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Japanese Codes & Standards

for Power Plant

August 29, 2007


Tokyo Electric Power Company
Manager of Standards Division

Kiyoshi MURAYAMA

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.

일본의 발전소용 기준과 규격

2007. 8. 29
동경전력(주)
Manager of Standards Division

Kiyoshi MURAYAMA

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.


Contents

z Power plant installations in Japan


z Changes in Electric Power Industry in Japan
z Trends in activities of standardization in Japan
z Example of activities
z Summary

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 3

목차

z 일본의 발전설비
z 일본 전력산업의 변천
z 일본의 표준화 활동 동향
z 표준화 활동 실례
z 요약

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 4


Ten Electric Power Companies Structure in Japan
Consistent power generation
and transmission system
Power generation
Power transmission Hokkaido
and distribution
Sales
Tohoku

Customer 50Hz
Regional monopoly Hokuriku

Tokyo Tokyo Electric


Chugoku Power Company

Kyushu
Chubu Service System Peak No. of
Area Demand Customers
Kansai (km2) (GW) (Thousand)
Okinawa Shikoku TEPCO(a) 39,494 64.30 27,025

60Hz JAPAN(b) 372,708 182.38 80,203


A/b(%) 11% 35% 34%

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 5

일본의 10개 전력사


발전·송전 일관 체제

발전
훗카이도
송배전

판매
토호쿠

고객 50Hz
지역독점 호쿠리쿠

Tokyo 동경전력
츄고쿠

큐슈
추부 영업
최대수요 고객수
범위
(GW) (Thousand)
간사이 (km2)
오키나와 시고쿠 TEPCO(a) 39,494 64.30 27,025

60Hz JAPAN(b) 372,708 182.38 80,203


A/b(%) 11% 35% 34%

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 6


Existing Power Installations in Japan

Thermal Power Generation


• 363 units of commercial TPP in operation,
143.6GW capacity in total
¾ Coal 86units 37.7GW
¾ LN(P)G 103units 58.7GW
¾ Oil 159units 43.4GW
¾ Geothermal 15units 0.5GW

Nuclear Power Generation


• 55 units of commercial NPP in operation,
49.6GW capacity in total
¾ PWR 23 units, BWR 32 units

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 7

기존의 전력설비

화력발전
• 363 개소의 화력발전소가 상업운전 중,
총 143.6GW 용량
¾ 석탄 86units 37.7GW
¾ LN(P)G 103units 58.7GW
¾ 중유 159units 43.4GW
¾ 지열 15units 0.5GW

원자력발전
• 55 개소의 원전이 상업운전 중,
총 49.6GW 용량
¾ PWR 23 units, BWR 32 units

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 8


Electric Power composition

‹Electricity production

Japan Korea
Hydro Other
Other
Hydro @%
2% Coal 1%
9%
28% Nuclear Coal
Nuclear 36% 39%
26%
Oil
12% Oil
LNG LNG
23% 16% 8%

Total 1,071,000 GWh Total 366,600 GWh

(FY2004)
Source: The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 9

발전전력량 구성비

‹전력생산

Japan Korea
Hydro Other
Other
Hydro @%
2% Coal 1%
9%
28% Nuclear Coal
Nuclear 36% 39%
26%
Oil
12% Oil
LNG LNG
23% 16% 8%

Total 1,071,000 GWh Total 366,600 GWh

(FY2004)
Source: The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 10
Regulatory Reform in Japan
Three -Years Plan for Promotion of Deregulation
(Cabinet Decision, March 1998)
(World)
End of Exposure of global issues
Change to global economy
cold war exceeding the market principle
• Population explosion
• Terrorism and regional disputes
Reduction of supply cost • Energy and global environment problems

(Japan)
Collapse of the Demands Economic Countermeasures
bubble economy for cost structural reform against global
Long-stagnant reduction Promotion of warming
economy easing of Ensuring energy
regulations security

(Electric power • Liberalization of electricity


industry) ¾ Review Technical Regulations and Conformity
Assessment Systems
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 11

일본의 규제개혁
규제완화추진 3개년계획
(내각결의, March 1998)
(World)
시장원리를 초월한
냉전종식 세계경제의 변화 지구규모의 과제
• 인구팽창
공급가의 절감 • 테러리즘과 지역분쟁
• 에너지 및 지구환경문제

(Japan)
경제구조개혁 지구온난화대책
버블경제의 붕괴 경비절감
규제완화추진 에너지안전의 확보
장기불황

(전력산업) • 전력자유화
¾ 기술기준과 적합성평가 시스템의 재검토

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 12


Review Technical Regulations and Conformity
Assessment Systems
4 Basic Principles to Review Technical Regulations and
Conformity Assessment Systems (by Government)

9Transition from government certification to supplier’s-


declaration and/or third-party certification
9Introduction of concept of market competition into
conformity assessment system
9Adoption of performance-based standards
assessment system
9Promotion of Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA).

