Carbonation of Concrete

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON STRENGTH PARAMETER (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH) OF CONCRETE
DUE TO ACCELARATED CARBONATION TESTING
INDEX
Chapter TOPIC Page No.

No.
1 INTRODUCTION 4
1.1 Background 4
1.2 Problem Statement 10
1.3 Aim And Objectives 13
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 15
3 METHDOLOGY 21
3.1 General 21
3.2 Planning Of Project 21
3.3 Detailed Methodology Of Project 22
3.4 Summary 22
3.5 Development Of Carbonation Chamber 23
3.6 Materials And Equipment 23
3.7 Working Of Accelerated Carbonation Test Chamber 28
3.8 Summary 32
4 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS 33
4.1 General 33
4.2 Casting Curing 33
4.3 Compressive Strength Test 33
4.4 RILEM CPC – 18 Test 34
4.5 Summary 41
5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 42
5.1 General 42
5.2 Compressive Strength 42
5.3 Depth Of Carbonation 44
5.4 Weight Comparison 47
6 COST ANALYSIS OF ACCELARTED CARBONATION TEST 48
CHAMBER
6.1 General 48
6.2 Costing Of materials & Equipment 48
6.3 Summary 48
7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 49
8 REFERANCES 51
K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 1

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Name Page No.

No.
1 Year wise Carbon Dioxide Concentration 4
2 Carbonation affecting pH value 6
3 Carbonation Depth of Concrete Using Phenolphthalein 8
4 Carbonation of Concrete along Cracks 9
5 Non-carbonated Concrete (L) and Carbonated Concrete(R) using 9
Phenolphthalein
6 Partially Carbonated Concrete using Phenolphthalein 10
7 Accelerated Carbonation Chamber 11
8 Accelerated Carbonation Chamber (Exporters India) 12
9 Schematic of Accelerated Carbonation Chamber 15
10 Steam Vaporizer 24
11 Thermo-hygrometer 24
12 MH-Z16 Carbon Dioxide Sensor with LCD 25
13 SMACC Fan 26
14 Schematic of Accelerated Carbonation Test Chamber 27
15 Elevation (Front) View of Carbonation Chamber 28
16 Elevation (Rear) View of Carbonation Chamber 29
17 Top (Rear) View of Carbonation Chamber 30
18 Top View of Carbonation chamber 31
19 Elevation View with Door Open of Carbonation Chamber 32
20 Concrete Cube Failure at Peak Load 34
21 RILEM CPC-18 test on specimen no.1 35
33 60 Days Compressive Strength of M20 Grade Concrete 43
34 60 Days Carbonation Depth of M20 Grade Concrete 46

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. NAME PAGE NO.
1 Compressive Strength of Concrete 42
2 Carbonation Depth of Concrete 44
3 Weight Of Specimen 47

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas which is present in the environment and is
on the rise over the several years.[1] Carbon dioxide gas is emitted into the atmosphere
primarily by the industrial gases, burning of fossil fuels, etc. Natural sources
include volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in
water and acids. Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while
volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons. Carbon dioxide currently is present at an
average of 404 parts per million by volume in the atmosphere. However in urban areas the
CO2 concentration is high as compared to rural areas.
Figure 1. Year wise Carbon Dioxide Concentration in the Atmosphere during Last Century[19]
Carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere has ill effects on the structures; mainly
reinforced concrete structures. It is due to reaction process of carbon dioxide and ingredients
in concrete. In other words, carbonation is a process in which the carbon dioxide (CO 2)
present in an environment diffuses into the concrete and reacts with its ingredients calcium
hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) resulting in the formation of
calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Following is the reaction of carbonation:
CO2+Ca(OH)2 CaCO3+H2O
Carbonates help to carbonation mechanism and dissolve hydration products of cement. By

dissolving of cement hydration products (CH) corrosion risk occurs because of reduction of
pH and impairment of passive layer on reinforcement. Calcium carbonate therefore has ill
effects on reinforced concrete structures.
Natural carbonation takes many years to act on concrete as it is available at low

percentage in air about 400–450ppm or 0.04% to 0.045% by volume (according to present
scenario). The process starts with the surface of concrete and then it slowly penetrates with
time into the concrete. Various factors affect the progress of carbonation of concrete such as
temperature, hydration, cracking, pore structure of concrete, etc. The carbonation ultimately
results in the reduction of pH level of concrete. Carbon dioxide which reacts with calcium
hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is present in 15% - 25% by weight in cement. The most favorable
condition for the carbonation progression is at room temperature (25 0C – 300C) and humidity
of (65% - 75%).
The carbonation process leads to deterioration of concrete and it affects the strength
parameters of concrete.[4] Concrete which is alkaline in nature (pH- 12.6-13) when reacts with
carbon dioxide, results in reduction of pH level (pH<8.4).[5] At such low pH value both
calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) react with carbon dioxide
forming calcite, which due to its low solubility precipitates within the pores altering the
properties of concrete. This drop in pH level is further responsible for initiation of
depassivation phenomenon of rebar embedded in concrete. [4] Ultimately this results in
reduction in capacity of the member.

