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PP10 - Asep - NSCP 2015 Guidelines On Eri
PP10 - Asep - NSCP 2015 Guidelines On Eri
Selection, Installation
and Maintenance of
Earthquake Recording
Instruments
RONALDO S. ISON, F.ASEP, F.PICE
ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
SEMINAR ON THE UPDATES ON THE NEW NATIONAL STRUCTURAL
CODE OF PHILIPPINES , NSCP C101‐01, 2017
July 21‐22, Oriental Hotel, Legazpi City
BUILDING INSTRUMENTATION
OBJECTIVES
Measurement of the following parameters:
• input ground motion;
• building base motion;
• lateral floor motion;
• torsional floor motion;
• floor or wall diaphragm motions; and
• shear wall rocking motion.
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BUILDING INSTRUMENTATION
OBJECTIVES
The structures response can be generally
computed using these information:
• building period;
• damping ratios;
• base shears; and
• story drifts.
TYPICAL INSTRUMENTATION
MODELS
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DIGITAL TRIAXIAL ACCELEROGRAPH
FREE FIELD STATION
MODEL 1:
BASE OR REFERENCE FREE FIELD
ONLY
• Provides information on the building
base motion or ground shaking in the
vicinity of the building
• Response of the building is not measured
• Base shear experienced by the building
can be estimated from the response
spectra of the record if building period is
known
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MODEL 2:
BASE and ROOF
• Provides information on the building
base motion and response of structure
at the roof
• Torsional motion at the base and floor
slabs are not measured
• Modal periods and damping for first
few modes can be estimated, modes
shapes cannot be derived from records
• Soil‐structure interaction cannot be
separated from the record
• Vertical cabling connects roof and base
instruments for common timing and
triggering
• Cost is double Model 1
MODEL 3:
REFERENCE/FREE FIELD,BASE and
ROOF
• Provides information on the building
base motion and response of
structure at the roof
• Torsional motion at the base and floor
slabs are not measured
• Modal periods and damping for first
few modes can be estimated, modes
shapes cannot be derived from
records
• Rocking of shear walls will not be
measured
• Some information on soil‐structure
interaction can be obtained from the
record
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MODEL 3:
REFERENCE/FREE FIELD,BASE and
ROOF
• Vertical cabling connects roof and
base instruments for common timing
and triggering
• Cost is triple than Model 1
MODEL 4:
BASE, MIDHEIGHT and ROOF (NSCP)
• Provides information on the building
base motion and response of
structure at the mid‐height and roof
• Torsional motion at the base and floor
slabs are not measured
• Modal periods and damping for first
few modes can be estimated and
modes shapes of first two modes can
be estimated from the record
• Soil‐structure interaction cannot be
assessed
• Vertical cabling connects all
instruments for common timing and
triggering, cost is triple than Model 1
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MODEL 4:
BASE, MIDHEIGHT and ROOF (NSCP)
• Intended to enable the engineer to
quickly determine if there is period
lengthening in one of the principal
translational modes of vibration
• Period lengthening, from base
building period, enables the
engineer to identify if any hidden
damage has occurred during/after an
earthquake
• This information is vital for rapid
damage assessment and disaster
response
MODEL 5:
MULTI‐LEVEL LATERAL MOTION,
ROOF ONLY TORSION
• Typically includes at least 12 sensors
• Three (3) sensors at base measures
three (3) translational components of
base motion
• Three (3) sensors at roof measures
translational and torsional motions
• Free field sensor located outside the
building
• Extensive vertical and horizontal
cabling connects all instruments for
common timing and triggering
• Costs five to six times Model 1
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MODEL 5:
MULTI‐LEVEL LATERAL MOTION,
ROOF ONLY TORSION
• Provides input base motion and
response of structure at different
levels
• Modal periods and damping for first
few modes can be estimated from
records
• Mode shapes for the first few lateral
modes can be estimated
• Mode shapes for torsional modes
cannot be determined
• Provides information on SSI
MODEL 6:
MULTI‐LEVEL LATERAL and
TORSIONAL MOTION
• Typically includes at least 12 sensors
• Three (3) sensors at different levels to
measure translational and torsional
motions
• Four (4) sensors at base to measure
translational and torsional motions
• Free field sensor located outside the
building
• Extensive vertical and horizontal
cabling connects all instruments for
common timing and triggering
• Costs six times Model 1
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MODEL 6:
MULTI‐LEVEL LATERAL and
TORSIONAL MOTION
• Same information as Model 5 plus
mode shape for the torsional modes
• Torsional motion of the base is
measured
• Provides information on soil‐structure
analyses
• Free field sensor located outside the
building
• Vertical sensors can be added to
measure rocking of shear walls
MODEL 6:
MULTI‐LEVEL LATERAL and
TORSIONAL MOTION
• Preferred minimum for studying the
response of the building
• Provides most complete information
for estimating translational and
torsional modes of response and
developing a real feel how the
structure responded after an
earthquake
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SPECIFICATIONS OF ERIs (DPWH GUIDELINES)
ACCELEROGRAPH
• Seismic qualified as tested by recognized international testing laboratory
• Stores seismic activity information as gathered by the attached accelerometer
• Equipped with fault detection
• Provides real‐time alarm information (either audio, visual or both) during an
earthquake event.