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 13

기술기준과 적합성평가 시스템의 재검토

기술기준과 적합성평가 시스템 재검토의 4원칙 (정부)

9정부에 의한 인가를 발전사업자에 의한 신고 및/또는


제3자인증으로 변경

9적합성평가 시스템에 경쟁원리의 도입

9성능기반표준 평가시스템의 채용

9상호인정협정 (MRA) 촉진.

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 14


Performance Based Codes and Standards

• New Technology
– allow earlier use of new technology

• Innovation
– encourage people to find optimum ways to meet performance criteria

• Barriers to Trade
– permit the use of new or nontraditional parts and methods.

• Transparency
– have clearly stated goals and objectives

• Efficiency
– ultimately requires less effort for development and maintenance

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 15

성능기반 기준 및 표준

• 신기술
– 신기술의 조속한 도입

• 기술혁신
– 성능기준에 적합한 최적의 방법 모색 장려

• 무역장벽
– 새롭고 종래와는 다른 부품 및 방법의 사용 허용.

• 투명성
– 목표와 목적을 명확히 함.

• 효율
– 개발과 유지에 비용절감 추구

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 16


Legislation for Power Plant

Only NPP Law for the Regulations Electric Utilities


of Nuclear Sources Industry Law
Material, Nuclear Fuel
Material and Reactors Ordinances

Enforcement
Ordinances
Rules

Ministerial
Enforcement Rules Enforcement Rules Orders
of Research of Commercial
Reactors Reactors Legal Technical
Standards Standard
Notifications Notifications

Academic Society and Association Standards etc.


Technical Technical Standards Technical Technical
Guideline and of the Thermal and Standards of the Standards of
Rules of the Nuclear Power Japan Society of the Atomic
Japan Electric Engineering Society Mechanical Energy Society
Association of Japan Engineering of Japan

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 17

발전소에 관련된 벌률

Only NPP 핵원료 물질, 핵연료 물질 전기사업법


및 원자로 규제에 관한
법률
성령

성령 시행규칙

고시
실험로의 시행규칙 상용로의 시행규칙
법정 기준 기술기준

통지 통지

학/협회 규격 등

일본전기협회 일본기계학회의
의 기술지침 및 일본화력원자력기술 일본원자력학회
협회의 기술표준 기술표준 의 기술표준
규칙

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 18


Hierarchy of codes & standards for power plants

Past Present

Level 1:
Target
Government Issue
Level 2:
Functional requirements
Government Issue
Level 3:
Performance requirements
Regulation Academic Society
Codes & Standards
Level 4: & Association Issue
Acceptable approaches

Private Standards
Accountability Company Standards
Standards

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 19

발전소용 기술기준과 표준의 체계

과거 현재

Level 1:
목표
정부의 과제
Level 2:
기능요구
정부의 과제
Level 3:
성능요구
규제기준 & 표준 학회/협회의 과제
Level 4:
구체적사양

민간표준
설명책임에 의한 업체 표준
표준

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 20


Utilization of voluntary standards

Initiation of voluntary action for standardization activity

- Over the past 50 years


Subject to leadership and authorization by
the government

- Utilization of voluntary standards as criteria for


performance-based technical regulations

Industries, government and research


organization including universities are required
to collaborate and share their roles effectively.

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 21

민간(자율)표준의 이용

표준화 활동에 대한 자율활동의 개시

- 과거 50년간 정부의 권한과 주도 하에서

- 성능기반 기술기준을 위한 심의기준으로 민간표준을


이용

산업계, 정부, 대학을 포함한 연구기관은 협력하여 각각의


역할을 효과적으로 분담할 것이 요구되고 있음.

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 22


Volunteer Standards Institution for Power Plant

z Japan Electric Association(JEA)


¾ Specified Committee
9 Hydro Power sub Committee
9 Thermal Power sub Committee
9 Substation sub Committee
9 Transmission sub Committee

¾ …
Nuclear Code Committee

z The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers(JSME)


¾ Codes & Standards Center
9 Thermal Power Generation Facility
9 Nuclear Power Generation Facility

z Atomic Energy Society of Japan(AESJ)


¾ Standards Committee

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 23

전력산업용 민간표준 기관
z 일본전기협회(JEA)
일본전기협회(JEA)
¾ 전문부회
9 수력 전문부회
9 화력 전문부회
9 발전·변전 전문부회
9 송전 전문부회

¾ 원자력 규격 위원회

z 일본기계학회(JSME
일본기계학회(JSME))
¾ 기준 · 규격 센터
9 화력발전설비
9 원자력발전설비

z 일본원자력학회(AESJ
일본원자력학회(AESJ))
¾ 기준위원회

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 24


Relations and Cooperation between Government, Industry,
Academy and Academic Society & Association

The cooperation among institutions acting on Nuclear Safety related


– The Relationship between Government, Industry, Academy and Academic Society & Association

The Institution of Establish Codes & Standards The institution of national safety control