The carbonation effect is more seen in the areas of temperate climatic regions because
of its moderate winters and moderate summers. Such type of climate is generally found in the
areas of North America, parts of Europe and South Asia. While this form of carbonation is
natural, the accelerated carbonation takes very less time to act on the concrete. The
accelerated carbonation chamber speeds up the reaction of carbon dioxide with lime present
in the concrete.
The environment inside the accelerated carbonation chamber is a controlled one which
favors the carbonation of concrete reaction. The chamber gives the results of depth of
carbonation of concrete in a short span of time. This depth of carbonation is further useful to
find the age of concrete in years.
Figure 2. Carbonation affecting pH value

Along with carbon dioxide there are other factors which lead to initiation and
progression of carbonation in concrete. A particular type of environment is necessary for the
carbonation to initiate and progress; this is the reason carbonation of concrete takes place in
specific areas or regions.
Following are the factors affecting carbonation of concrete:
1. Presence of carbon dioxide present in atmosphere- The primary factor of carbonation

of concrete is the carbon dioxide (CO2) gas present in air. The carbon dioxide gas
diffuses into the concrete reacting with cement ingredient in concrete i.e. calcium
hydroxide resulting in the formation of calcium carbonate.
2. Percentage of humidity- Relative humidity of 50%-70% is favorable for the
progression of carbonation in concrete. A relative humidity less than 50% around
concrete is less susceptible to carbonation when there is insufficient water to dissolve
carbon dioxide, whereas when relative humidity is more than 70% the pores in
concrete get filled by water making diffusion of carbon dioxide difficult in concrete.
3. Water-cement ratio- Water cement ratio has an effect on carbonation irrespective of

mix design. The water cement ratio is directly proportional to carbonation depth. An
increase in water cement ratio results in the increase in carbonation depth and visa
versa.
4. Effect of water binder ratio- Water binder ratio plays an important role in defining the
relationship between compressive strength and permeability of concrete. From study
it has been concluded that water binder ratio is directly proportional to carbonation
depth. Increase in water binder ratio results in the increase in carbonation depth and
visa versa. Increase in slump increases depth of carbonation.
5. Effect of admixtures- Industrial by-products such as GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast
Furnace Slag), SF(Silica Fume), Metakaolin, etc. result in increase in strength of
concrete which thereby results in the reduction of carbonation depth. However lower
level of replacement of admixtures (<30%) is found effective to increase compressive
strength of concrete.
6. Effect of cover- The depth of carbonation is reduced when the reinforcement is
provided with substantial cover as per mix design of concrete. Protected surfaces
resist diffusion of carbon dioxide into concrete thus reducing carbonation effect.
Plastering and application of other forms of coatings help to resist carbon dioxide
diffusion into concrete.

7. Effect of curing period- Curing of concrete influences many properties of concrete. It

has direct impact on strength and service life of the concrete. Proper curing limits the
cracks in concrete. It has been found that strength of concrete is increased with
increased curing period. Increase in curing period results in reduction of permeability.
An increased curing period increases strength of concrete and decreases depth of
carbonation.
8. Type of compaction of concrete- From studies it has been found that Self Compacted
Concrete (SCC) offers good resistance to porosity rather than Normally Vibrated
Concrete (NVC). Thus SCC gives good resistance to carbonation.
9. Pore systems of hardened concrete- A hardened concrete with more pore structure is
more susceptible to carbonation and its progression. Pore structure allows rapid
diffusion of carbon dioxide in concrete thereby resulting in an increased carbonation
depth.
10. Temperature of the surroundings- When temperature of the surroundings is higher the
rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide is lowered, whereas when the temperature of the
surrounding is lower the rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide is higher. The rate of carbon
dioxide diffusion is highest when the surrounding temperature is at room temperature i.e.
200C-270C.
Figure 3. Carbonation Depth of Concrete Using Phenolphthalein

Figure 4. Carbonation of Concrete along Cracks
Figure 5. Non-carbonated Concrete (L) and Carbonated Concrete(R) using Phenolphthalein

Figure 6. Partially Carbonated Concrete using Phenolphthalein
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
As mentioned in the previous section, the carbonation of concrete has become a major
problem affecting durability of concrete. The process of carbonation of concrete takes many
years to act on concrete and requires a time effective method to study carbonation of
concrete. Accelerated carbonation process will help to study various parameters of concrete
within short period of time.
At present some accelerated carbonation test chambers are available in market used
for accelerated curing of concrete but are expensive. Thus it is a need to find a cost effective
solution to this problem. Here is an attempt to construct a chamber from readily and easily
available materials which will prove to be a cost effective solution and tested for its
efficiency.

