domagaso announced that he would run for Senator of the Philippines. He lost
in his bid placing 15th place overall.

On July 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte appointed him as the chairman of the
board of the North Luzon Railways Corporation until his resignation in October 2017. In
May 2018, he was appointed by Duterte as Undersecretary for Luzon Affairs at the
Department of Social Welfare and Development. On October 11, 2018, he officially
resigned from his post to run for Mayor of Manila in the 2019 elections.
On May 13, 2019, Isko Domagoso Moreno won the mayoralty of Manila via a landslide
win of close to 150,000 votes more than the closest contender. Mayor Moreno was then
officially proclaimed winner by the City Board of Canvassers the following day, 14 M

FRANCISCO “ISKO MORENO”DOMAGOSO

(INCUMBENT)
June 30, 2019
 ASSIGNMENT NO. 2

1. If you will be given the chance to become a Mayor of Manila, What will you do
first and why? (Please choose the 2 category)

In terms of:

1. Population
2. Unemployment in Manila
3. Education
4. Health and Services
5. Poverty
6. Street Vendor
7. Slum Areas
8. Heavy Traffic
9. Food Shortage

2. In your opinion, “How Can I be a good leader”, “How can I be a good servant”

ACTIVITIES NO. 2
What particular plant can you compare Manila today? Why?

Please attach picture of the chosen plant

(e.g Bamboo Plant represents peace or/maintaining peace and
believes in positive energy the same as attitude of the
Manilans/manileño despite of the hardships and trials they keep
their positive attitude towards the situation