Academic Society The Atomic Energy


“Academia”
& Association Safety Commission
College
Research JEA
& Laboratory
Expert or Specialist Nuclear and Industrial
JSME Safety Agency-NISA
AESJ

JNES JAEA
・Safety research
Economic ・Support to NISA
JANTI ・Control safety related research
Organization Pear review
Electric company Integrate requests “Government”
and Plant maker AESJ: Atomic Energy Society of Japan
JSME: Japan Society of Mechanical Engineer
JEA: Japan Electric Association
JANTI: Japan Nuclear Technology Institute
JAIF “Industry” JAIF: Japan Atomic Industrial Forum, inc.
JNES: Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization
JAEA: Japan Atomic Energy Agency
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 25

정부, 산업계, 대학 및 학회 ·협회 사이의 관계 및 협력


원자력 안전 관련 단체간의 협력
– 정부, 산업계, 대학 및 학회 ·협회 사이의 관계

기술기준 발행기관 국가안전규제 기관

학회 원자력안전위원회
“학계”
& 협회
대학 & 연구소
전문가 및 전공자 JEA
원자력안전보안원 - NISA
JSME
AESJ

JNES JAEA
・안전성 연구
・NISA 지원
경제단체 JANTI ・안전성 관련연구 조정
전력회사 및 제조사 Pear review
요구통합 “정부”

AESJ: 일본원자력학회
JSME: 일본기계학회
JEA: 일본전기협회
JANTI: 일본원자력기술협회
JAIF “산업계” JAIF: 일본원자력산업협회
JNES: 일본원자력안전기반기구
JAEA: 일본원자력기구
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 26
Acceleration of standardization activities

z the latest knowledge from accidents


The adequately reflects the lesson obtained from the
accidents or trouble to technical standards

For example;
After the Mihama Unit 3 Accident on August 8, 2004

z the latest technical knowledge


Corresponding to the recent technological progress
promptly and appropriately.

For example;
Development of seismology and seismic technology

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 27

표준화 활동의 가속화

z 사고로부터 얻은 최신 경험
사고나 고장으로부터 얻은 경험을 기술표준에 적절히 반영

예;
2004년 8월 8일 미하마 3호기 사고 이후

z 최신 기술지식
최신 기술 진보에 신속하고 적합하게 조화

예;
지진학 및 내진기술의 발전

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 28


Example 1:
Rules on Pipe Wall Thinning Management
- In August 2004, accident of Pipe Rupture in Secondary System of PWR.

Point of Rupture

Fig.3.1 PWR unit system diagram

Fig.3.2 Pictures of the Rupture


Adopted from the report of Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency in Japan
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 29

예 1:
파이프 벽두께 감소 관리규칙
- In August 2004, PWR 2차계통 배관파열 사고.

파열 위치

Fig.3.1 PWR 계통도

Fig.3.2 파열에 대한 사진
Adopted from the report of Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency in Japan
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 30
Example 1:
Rules on Pipe Wall Thinning Management

- The INVESTIGATIONS
INVESTIGATION were conducted on all the domestic
Power Plants for Nuclear and Thermal Power.
Power

- Industry-Use GUIDELINE for appropriate managements of


Pipe Wall Thinning were developed on the basis of
investigated data.

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 31

예 1:
파이프 벽두께 감소 관리규칙

- 일본내의 모든 화력 · 원자력발전소에 대해 조사 수행

-조사자료를 바탕으로 발전사업자가 사용하는 파이프 두께감소에


관한 적절한 관리지침 개발 .

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 32


Example 1:
Rules on Pipe Wall Thinning Management
- Subjects to Management

Erosion : caused by the mechanical reaction of the internal water flow

Corrosion : caused by chemical reaction of the internal water

Erosion by Flushing / Cavitations


: caused by bubbles formed/collapsed suddenly in
water under the saturated-vapor pressure
- Portions for Inspection (Fig. 3.3)
Downstream of Downstream of
Elbow
an Orifice a Control Valve

Adopted from “ JSME S TB1 - 2006”


©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 33

예 1:
파이프 벽두께 감소 관리규칙
- 관리대상

침식 : 내부 흐름의 기계적 작용에 기인함

부식 : 내부 수분의 화학적 작용에 기인함

플러싱 / 공동현상에 의한 침식
: 포화증기압 하의 물에서 갑작스러운 거품형성/ 붕괴에 기인함

- 점검을 위한 조사 (Fig. 3.3)


엘보 오리피스 하류부 제어밸브 하류부

Adopted from “ JSME S TB1 - 2006”


©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 34
Example 1:
Rules on Pipe Wall Thinning Management
f 119 – 185 ℃ d 119 – 181 ℃
3.8 – 11.9 MPa
Å
0.6 – 7.9 MPa
È
g 220 – 298 ℃ High-pressure Low-pressure
2.3 – 8.2 MPa Drum Drum

