tYample 412

Show that the factor gToup (24Y 22)/1o3*z, is

icomophic to Z4 Or Classify thc graup x4loh2
the undamental theorem of frutelu
acovdng to
qenerated abelan qOupa

ns
Ans He have , x 72-00), Co,1), (o)CyD,(a20
CA,1), C30),3,D
Consider the prgechon map 1: 24x 4
gven by 1,(T)=
Clcarly S ahmomorphism
Let (,4,), (zi,4) ¬ Z47

ThCX1,4,)+71(X2,9)

111 is a homomorphusm.
We bave 1TC4 X ) - S o 1 3 4 } = 24

Ker CXy) EZ4X Z2 TCX,4)-0}

-Sco,o), co,0}
so} x homomorphism
theoremn
undamental
Now using

oc)- , (24xz) -24

ker Ker O ={o}x2
 Nomal subgroups and oner Automophis

beore 1412

be folowing aYe three cquivalent conditions foT a

be a nomal
Stubgroup H of a qraup G to
Subgroup of G
and heH
Lgg Et
for al qeg
2. gHg- H for al gea
3. g4- Hg for al geG

Proo
2
Suppose ghg eH for ll geh and heH.

gha-ghg Ihet} C# forall geq.

We bave to pove that gHg- H, +geG
ie, we have to SboW that HC gHg,4gG
Let he H
Replace gby g n the relation ghgeH

ghg e
g'hq- h, for
some hE

99 hg-gh
ehg gh hg-gh hgg-ghg-
h- ghg- he gtgd HCgHg H.ghg
 3
Let ghegt
Suppose
Suppose gHg H for al geG.
gbgah ,heH
ghg'g-hg
gh hg eHg +geG
g hgh c Hg.
With g in ghg4
Replaciog g

g Hg-4
ghg- ha
9ghg-gh
bg-gh g t

Hg Cg
Hg-gH
all geG.
Suppose gH- Hg for
gh-hg, het
ghg- hgg
ghg h eH

ghget, EgeG , HheH

EXample 1414
is
H Of an abelan group q
Every
Every &ubgroup
Domal

Proof
that is an abelan group
Gfiven
HISalso an abeian grouP
and heH.
gh- bg, geG

ghgi. hgg, 4ge, +het

gbg. h 4gea, 4heH
ghgde H, HgeG YheH
noma subqroup of .
is a

Note
defived by t)-9x9-
The map gG Htself
tself.
Ginto
bomomophism Of
S a

Proof
Let yeG

-gzCgd9)yg
-xeyg -grylg
xy)
6igcty)-ig) i09)
homamorphisnm.
i s iS a
 Suppoe ila) - Cb)

gag gbg
gaglg- gbg'g
ga 9gb
g'ya g gb
b
GG is one- one

Forall ye G g'ygeG Suh that

9g yg)gd-g9 y@9)
-9
lqS onto
of G ipto itsef.
G2G is arn isomorphism
a

Vehioitton 4.15

GG ofa qroup G Wrth

A iSomophiSm
tself is an automorphism of G.
igG-G Nberz (t)» gxg-l
Te autbmoTphism
tbe ipner automorphism of G by
S
for all XEG

is caled Conjugathon of x k
Penfonoing g On
Penfostming
y
 Note
C1) and (2) ip theortm
Te
e equvalent conditions

4:13
4:13 ghone that gH-Hg, for all geg if amd
. H for all ge G
only if
invasiant under all
fand only if H is

ioner automophisms of G
a are those
he Domal ubgroups of a goup
ipner automophisms
tbat ave invaiant under all

ASubgoup K of Gis a anjugate subgroup

Of H if K= lagtg- for Some geG

Aoblms
Find the order of the factor group |(33

Ans

3. so,3} K3>|-2.
4»a 3 3
d4»e + (3)- 1,4+
+ 43) 2,5
a O+03, H3), 2+43»]

so,33, 14), j35)J.

 Fiod the oder of the factor group (Z,2,/(2 xKa)

4X 2nl 4X- 48.

2 in 24- So,2} » |k2)-2

(2 in Zp so,,4,6,8,10]» \k2»| in 726

2 x 2 - 2x6 12

24 a c1t3»)-48 4

3 od the order of the factor group (zx2)|ca,1)>

4x2- 8
2X =

in 74x7
Ca,1)- Ca,1) +C2,0 - Co,o)
Ca1>|=2