Here are the accelerated carbonation test chambers available in market:
Figure 7. Accelerated Carbonation Chamber
 Specifications:
• Size: 600*600*600 (200 liters)
• Capacity: 12 concrete cubes of 150*150*150 mm
• Temperature: 200 C– 600 C
• Humidity: 40- 80% RH
• CO2 concentration: 0- 4% with 3m pipe
• Digital timer
• Airtight front door with outer mild steel and inner stainless steel
• Approximate cost: INR 6.5- 7.8 lac

Figure 8.Accelerated Carbonation Chamber (Exporters India) [19]
 Specifications:
• Size: 600*600*600 (200 liters)
• Capacity: 12 concrete cubes of 150*150*150 mm
• Temperature: 200 C– 650 C
• Humidity: 40- 80% RH
• CO2 concentration: 0- 5%
• Approximate cost: INR 6- 7 lac

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Aim:
The aim of this project is to construct an economical accelerated carbonation test

chamber.
To experimentally investigate the Compressive Strength of concrete due to accelerated
carbonation testing
Objectives:
 To analysis the effect of carbonation on the compressive strength of the concrete in

short period of time
 To check the depth of carbonation
 To compare the strength parameters (compressive strength) before carbonation of
concrete and after carbonation of concrete
 To study efficiency of constructed carbonation chamber by testing concrete specimens
for compression and finding out depth of carbonation
SCOPE OF RESEARCH
The research gives an idea about the deterioration of the concrete due to carbon
content in the atmosphere. The carbon effect on the reinforcement of the structure which
causes the corrosion and also on other properties of the concrete.
OUTLINE OF REPORT
The content in this thesis is presented in eight chapters. They are following:
Chapter1. Introduction
It presents the background and introduction to the topic. States the aims and
objectives in the project.
Chapter2. Literature Review
Highlights previous literature published on carbonation and its effects, accelerated

carbonation testing of concrete, post carbonation testing of concrete.
Chapter3. Methodology
This chapter describes in brief the planning of whole project. It presents work to be
carried out in a sequential manner.

Chapter4. Experimental Analysis
This chapter presents mix design of concrete. It presents the study on tests of
hardened concrete.
Chapter5. Results and Discussions
It presents results of ultrasonic pulse velocity test and compression test. Also it
provides results of carbonation depth of concrete specimens.
Chapter6. Conclusion and Future scope
Highlights the main results and major contribution to this study and makes some
recommendations for future study.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
GENERAL
This chapter presents a detailed review on the literature related to carbonation of

concrete. It reviews on the effects of carbonation on concrete using accelerated carbonation
test chamber. It presents accelerated carbonation reaction on concrete specimens and tests on
concrete specimens post carbonation.
P. F. Mcgrath (Aug 2014)
In this paper the author describes an easily constructed accelerated carbonation test
chamber suitable for the evaluation of carbonation rate into concrete specimens. The chamber
was constructed using readily available materials which were cost effective and cheap. Two
separate chambers of size 200 liters were used and controlled test conditions were created
inside the test chamber. CO2 supply of 4% was maintained with relative humidity ranging
from 58% to 62% and temperature of 250C. Gaskets and sealing were used to make the
chamber air tight.
Figure 9. Schematic of Accelerated Carbonation Chamber

Saturated salt solutions of NaNO2 were used to control humidity. Temperature was
controlled using 250W heat lamp. CO2 was supplied and controlled using compressed CO2
supply, solenoid valve, needle valve, CO2 sensor (0-50000 ppm) and control loop. Low flow
rate fan was used for air circulation. The entire test chamber was constructed at an amount of
$2500USD.
N Venkat Rao, T Meena (2017)
In this paper the authors have done carbonation study which is an important part of
durability of concrete. It states that one of the major causes for deterioration and destruction
of concrete is carbonation. The paper enlists the various factors that affect carbonation. 1.
External factors- ambient relative humidity, concentration of carbon dioxide, surface
protection. 2. Internal factors- grade of concrete, permeability of concrete, depth of cover to
reinforcement, water cement ratio. 3. Other factors- time of exposure, orientation of building.
The study concluded that:
1. The influence of water/cement ratio is very much significant on the strength of the concrete
since the strength of the concrete depends on water/cement ratio. The depth of carbonation
depends on water/cement ratio; higher water/cement ratio contributes to higher carbonation
depth. Also the influence of water/binder ratio is very much significant on the strength of the
concrete, the depth of carbonation depends on water/binder ratio; higher water/binder ratio
contributes to higher carbonation depth.
2. Increase in curing period reduces the carbonation depth. The resistant power of the
concrete to carbonation is increased with sufficient and substantial curing periods.
3. To improve the resisting power of the plain concrete at least 7 days curing is mandatory.
4. Additions of admixtures alter the pore structure of the concrete and reduce the porosity.
5. If porosity increases carbonation depth also increases hence a linear relationship exist
between accelerated carbonation and porosity.
6. Addition of admixtures like GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) and SF (Silica
Fume) reduce the porosity of concrete and reduce the depth of carbonatio

7. The application of surface coatings and provision of proper cover considerably reduces the
rate of carbonation. The service life of the concrete can be enhanced.
8. The compressive strength also depends on water/binder ratio and mineral admixtures both
higher and lower water/binder ratio affects the properties of concrete.
9. The use of Self Compacted Concrete (SCC) has been proved to be the best to improve the
durability characteristics of concrete in relation to the carbonation of concrete.
Shaik Hussain, Dipendra Bhunia and S.B.Singh Ambuja (Sep 2017)
The paper deals with the effect of accelerated carbonation on mechanical properties
and durability of plain concrete. Concrete with water binder ratios of 0.35, 0.50 and 0.65
were cast and cured for 28 days before keeping them in carbonation chamber for 7, 28, 60,
120, 180, 240, 300 and 365 days. Carbonation environment was created inside the chamber
where carbon dioxide was fixed to 5%, relative humidity ranged from 50% to 70% and
temperature was maintained at 250C to 350C.
Test for compression was conducted according to methods suggested in IS 516:1959.