High-pressure High-pressure Low-pressure


Superheater Economizer Economizer

e 120 – 181 ℃
0.2 – 1.0 MPa

c 25 – 100 ℃
G HP LP COM G 0.2 – 4.0 MPa

Generator Steam Turbine Gas Turbine

Condenser
Æ
Fig. 3.4 System Ranges for Inspection(Ex :Combined Cycle [2 pressure type])
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 35

예 1:
파이프 벽두께 감소 관리규칙
f 119 – 185 ℃ d 119 – 181 ℃
3.8 – 11.9 MPa
Å
0.6 – 7.9 MPa
È
g 220 – 298 ℃
2.3 – 8.2 MPa 고압드럼 저압드럼

고압과열기 고압절탄기 저압절탄기

e 120 – 181 ℃
0.2 – 1.0 MPa

c 25 – 100 ℃
G HP LP COM G 0.2 – 4.0 MPa

발전기 증기터빈 가스터빈

복수기 Æ
Fig. 3.4 조사계통 범위(Ex :복합사이클 [2 pressure type])
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 36
Example 1:
Rules on Pipe Wall Thinning Management
Planning for First Inspection • Make a plan for the First Inspection.
• Decide the time of the first inspection.
(ex. First inspection time is generally decided
considering half a life expectancy.

On the First Inspection • Measure all the candidates possibly selected


for the representative portion.
• Based on the measuring results,
select the representative portion among the
candidates.
• Life Expectancy Evaluation for representative
portion.
• Decide the next time Inspection or the
replacement.

Fig. 3.5 Flowchart of the Inspection


©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 37

예 1:
파이프 벽두께 감소 관리규칙
최초 점검 계획 • 최초점검계획 책정.

• 최초점검시기 확정.

(ex. 예상수명시간의 ½을 최초 점검시기로 한다.)

최초 점검 수행 • 대표부위 후보의 측정
• 측정결과에 기초하여 대표부위를 선정,
• 대표부위의 수명평가
• 차기 점검 시기 또는 교체 결정

Fig. 3.5 점검 흐름도


©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 38
Example 1:
Rules on Pipe Wall Thinning Management

Drum

Pump : Subject for Inspection


(Representative Portion)
: Other Portion out of Inspection

Fig. 3.6 Representative Portion for Inspection (example)


©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 39

예 1:
파이프 벽두께 감소 관리규칙

드럼

펌프 : 점검대상
(대표부위)
: 점검하지 않는 기타 부위

Fig. 3.6 점검을 위한 대표부위 (예)


©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 40
Example 1:
Rules on Pipe Wall Thinning Management
Planning for First Inspection

On the First Inspection • Based on the measuring results,


select the representative portion among the
candidates.
• Evaluate Life Expectancy for the representative
portion.
• Decide the next time Inspection or the
replacement.

On and after the Second • Life Expectancy Evaluation for


Inspection the representative portion.
• Decision of the next time Inspection or the
replacement.

Fig. 3.7 Flowchart of the Inspection (Sequel)


©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 41

예 1:
파이프 벽두께 감소 관리규칙
최초 점검 계획

최초 점검 수행
• 측정결과에 기초하여 대표부위를 선정

• 대표부위의 수명평가

• 차기 점검 시기 또는 교체 결정

2회째 이후의 점검 • 대표부위의 여유수명평가

• 차기 점검 시기 또는 교체 결정

Fig. 3.7 점검 흐름도 (계속)


©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 42
Example 1:
Rules on Pipe Wall Thinning Management
Last time Inspection This time Inspection
T1: Thickness measured at last time T2: Thickness measured at this time

T1 T2
t

t : Operation time
between two Inspection
Cross Section of the Steel Pipe

V : Thinning Speed of the representative portion


V = ( T2 – T1 ) / t

L : Life Expectancy
L = ( T2 – tsr ) / V
tsr : minimum thickness required by the Interpretation of the Technical Standards
Fig. 3.8 Calculation of the Life Expectancy
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 43

예 1:
파이프 벽두께 감소 관리규칙
전회 점검 이번 점검
T1: 전회에 측정된 두께 T2: 이번 측정 두께

T1 T2
t

t : 두 점검 사이의 가동 시간

강관의 단면

V : 대표부위의 두께감소 속도
V = ( T2 – T1 ) / t

L : 여유 수명
L = ( T2 – tsr ) / V
tsr : 기술기준의 해석에서 요구하는 최소 두께
Fig. 3.8 여유 수명의 계산
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 44
Example 1:
Rules on Pipe Wall Thinning Management
- Afterward, a series of “Rules on Pipe Wall Thinning Management”
were issued as the JSME (Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers)
Standards.

Codes for Power Generation (Mar. 2005) Performance-Based

Specification-Based

Rules for Thermal Power (Mar. 2006)

Rules for PWR (Dec. 2006)

Rules for BWR (Dec. 2006)

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 45

예 1:
파이프 벽두께 감소 관리규칙
- 이후, “파이프 벽두께 감소 관리규칙”은 JSME(일본기계학회)
표준으로 제정됨.