• Equipped with internal battery back‐up power to ensure continuous operation during
a power fluctuation.
Where applicable, it may include:
• Minimum design life: 10 years and should be demonstrated and certified to have
a 40,000‐hour (minimum) mean time between failures
• Minimum of three components (vertical, longitudinal and transverse)
• Natural Frequency: Above 50 Hz
• Damping: Approximately 60‐70 percent crit ical
• Sensitivity: 2g
• Bandwidth: DC to 100 Hz
• Environment: IP 67
SPECIFICATIONS OF ERIs (DPWH GUIDELINES)
RECORDING
• Sampling Frequency : Minimum of 100 samples per second
• Time: From at least 20 seconds before the ground shaking begins until 30
seconds after the last triggering level motion
• RMS Noise: System noise shall be less than 40 μg measured over 0‐30 Hz
• Media :Memory Card
• Continuous Recording : capable of continuous recording
• AD Converter : 16 bits
TIMING
• Interval: Half a second or less
• Accuracy: +‐ 0.2 second per 100 seconds
• Type : GPS or NTP Server
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SPECIFICATIONS OF ERIs (DPWH GUIDELINES)
TRIGGERING (As applicable)
• Method: Pendulum or other device using earthquake motion as an exciting
force
• Level: Accelerograph: 0.5 to 100 gals nominal
Velocitimeter: 5 μm/s to 1 mm/s
• Time: Full operation of accelerograph/velocitimeter in not over 0.1 second
after activitation.
• Power : Battery maintained by charger
COMMUNICATION
• Ethernet: 10 base –T or 100 base‐TX
• Protocol: TCP/IP FTP/SFTP
BUILDINGS REQUIRING
SEISMIC INSTRUMENTATION (DPWH)
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MODEL 1:
BASE OR REFERENCE FREE FIELD
ONLY
• Provides information on the building
base motion or ground shaking in the
vicinity of the building
• Response of the building is not measured
• Base shear experienced by the building
can be estimated from the response
spectra of the record if building period is
known
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MODEL 4:
BASE, MIDHEIGHT and ROOF (NSCP)
• Provides information on the building
base motion and response of
structure at the mid‐height and roof
• Torsional motion at the base and floor
slabs are not measured
• Modal periods and damping for first
few modes can be estimated and
modes shapes of first two modes can
be estimated from the record
• Soil‐structure interaction cannot be
assessed
• Vertical cabling connects all
instruments for common timing and
triggering, cost is triple than Model 1
TRIAXIAL
ACCELEROGRAPH
INTERCONNECTION
DIAGRAM
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VARIATIONS IN COMBINATIONS OF
INSTRUMENTS (ASEP)
• Three (3) accelerographs, or
• Two (2) accelerometers and one (1) accelerograph
or
• Three (3) accelerometers plus data recorder
NECESSARY INFORMATION FOR
INSTALLATION OF ERIs
Information necessary for instrumentation
• relevant blueprints and design calculations,
• dynamic analysis (mode shapes and
frequencies),
• when available, forced or ambient‐vibration
test results for existing buildings
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LOCATION AND ORIENTATION
OF ERIs (DPWH/NSCP)
The location of the ERI shall be at the center of rigidity (COR) of
the building. The instruments are oriented along the principal axis
of the building.