It was found that compressive strength for 365 days of accelerated curing over an age of 28
days water curing increased. This increase was because of the greater volume of CaCO 3 over
Ca(OH)2. Effect of water binder showed that the concrete mix with highest water binder ratio
has shown least mechanical strength compared to other mixes. It was also found that the
volume of permeable voids decreased with the age of accelerated carbonation. This was
because the voids were filled by CaCO3 which had greater volume than Ca(OH)2. Depth of
carbonation obtained from accelerated carbonation conditions were used to predict the
carbonation depths under natural conditions using Fick‟s law. For the cubes casted and
accelerated cured it was found that depth of carbonation increased with age of accelerated
carbonation. The depth of carbonation was found to be highest in the concrete mix proportion
with highest water binder ratio.
Jack M. Chi, Ran Huang And C. C. Yuang (2002)
In this paper the authors carry an experimental investigation to study the effects of
carbonation on mechanical properties and durability of concrete. Concrete mixes of Ordinary
Portland Cement (OPC) with water binder ratio of 0.58 and 0.48 and Self Compa

Concrete (SCC) with water binder ratio of 0.40 and 0.36 were designed and tested. Concrete
specimens were subjected to carbon dioxide concentration levels of 50%, 75% and 100%
along with relative humidity maintained at 70% and temperature at 23 0C.
Depth of carbonation was determined using RILEM CPC-18 technique.

Phenolphthalein was prepared as a 1% solution in 70% ethyl alcohol and the solution was
sprayed on concrete and depth was measured. The carbonation depths were measured at the
age of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. It was seen that carbonation depth increased with an increased
carbonation time and higher depth for higher CO 2 concentrations for all mixtures. Ordinary
Portland Cement (OPC) mixtures concrete shown higher carbonation depth than that of Self
Compacted Concrete (SCC). Also the carbonation depth was found higher in concrete having
higher water binder ratio.
The compressive strength was determined according to ASTM C39. The compressive
strength for different water binder ratios were found at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days of
accelerated curing. It was found that compressive strength of carbonated concrete slightly
increases as compared to non-carbonated concrete. This is because CaCO3 occupies greater
volume than Ca(OH)2; the surface porosity of carbonated concrete is reduced.
Mohamed Rabehi, Bouzidi Mezghiche And Salim Guattala (2013)
The authors present that carbonation depth is a decreasing function of compressive

strength at 28 days and increases with the initial absorption. Durability of concrete is greatly
dependent on the capacity of a fluid to penetrate the concrete‟s microstructure allowing the
introduction of molecules of carbon dioxide that react and destroy the chemical stability.
The concrete samples were subjected to accelerated carbonation maintaining carbon

dioxide content at 50%, relative humidity of about 66% and temperature was maintained
between 20+20C. The time required to achieve this state was 24 hours. The carbonation depth
test was performed using phenolphthalein where samples were broken into two and broken
surface was sprayed with phenolphthalein indicator. Carbonation depth was found highest at
3 days curing compared to 7 days and 28 days curing. Carbonation depth is increasing
function of water cement ratio.
It was found that curing of concrete at 3, 7 and 28 days had effect on compressive
strength of concrete. The compressive strength was found to be higher at 28 days of curing

than 3 days and 7 days curing. The increase of compressive strength at 3 days curing was
19.24%, for 7 days curing it was 23.21% and for 28 days curing it was 27.19%. Also it was
found that lower water/cement ratio samples gained higher compressive strength than higher
water cement ratio.
D. Russell, P. A. M. Basheer, G. I. B. Rankin And A. E. Lone (Dec 2012)
This paper studies the effect of relative humidity on air permeability and rate of
carbonation is investigated. In accordance to accelerated tests models are developed to relate
the effects of air permeability on the rate of carbonation. The relationship between the rate of
carbonation and physical properties are established. It states that moisture content in concrete
is very decisive in determining life span of a structure. Carbonation ingress slows down or
stops when the pores of concrete are fully saturated or dried. The authors have related
permeability to carbonation and it has been shown that concrete with low permeability
carbonates at a slower rate as compared to high permeability.
The carbonation test was carried out in a carbonation chamber, by LEEC, England.
The chamber maintained 5% carbon dioxide concentration at 20 0C temperature and relative
humidity of 55%, 65% and 75% for each set of specimens were tested. The specimens were
exposed to accelerated carbonation for a period of 6 weeks. After accelerated testing of
specimens, carbonation depth was found out. The specimen was split longitudinally and
freshly exposed surfaces were sprayed with a 1% phenolphthalein solution to determine the
depth of carbonation. This was done accordingly to RILEM CPC-18 technique. An average
of three readings from the three cores was reported as the depth of carbonation. Relative
humidity had an effect on rate of carbonation. The rate of carbonation decreased with an
increasing rate of relative humidity.
Prof. Dr. Christoph Gehlon, Dipl. Amir Rahimi
RILEM CPC-18 method consists of determining depth of carbonated layer on the