발전용 기술기준 (Mar. 2005) 성능 기반

규격 기반

화력용 규격 (Mar. 2006)

PWR용 규격 (Dec. 2006)

BWR 규격 (Dec. 2006)

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 46


Example 2:
Re-examination of Creep Strength for High-Chromium Steel

- In June 2004, Steam eruption from the reheat pipe


occurred at a Thermal Power Plant.
- The cause of the accident was ascribed to the damage
on the longitudinal welding part of the pipe.

12% Chromium Steel


(SUS 410J3)

Fig. 4.1 The image of the steam-erupted pipe


©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 47

예 2:
고크롬강의 크립강도 재검사

- 2004년 6월, 화력발전소의 재열증기관에서 증기분출사고


발생
- 사고원인은 파이프의 길이방향 용접부의 손상

12% 크롬강
(SUS 410J3)

Fig. 4.1 증기분출 파이프 모양

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 48


Example 2:
Re-examination of Creep Strength for High-Chromium Steel

Ordinance
“Technical Standards Performance-Based
for Thermal Power Plants”

Criteria for Inspection


Security
“Interpretation of
ensuring
Technical Standards”
Specification-Based

Thermal 12% Chromium Steel


Power Creep Strength
Plant
real ability < prescribed value
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 49

예 2:
고크롬강의 크립강도 재검사

법령
“화력설비의 기술기준” 성능 기반

검사기준
안전보증 “기술기준의 해석”

규격 기반

화력
발전소 12% 크롬강 크립강도

실제 값 < 규정값
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 50
Example 2:
Re-examination of Creep Strength for High-Chromium Steel
Curve’s Condition:
Temperature = Const.
Tensile Strength = Const. Rupture
Creep Strain

The higher the temperature


and the strength are set,
the shorter the time to rupture
becomes.

Time [s]
a time to rupture
Fig. 4.2 Creep Curve

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 51

예 2:
고크롬강의 크립강도 재검사
시험조건 :
온도 = 일정.
인장강도 = 일정. 파단
크림강도

온도와 인장강도가 높아진 만큼,


파단에 이르는 시간이 짧아짐.

시간 [s]
파단에 이른 시간
Fig. 4.2 크립 곡선

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 52


Example 2:
Re-examination of Creep Strength for High-Chromium Steel
火 S USUS410J3
S4 1 0 J3
火SU S4 1 0 J3 TP
SUS410J3TP
[MPa] 火SU SF4 1 0 J3
SUSF410J3 Results were
120
120
Reflected to
100
“Interpretation
110
現 revision
Before 行 of the Technical
Allowable Stress

Standards”
Standards”
許容応力値

80
80
85 MPa

60
60
68 MPa The results
40
40 見 直revision
After し後 45 MPa were introduced
65 MPa ↓
↓ to ASME etc.
32 MPa
20
20 46 MPa
Temperature [℃]
0
5550
50 5575
75 6600
00 6625
25 6650
50

Fig. 4.3 Revision ©2007


of Allowable Tensile Stress
The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 53

예 2:
고크롬강의 크립강도 재검사
火 S USUS410J3
S4 1 0 J3
火SU S4 1 0 J3 TP
SUS410J3TP
[MPa] 火SU SF4 1 0 J3
SUSF410J3 재검사 결과는
120
120
“기술기준의
100
해석”에 반영됨
110
변경
現 行전
Allowable Stress
許容応力値

80
80
85 MPa

60
60
68 MPa ASME 등에
40
40 見 변경
直 し후後 45 MPa 결과가 소개됨.
65 MPa ↓
↓ 32 MPa
20
20 46 MPa
Temperature [℃]
0
5550
50 5575
75 6600
00 6625
25 6650
50

Fig. 4.3 Revision ©2007


of Allowable Tensile Stress
The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 54
Example 2:
Re-examination of Creep Strength for High-Chromium Steel

Ordinance
“Technical Standards Performance-Based
for Thermal Power Plants”

Criteria for Inspection


Security
“Interpretation of
ensuring
Technical Standards”
Specification-Based

Thermal 12% Chromium Steel


Power Creep Strength
Plant
real ability > prescribed value
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 55

예 2:
고크롬강의 크립강도 재검사

법령
“화력설비의 기술기준” 성능 기반

검사기준
안전보증 “기술기준의 해석”

규격 기반

화력
발전소 12% 크롬강 크립강도
실제 값 > 규정값

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 56


Example 3: Review of seismic safety criteria
Started reviewing Current seismic safety criteria
The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake has heightened people's
concern about the safety of nuclear power plant.