In case, where it is impossible to put the instrument at the COR
then the structural engineer may install at an appropriate area
near the COR taking measurements on the distance of
instruments to the COR. During interpretation, the structural
engineer shall take the necessary adjustments in the calculations.
The preferred locations of the instruments are in small, seldom
used rooms or closets near a column (in a vertically‐aligned
stack), with adequate space to securely mount the instrument
and an approved protective enclosure attached securely to the
floor. The location shall be marked on the submitted structural
and architectural floor plans and properly approved.
PERFORMANCE OF SITE VISIT/S
• The engineer prepares a scheme or model of the
proposed installation with the aid of blueprints and the
dynamic characteristics of the building
• A site visit or site visits are performed to check
constraints in the installation of the instruments.
• A final model or scheme is prepared after the constraints
are resolved, if any are found.
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PROVISION OF FREE‐FIELD STATION
• NOT REQUIRED in the DPWH/NSCP Guidelines, but is
recommended to be provided
• Usually located at a distance greater than 1.5‐2 times the
height of the nearest/tallest building.
Distance is provided to so that motions are not
influenced by the shaking of the building.
TESTING OF EXISTING STRUCTURES TO
DETERMINE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
• possible to obtain a satisfactory understanding of a
structure's expected dynamic behavio by preliminary
analytical studies,
• when feasible and necessary, an ambient‐vibration
and/or a forced vibration test on an existing structure can
be performed to identify mode shapes and frequencies.
• a forced‐vibration test is more difficult to perform. The
required equipment (vibration generator with control
consoles, weights, recorders, accelerometers, and cables)
is heavier, and the test takes longer than the ambient‐
vibration test.
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DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
• If a dynamic analysis was not prepared by the designers
of a structure or the information is unavailable, then a
simplified finite‐element model could be developed to
obtain the elastic dynamic characteristics. This is
performed with any one of the several tested computer
programs available (e.g. ETABS, SAP2000, ANSYS, and
STRUDL).
OTHER POSSIBLE
LOCATION OF
SENSORS,
RECORDERS AND
APPURTENENCES
FOR MULTI‐SENSOR
SYSTEMS
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Sample ERI Installations
Sample ERI Installations
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Sample ERI Installations
Sample ERI Installations
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POST INSTALLATION OF ERIs
• The instrumentation undergoes a preliminary calibration
in the strong‐motion laboratory
• appropriate test procedures including a static tilt
sensitivity test for each component and determination of
direction of motion for upward trace deflection on the
record after installation.
• this information is entered into the recorder data section
and is stored in a general database
• Other documentation includes precise sensor location,
period and damping of each unit, location of cable runs,
access information, and circuit diagrams.
MAINTENANCE OF ERIs
Recommended routine maintenance is conducted
every 3‐12 months if circumstances and experience
so allow. This maintenance includes the following:
• Remote calibration of period and damping.
• Inspection of battery terminals, load voltage, and
charge rate (batteries are replaced every 3 years).
• Measurement of threshold of triggering system
and length of recording cycle.
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MAINTENANCE OF ERIs (DPWH)
• The supplier shall provide guarantee that the system shall
have a maintenance period for at least 10 years.
• For the service period, the maximum service interval is
one year.
• The three recording accelerographs shall be integrated
together to function in unison that a failure in one unit
shall not hinder the progress of the entire building
seismic monitoring system.
• The accelerograph shall be equipped with fault detection
and alarm that in the event of a fault, the building owners
shall call the supplier, and report the fault to Building
Official.
• Calibration testing shall be made in a per year basis to
ensure that the integrated systems are in its proper
operational efficiency.
MAINTENANCE OF ERIs (DPWH)
• The equipment obsolescence shall not hinder the proper
continuous operation of the equipment throughout the
10 years duration.
• When the equipment's supplier finds that the instrument
must be removed from the building for repair, there must
be a service unit as a temporary replacement to continue
the collection of data, if and when there is an occurrence
of an earthquake during the duration of the repair.
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THANK YOU!
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