surface of hardened concrete by means of a solution of 1% phenolphthalein in 70% ethyl
alcohol (ethanol) as indicator. Specimens of 100*100*100 mm were split into two and
sprayed with then solution and carbonation depth was found.

SUMMARY
The literature review is highlights on the effect on carbonation on concrete specimens.

It presents study of various factors that affect carbonation of concrete. It presents accelerated
carbonation curing of concrete specimens and post effects of carbonation on the same. The
chapter presents destructive as well as non-destructive testing of concrete specimens.

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 GENERAL
This chapter describes in brief the planning of whole project. It presents work to be
carried out in a sequential manner.
3.2 PLANNING OF THE PROJECT
• Procurement of materials and equipment

• Development of Accelerated Carbonation Test Chamber
1.
• Casting of M20 grade concrete specimens (12 no.)

• Water curing of M20 grade concrete specimens for a period of 28 days(9
2. no.)
• Accelerated carbonation curing of (9 no.) concrete specimens for a period

of 14 days with regular checking of temperature, humidity and carbon
3. dioxide concentration
• Compression Strength Test on concrete specimens using Compression

Testing Machine at 60 days
4. • RILEM CPC-18 test on concrete specimens using phenolphthalein indicator
at 60 days
• Result analysis and discussions

• Cost analysis of the accelerated carbonation test
5. chamber
• Conclusion

3.3 DETAILED METHODOLOGY OF PROJECT
1. Development of an economical accelerated carbonation test chamber using readily

available materials.
2. Casting of concrete cube specimens (12 no.) of size 150x150x150 mm of M20 and
water curing it for a period of 28 days.
3. Calculate the weight of non-carbonated concrete specimen.
4. Conducting UPV test on non-carbonated concrete specimen.
5. Accelerated carbonation curing of concrete cubes (9 no.) for a period of 14 days with
specific time interval readings of carbon dioxide concentration, relative humidity and
temperature after 28 days of water curing.
6. Calculate the weight of carbonated concrete specimen.
7. Conducting UPV test on carbonated concrete specimen
8. Conducting compressive strength on carbonated and non-carbonated concrete
specimens using compressive testing machine.
9. Finding out the depth of carbonation of carbonated and non-carbonated concrete
specimens using phenolphthalein indicator.
3.4 SUMMARY
The methodology adopted for entire experimental work of the project including
development of chamber, casting of concrete specimens, accelerated carbonation curing of
concrete specimens and tests on hardened concrete with planning chart is presented.

3.5 DEVELOPMENT OF CARBONATION CHAMBER
This chapter describes in detail the materials and equipment used in the construction of
accelerated carbonation test chamber. Also presents working of chamber.
3.6 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
The carbonation chamber apparatus consisted of a single chamber as shown in the

figure 15. The enclosed chamber was a box with front glass panel of size 520*400*1220 mm
used to function as an air tight box. The chamber has magnetic door which helped to function
it as an air tight chamber. In the chamber environmental conditions were controlled at carbon
dioxide content of 4% to 5% volume of chamber, relative humidity of 65% to 80% and
temperature of 200C to 300C. The chamber was an old refrigerator box used without
compressor solely for use of air tightness which was of 142 liters. Glass putty and m-seal
sealant were used to make the chamber effective air tight system. Racks were made using
iron with plastic paint coating. Two such racks were made to keep an optimum of 9 concrete
cube specimens of 150*150*150 mm.
 Steam Vaporizer
Relative humidity was controlled with vaporizer. Water vapor was induced in the
chamber whenever the relative humidity fell below 65%. The pipe inducted for vapor
purpose had holes in it which was inside the chamber for free circulation. Periodic checks
were needed to be made to make sure the relative humidity did not fall below the
prescribed limit.