Earthquakes with a magnitude of 6.5 or more have occurred even in


places where the existence of active fault lines was not confirmed
(a magnitude of 7.3 in Western Tottori Prefecture Earthquake)

Current version of `Seismic safety criteria for nuclear power plant’


was issued in 1981

Started reviewing the current safety criteria for seismic design


¾ Reflect the accumulated knowledge of seismology and technology
¾ Reflect the experience of earthquakes

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 57

예 3: 내진안전기준의 검토
현행 내진안전기준의 재검토 개시
한신-아와지 대지진이 시민들의 원자력발전소의 안전성에 대한
우려를 강화.

활성단층의 존재가 확인되지 않은 지역에서 진도 6.5 이상의 지진이


발생(서부 돗토리현 진도 7.3의 지진)

`원자력 발전소 내진안전기준’ 의 최신 판은 1981년에 발행되었음.

내진설계에 대한 최근 안전기준의 재검토 시작


¾ 지진학과 기술에 관한 축적된 지식의 반영
¾ 지진 경험의 반영

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 58


Example 3: Review of seismic safety criteria
Current Flow of seismic safety design
Site
Selection zSupported on bedrock
zRigid structure
Investigation
z Past earthquakes
Geotechnical
z Active faults S1; Maximum design
Survey
basis ground motion
Determination of basic S2; Extreme design
earthquake ground motion basis ground motion
And Shallow earthquake
(6.5 Magnitude)
Seismic design Seismic analysis for
classification Buildings, structures
As; most important Safety Assessment
A; more important Seismic analysis for No core-damage accidents
B; very important Facilities, piping No lost of safety functions
C; important
No radiological releases
Stability analysis

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 59

예 3: 내진안전기준의 검토
내진안전설계의 현재 흐름
장소 선정
z기반위의 지지
z강구조
조사
z 과거 지진
지질 조사
z 활성단층 S1; 최대 설계기준 지반
운동
기초 지진 지반운동의 결정 S2; 극단 설계기준 지반
운동 및 중대지진 (진도
6.5)

내진설계에 대해 건물, 구조에 대한


분류 내진해석
As; most important 안전성 평가
A; more important 설비, 배관에 대한 핵심 손상 사고 없음
B; very important 내진해석 안정성 기능 상실 없음
C; important
방사능 누출 없음
안전성 해석

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 60


Example 3: Review of seismic safety criteria
Major Viewpoint of Reviewing
3. Analysis of Ground Motion 4. Classification of facilities
(1) Method
(2) Standard design basis
(3) Intensity of earthquake Automatically
Ground motion shutdown

Propagation rigid structure Supported


on bedrock

5. Structure
Seismic Wave

2. Soil (Geological characteristics)


Earthquake
Beginning of rupture
= Formation of fault
= Focus
1. Active Faults
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 61

예 3: 내진안전기준의 검토
재검토의 주요 관점
3. 지반운동의 해석 4. 설비의 분류
(1) 방법
(2) 표준 설계 기반
(3) 지진의 강도 자동정지
지반 운동

전달 강성 구조 기반위 지지

5. 구조
지진파

2. 토양 (지질학적 특징)
지진
붕괴의 시작 = 초점
= 단층의 형성
1. 활성단층
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 62
Example 3: Review of seismic safety criteria
Review the investigation and survey
z Review the term of the considered Active faults
*Active faults = Historical records of earthquakes and Potentials for the
reactivation in the near future
Expand the evaluation term of faults activities
Last 50,000 years
Expand

Since the Late Pleistocene


(last 80,000 - 130,000 years)
z Review the survey method of geological
characteristics
Include the latest survey method
z geophysical method
z tectonic Geomorphological method
z and more…
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 63

예 3: 내진안전기준의 검토
조사 및 관찰방법 재검토
z 고려된 활성단층의 연대 검토
*활성단층 = 지진의 이력 및 근미래 활동에 대한 잠재력
활성단층의 평가연대 확장

과거 50,000년
확장

후기 홍적세 부터
(과거 80,000 - 130,000년
130,000년)
z 지질학적 특성의 관찰방법 검토
최신 관찰방법 포함

z 지구물리학적 방법
z 지형구조학적 방법
z 기타…
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 64
Example 3: Review of seismic safety criteria
Review the design basis ground motion
Maximum design earthquake S1
z Past earthquakes
z Earthquakes caused by active faults with a frequent activity

Extreme design earthquake S2


z Earthquakes caused by active faults with a rare activity
z Earthquakes based on seismo-tectonic structure
z assumption of Shallow near-field earthquake magnitude 6.5

Highly integrated into one level


Standard ground motion Ss
z extremely rare but possible within the useful life of a facility
z seen in terms of seismology and seismic engineering
(including considerations of geology, geological structure and
earthquake activity in the vicinity of the site)
z appropriate to anticipate major impact to facilities(over magnitude 6.5)

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 65

예 3: 내진안전기준의 검토
설계기준 지반운동 검토
최대 설계지진 S1
z 과거 지진
z 활성단층의 빈번한 활동으로 유발된 지진

극단 설계지진 S2
z 활성단층의 희귀한 활동으로 유발된 지진
z 지역지진구조에 기인한 지진
z 진도 6.5의 직하형 지진의 상정

하나의 레벨로 통합
표준 지반운동 Ss
z 극히 희박하지만 설비의 사용기간 중에 발생할 수 있음.
z 지진학 및 지진공학의 관점에서 볼 수 있는 것
(지질학적 고려사항, 지질학적 구조 및 발전소 인접 지역의 지진활동을 포함)
z 설비에 커다란 타격을 미칠 것으로 예상하는 것이 타당한 것(진도 6.5 이상)

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 66


Example 3: Review of seismic safety criteria
Review the analysis technique
z Review the Analysis technique of the earthquake
Include advanced technique

Response spectrum technique


Addition

Fault modeling technique

z Review the evaluation of vertical motion


Include advanced technique

Assume half of horizontal acceleration


Upgrade

Include Analyze horizontal acceleration


Approximate Real seismic ground motion

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 67

예 3: 내진안전기준의 검토
해석방법 재검토
z지진 해석 기술의 검토
최신기술의 도입

응답 스펙트럼 기술
추가

단층 모델링 기술

z 연직지진평가의 검토
최신기술의 도입

수평가속도의 ½로 가정
강화

수평가속도를 해석
실제 지진 지반운동에 근접

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 68


Example 3: Review of seismic safety criteria
Review the classification of facilities
The most important range of facilities in the earthquake-proof safety design;
Containment Vessel etc, expand more; ECCS: Emergency Core Cooling System etc
Class As (safety functions) Class S (=As)
upgrade
A
B B
C C
Reactor Building

Turbine Building Tower


Containment
Vessel

Reactor
Vessel ECCS
Turbine
Transformer
Rod Cluster Control Generator
Class S Class B Class C

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 69

예 3: 내진안전기준의 검토
설비분류의 재검토
내진안전설계에서 가장 중요한 영역;
격납용기 등, 보다 확장하여 ; ECCS: 비상 노심 냉각 계통 등
Class As (안전성기능) Class S (=As)
upgrade
A
B B
C C
원자로 건물

터빈 건물 송전탑

격납용기

원자로
용기 ECCS
터빈
변압기
연료봉 제어반 발전기
Class S Class B Class C

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 70


Example 3: Review of seismic safety criteria
Review the Seismic safety structure
z Review the structure
The important buildings and structures
z rigid construction
z supported on bedrock
Performance-based design

Unrestricted (ex; aseismic design)

z Review the other item


Consideration of ‘phenomenon accompanying an earthquake’
earthquake’
z collapse of slope around the facilities
z tsunami
Consideration of ‘Residual Risk’
Risk’

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 71

예 3: 내진안전기준의 검토
내진 안전 구조물의 재검토
z 구조물의 재검토
주요 건물과 구조물
z 강성구조
z 기반 위 지지
성능 기반 설계

특정규정을 설정하지 않음 (ex; aseismic design)

z 기타 항목의 검토
‘지진에 수반되는 현상’
현상’의 고려
z 설비주위의 경사면 붕괴
z 지진해일
‘잔여 위험’
위험’ 의 고려

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 72


Example 3: Review of seismic safety criteria
Revised Summary
Current
item New Version Reason Existing plant
Version
Since the Late
Last Knowledge of geography, need
Active faults Pleistocene
seismology and investigation in
investigation 50,000years (last 80,000 - earthquake engineering some site
130,000 years)
design motion Obtain of Accurate
Earthquake standard motion Ss earthquake observation
S1, S2
Ground motion plate focus Accumulated knowledge of
point focus seismology and technology

Shallow Past earthquake records of


Magnitude 6.5 No specified focus The vicinity of focus
Near-field
About 370 Gal over 450Gal Accumulated knowledge of
earthquake
seismology and technology
need evaluation
dynamic of safety
Vertical force Development of analyzing
Calculation of calculation
is a half of technique
ground motion Vertical and
horizontal High detail records
horizontal

Seismic 3 classes
4 classes More reduce the risk
Design As, A -> S(=As)
(As, A, B, C) Match safety classification
Classification B, C

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 73

예 3: 내진안전기준의 검토
개정내용 요약
항목 현행 판 신판 이유 기설 발전소

과거 후기 홍적세부터
지질학, 지진학, 지진공학의 일부 발전소에
활성단층평가 (과거 80,000 - 지식 지질조사 필요
50,000년 130,000 년)

설계운동 S1, 정도높은 지진관측기록


기준지반운동 Ss 획득
지진지반운동 S2
면진원평가 지진학과 지진공학의
점진원평가 지식축적

진도 6.5 진원을 특정하지 진원부근의 과거지진기록


직하지진 않음 지진학과 지진공학의
약 370 Gal 450 Gal 초과 지식축적
연직방향 힘은 안전성평가 필요
연직방향과 해석기술의 향상
지반운동의 정적으로
수평방향을
계산 수평방향의 보다 정밀한 기록의 획득
동적으로 계산
1/2