Figure 10. Steam Vaporizer

The specifications of the vaporizer are:
 Capacity: 300 ml
 Voltage use: 220-240 V
 Thermo-hygrometer
Temperature was maintained between 200C to 300C. Initially room heating coil was used
to maintain the temperature inside the chamber. However glass panel on the door did the
sunlight simulation effectively. Slight effect of daily ambient temperature effect was
observed.
For timely readings of temperature and relative humidity thermo-hygrometer was used. It
had an extended sensing cod wire of length 1m that was placed inside the chamber to
provide timely readings of temperature and relative humidity.
Figure 11. Thermo-hygrometer

The specifications of thermo-hygrometer are:
 Max/min humidity and temperature value automatically

 Two modes of temperature showing 0C or 0F
 Two modes of time showing 12 hours or 24 hours mode
 Alarm function with time
 Power: 1.5(AAA)*1
 Temperature: 0 to 500C; accuracy: +/-1.00C
 Humidity: 30% to 90%; accuracy: +/-5%

 MH-Z16 Carbon Dioxide Sensor
The carbon dioxide atmosphere was created using compressed CO2 gas supply with a
control knob. CO2 fire extinguisher gas cylinders were used for induction of carbon dioxide
in the chamber. The control knob was used to control the carbon dioxide induction in the
chamber. In this experiment a 4% to 5% CO2 concentration was chosen to shorten the test
period to suit project requirements. Carbon dioxide sensor (MH-Z16) with liquid crystal
display was used to note the readings of carbon dioxide concentration in the chamber.
Figure 12. MH-Z16 Carbon Dioxide Sensor with LCD

The specifications of carbon dioxide sensor are:
 Average current: < 85mA

 Interface level: 3.3V
 Measuring range: 0 to 5% VOL or 0 to 50000 ppm
 Output signal: PWM,UART
 Response time: T90 < 30s
 Working temperature: 00C to 500C
 Working humidity: 0 to 95%RH
 Weight: 21g
 Lifespan: > 5 years
 SMACC Fan
Air was circulated in the chamber using SMACC fan. It was mounted on top of the
chamber with a pipe. The air was circulated from top to bottom. Air circulation by fan was
done to avoid saturation of gas and vapor in the chamber.
Figure 13. SMACC Fan
The specifications of SMACC fan are:
 Voltage: 12 VDC,
 Fan speed: 2500 rpm

Figure 14. Schematic of Accelerated Carbonation Test Chamber

3.7 WORKING OF ACCELERATED CARBONATION TEST CHAMBER
Figure 15. Elevation (Front) View of Carbonation Chamber
Carbon dioxide sensor with liquid crystal display and thermo-hygrometer were
mounted on top of the chamber. The sensor cods of carbon dioxide sensor and thermo-
hygrometer were placed inside chamber through top drilled hole. SMACC fan was used for
air circulation is mounted on top of the chamber inside a plastic box to avoid any leakages.
The carbon dioxide gas inlet was provided from bottom of the chamber through a pipe. Vapor
inlet was provided from bottom of the chamber through a pipe. When the chamber was in

working condition the SMACC fan acted as exhaust fan and circulated gas and vapor from
top of the chamber to bottom through a pipe connected backside of the chamber.
Figure 16. Elevation (Rear) View of Carbonation Chamber
For this circulation it was necessary to keep valve no.1 open (figure 17). Only when humidity
level fell below the limit of 65%RH the valve no.1 was closed and valve no.2 was opened for
the inlet of vapor in the chamber (figure 17). 9 Cubes were placed on racks inside the
chamber for accelerated carbonation curing for a period of 14 days

Figure 17. Top (Rear) View of Carbonation Chamber

Figure 18. Top View of Carbonation chamber

Figure 19. Elevation View with Door Open of Carbonation Chamber
3.8 SUMMARY
This chapter provides details about various materials and equipment used for the
development of accelerated carbonation test chamber. The materials were readily available in
the vicinity of Pune. It provides details about working of the accelerated carbonation test
chamber

CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
4.1 GENERAL
This chapter presents casting and curing of concrete specimens. It presents theoretical
content about testing of hardened concrete.
4.2 CASTING AND CURING OF CONCRETE
1. Mix design for M20 grade of concrete was prepared and 9 concrete cube specimens
were casted.
2. The concrete cube specimens were then compacted using tamping rod.
3. The concrete specimens were water cured for 28 days.
4. After 14 days 9 specimens were cured under accelerated carbonation and 3 specimens
were exposed to natural environment for 14 days.
5. Tests on hardened concrete were carried out after 60 days.
TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE
4.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
Compressive strength of 9 carbonated specimens and 3 non-carbonated specimens

were conducted after completion of 60 days by using compression testing machine
(CTM) of capacity 2000 KN. The actual test setup is show in below figure 20.
The sample was locked in CTM in such a manner that the alignment of specimen was
centrally on the base of the machine. Load was applied gradually without shock till
specimen failed. The maximum force applied to the sample was then noted from the
display on the machine. For all the samples tested, it was noted that all samples
fractured in a similar fashion. The compression test resulted in breaking of concrete
specimens.

Figure 20. Concrete Cube Failure
4.4 RILEM CPC-18 TEST
RILEM CPC-18 test was carried out to find out depth of carbonation of concrete
specimens. After 9 carbonated and 3 non-carbonated specimens were tested for
compression, same samples were used to carry RILEM CPC-18 test. The specimens
tested for compressive test resulted in breaking of specimens. The specimens further
were split into two using a chisel and a hammer. The broken surface was sprayed with
1% phenolphthalein in 70% ethanol solution. The non-carbonated surface changed its
color to pink whereas the carbonated surface remained colorless. Carbonation depth
was found out using a caliper measuring from exposed surface of the specimen. Three
such readings from top, bottom and sides were taken and average of it was noted.

Specimen
No. 1
Figure 21. RILEM CPC-18 test on specimen no.1
Specimen
No. 2

Specimen
No. 3
Specimen
No. 4

Specimen
No. 5
Specimen
No. 6

Specimen
No. 7
Specimen
No. 8

Specimen
No. 9
Specimen
No. 10

Specimen
No. 11
Figure No. 31. RILEM CPC-18 test on specimen no.11
Specimen
No. 12

4.5 SUMMARY
This chapter provides details about casting and curing of concrete specimens. It
provides theory about compressive test of concrete specimens and RILEM CPC-18 technique
used to find depth of carbonation of concrete specimens.

CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 GENERAL
The compression test and carbonation depth results are presented with average
readings and discussed in detail.
5.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Table 1 Compressive Strength of Concrete
Specimen Type Compressive strength

(N/mm2) at 60 days for M20
Grade concrete
Specimen no. 1 Carbonated 20.91
Average 21.69

Specimen Type Compressive strength

(N/mm2) at 60 days for
M20 Grade concrete
Specimen no.10 Non- Carbonated 19.37
Average 19.95
25
20
15 60 Days
Compressive
Strength of
M20 Grade
10
Concrete
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Figure 33. 60 Days Compressive Strength of M20 Grade Concrete

DISCUSSIONS
It is observed that compressive strength of carbonated specimens (specimen no. 1 to

specimen no.9) is slightly increased as compared to non-carbonated specimens (specimen
no. 9 to specimen no. 12). Specimen no.3 has highest compressive strength of 23.37
N/mm2 which is a carbonated concrete specimen and specimen no.12 has lowest
compressive strength of 19.32 N/mm2 which is a non-carbonated concrete specimen.
Average compressive strength of carbonated concrete specimens is 21.69 N/mm2 and
average compressive strength of non-carbonated concrete specimens is 19.95 N/mm2. It is
because CaCO3 occupies greater volume than Ca(OH)2. The surface porosity of
carbonated concrete specimens is reduced due to carbonation. The surface has hardened
due to carbonation effect.
5.3 DEPTH OF CARBONATION
Table 2 Carbonation Depth of Concrete
Specimen Type Depth of Carbonation Average Depth of

(mm) Carbonation (mm)
Specimen no. 1 Carbonated Top 15.6

20.5
Bottom 23.5
Sides 22.4

22.1
Bottom 28.9
Sides 21.3

19.9
Bottom 23.1
Sides 19.7


19.1
Botto 22.8
m
Sides 18.6

21.5
Botto 25.7
m
Sides 20

20.3
Botto 23.2
m
Sides 22.2
Botto 22.9 20.36

m
Sides 22.5

21.96
Botto 28.5
m
Sides 21.1

19.67
Botto 22.9
m
Sides 19.6

Specimen Type Depth of Average Depth of

Carbonation (mm) Carbonation (mm)
Specimen no. 10 Non-carbonated Top 1.6
Botto 3.6
m 2.5
Sides 2.2
Specimen no.11 Non-carbonated Top
Botto 2.0 1.5

m
Sides 1.6
Specimen no. 12 Non-carbonated Top 1.3
Botto 3.4 2.1

m
Sides 1.6
25
20
Carbonation Depth mm
15 60 Days
Carbonation
Depth of M20
10 Grade
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Figure 34. 60 Days Carbonation Depth of M20 Grade Concrete

DISCUSSIONS
It is observed that depth of carbonation of carbonated specimens (specimen no.1 to
specimen no.9) is higher than non-carbonated specimens (specimen no.9 to specimen
no.12). Specimen no.2 has highest carbonation depth of 22.1 mm which is a
carbonated concrete specimen and specimen no.11 has lowest carbonation depth of
1.5 mm which is a non-carbonated concrete specimen. Average carbonation depth of
carbonated concrete specimens is 20.59 mm and average carbonation depth of non-carbonated
concrete specimens is 2.03 mm. This is because the carbonated specimens were kept for
accelerated carbonation curing for a period of 14 days whereas non-carbonated specimens
were exposed to the natural environment for a period of 25 days.
5.4 WEIGHT COMPARISON
Table 3 Weight Of Specimen
SPECIMEN NON-CARBONATED CARBONATED

(Kg) (Kg)
1 8.353 8.59
2 8.413 8.425
3 8.154 8.176
4 8.569 8.575
5 8.891 8.898
6 8.280 8.336
7 8.459 8.468
8 8.229 8.240
9 8.447 8.460
DISCUSSIONS
It is observed that weight of carbonated specimens (specimen no. 1 to
specimen no.9) is slightly less as compared to non-carbonated specimens (specimen
no. 1 to specimen no. 9). Specimen no.5 has highest compressive strength of 8.891 Kg
which is a non-carbonated concrete specimen whose weight increased by 0.007 Kg
after carbonation of specimen and specimen no.3 has lowest weight of 8.154 Kg
whose weight increased by 0.022 Kg after carbonation of specimen.