3 등급 보다 위험저감
4 등급
지진설계등급 As, A -> S(=As)
(As, A, B, C) 안정도분류와의 적합성
B, C

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 74


Example 3: Review of seismic safety criteria
Further Activities
1. Positive Introduction of
Seismic Probabilistic Safety Assessment (SPSA)
methodology
9 Reference of the probability of excess the Standard Ground
Motion
9 Effort at the reduction of the Residual Risk

2. Re-evaluation of the Existing Nuclear Power Plants


with the new criteria
9 The nation's nuclear reactors are aging, with 11 more than
30 years old
9 The seismic safety of nuclear power plants all the more
important in Japan

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 75

예 3: 내진안전기준의 검토
이 후의 활동
1. 지진 전망에 기인한 안전성 평가 (SPSA) 기법의
적극적 도입
9 표준 지반운동을 초과하는 지진의 발생확률 고려
9 잔여위험의 저감노력

2. 새로운 허용조건으로 기존 원자력발전소 재평가


9 원자로의 경년열화가 진행됨에 따라, 건설 후 30년이 지난
것이 11기 존재
9 원자력발전소의 내진안전성은 일본에 있어서 가장 중요함

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 76


Summary

z Performance-based codes and standards are


now and future trend

z Voluntary standards are very important to promote those


performance-based codes and standards

z Industries, utilities, research organization and


government are required to collaborate and share their
accumulated knowledge

z International cooperation for development of codes and


standards is also important to ensure safety power plants
For example
¾ Many data are useful to Ageing Management for Safe Long Term
Operation of Power Plants
©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 77

요약

z 성능기반 기준과 표준은 현재와 미래의 추세

z 민간표준은 이러한 성능기반 기준과 표준 발전에 매우


중요함

z 산업계, 발전사업자, 연구기관, 정부가 협력하고 축적된


지식을 공유할 필요가 있음

z 발전소의 안전을 확보하기 위해, 국제적인 협력 하에


기술기준과 표준을 작성하는 것도 매우 중요함

¾ 발전소 장기안전운전에 관한 경년열화관리에 많은 데이터가 유용함

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 78


Thank you
감사합니다

The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Incorporated

1-3, Uchisaiwai-cho 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku,


Tokyo 100- 8560, Japan
Internet Address: http://www.tepco.co.jp/

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 79

Thank you
감사합니다

동경전력 주식회사

1-3, Uchisaiwai-cho 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku,


Tokyo 100- 8560, Japan
Internet Address: http://www.tepco.co.jp/

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 80


Abbreviation
METI :Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industries (経済産業省)
NISA : Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (原子力安全・保安院)
ANRE : Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (資源エネルギー庁)

NSC : Nuclear Safety Commission of Japan (原子力安全委員会)


AEC : Atomic Energy Commission of Japan (原子力委員会)

JISC : Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (日本工業標準調査会)


JNES : Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (原子力安全基盤機構)

JESC : Japan Electrotechnical Standards and Codes Committee (日本電気技術規格委員会)

JEA : Japan Electric Association (日本電気協会)


JSME : The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (日本機械学会)
AESJ : Atomic Energy Society of Japan (日本原子力学会)

TENPES : Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society (火力原子力発電技術協会)


JANTI : Japan Nuclear Technology Institute (日本原子力技術協会)
JAPEIC : Japan Power Engineering and Inspection Corporation (発電設備技術検査協会)

FEPC : The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan (電気事業連合会)


JAIF : JAPAN ATOMIC INDUSTRIAL FORUM (日本原子力産業協会)

AIJ: Architectural Institute of Japan (日本建築学会)


JSCE: Japan Society of Civil Engineers (日本土木学会)
IEEJ: Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (日本電気学会)

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 81

약어
METI :Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industries (경제산업성)
NISA : Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (원자력안전・보안원)
ANRE : Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (자원에너지청)

NSC : Nuclear Safety Commission of Japan (원자력안전위원회)


AEC : Atomic Energy Commission of Japan (원자력위원회)

JISC : Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (일본공업표준조사회)


JNES : Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (원자력안전기반기구)

JESC : Japan Electrotechnical Standards and Codes Committee (일본전기기술규격위원회)

JEA : Japan Electric Association (일본전기협회)


JSME : The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (일본기계학회)
AESJ : Atomic Energy Society of Japan (일본원자력학회)

TENPES : Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society (화력원자력발전기술협회)


JANTI : Japan Nuclear Technology Institute (일본원자력기술협회)
JAPEIC : Japan Power Engineering and Inspection Corporation (발전설비기술검사협회)

FEPC : The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan (전기사업운영합회)


JAIF : JAPAN ATOMIC INDUSTRIAL FORUM (일본원자력산업협회)

AIJ: Architectural Institute of Japan (일본건설학회)


JSCE: Japan Society of Civil Engineers (일본토목학회)
IEEJ: Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (일본전기학회)

©2007 The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. 82

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