CHAPTER 6
COST ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED CARBONATION TEST
CHAMBER
6.1 GENERAL
The cost of various materials and equipment of accelerated carbonation test chamber
is presented as below.
6.2 COSTING OF MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

 Carbon dioxide sensor- 3000 INR
 Hygro-thermometer- 800 INR
 Carbon dioxide cylinder- 700 INR
 Enclosed steel chamber- 1500 INR
 Vaporizer- 500 INR
 Miscellaneous- 1000 INR
The entire cost of the constructed accelerated carbonation test chamber is 7500 INR. All the
materials and equipment necessary for the construction of chamber were available locally in
the vicinity of Pune city. The cost of accelerated carbonation test chambers available in
market is 7-8 lac INR. Cost of these chambers available is high because of the materials and
equipment used in its construction.
6.3 SUMMARY
The entire cost of the constructed chamber is provided with materials and equipment
and their respective costing.

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
GENERAL
In present research work cost analysis of the Accelerated Carbonation Test Chamber
is done. Conclusions based on ultrasonic pulse velocity test, compression test and carbonation
depth using RILEM CPC-18 technique are summarized as below:
CONCLUDING REMARKS
1) It is observed that compressive strength of carbonated concrete specimens (specimen

no.1 to specimen no.9) is more as compared to non-carbonated concrete specimens
(specimen no.10 to specimen no.12) at 60 days.
2) Average compressive strength of carbonated concrete specimens is 21.69 N/mm2 and
average compressive strength of non-carbonated concrete specimens is 19.95 N/mm2.
3) Average compressive strength of carbonated concrete specimens is 9.07% more than
average compressive strength of non-carbonated concrete specimens.
4) It is observed that carbonation depth of carbonated concrete specimens (specimen
no.1 to specimen no.9) is more as compared to non-carbonated concrete specimens
(sample no.10 to sample no.12) at 60 days.
5) Average carbonation depth of carbonated concrete specimens is 20.59 mm and
average carbonation depth of non-carbonated concrete specimens is 2.03 mm.
6) It is observed that weight of carbonated concrete specimens (specimen no.1 to
specimen no.9) is more as compared to non-carbonated concrete specimens (sample
no.1 to sample no.9) at 60 days.
7) It can be concluded that accelerated carbonation test chamber is efficient.
8) From chapter 7 it can be concluded that entire cost of materials and equipment used
for construction of carbonation chamber was approximately 7500 INR
9) The cost of constructed carbonation chamber is almost 100 times less than the cost of
carbonation chambers available in market.

FUTURE SCOPE
A considerable amount of work needs to be done in developing Accelerated Carbonation Test

Chamber. Following are few recommendations made:
1. Increase the capacity of chamber to accommodate more number of concrete

specimens to get standard deviation and get more accurate results of carbonation of
concrete.
2. Data logging of artificial environment in chamber in automatic way than the erstwhile
manual.
3. Increase the capacity of chamber to accommodate more number of concrete

specimens to get standard deviation and get more accurate results of carbonation of
concrete.

CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
1. P. F. McGrath, (August 2014), “A Simple Chamber for Accelerated Carbonation Testing of

Concrete” „IJOE & MS’ Vol. 21, pp. 451-457
2. N Venkat Rao and T Meena (2017), “A Review on Carbonation Study in Concrete” „IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 263‟
3. Shaik Hussain, Dipendra Bhunia and S.B.Singh ( 2017), “Assessment of Carbonation Depth
under Natural and Accelerated Carbonation Conditions” „Ambuja Technical Journal‟
4. Jack M. Chi, Ran Huang and C. C. Yuang (2002), “Effects of Carbonation on Mechanical
Properties and Durability of Concrete using Accelerated Testing Method” ‘ Journal of Marine
Science and Technolog’, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 14-20
5. Mohamed Rabehi, Bouzidi Mezghiche and Salim Guattala (2013), “Correlation Between
Initial Absorption of the Cover Concrete, the Compressive Strength and Carbonation Depth”
„Construction and Building Materials’ 45 (2013) 123-129
6. D. Russell, P. A. M. Basheer, G. I. B. Rankin and A. E. Lone, ( 2012) Effect of Relative
Humidity and Air Permeability on Prediction of the Rate of Concrete” ‘IEEE’
7. Prof. Dr. Christoph Gehlon, Dipl. Amir Rahimi, “Compilation of Test Methods to Determine
Durability of Concrete” „RILEM TC TDC’
8. S. O. Ekolu(2016), “A review on effects of curing, sheltering and CO2 concentration upon
natural carbonation of concrete” „Construction and Building Materials 127 (2016) 306-320‟
9. Eric I. Moreno, Romel Solis Carcano and Jorge Varela Rivera ( 2015), “Accelerated
carbonation of concrete specimens employing high-absorption limestone aggregate” „ IJCIET’
Vol. 6, pp-55
10. Lech Czarnecki and Piotr Woyciechowski (2012), “Concrete carbonation as a limited process
and its relevance to concrete cover thickness” „ACI Materials Journal’ Vol. 109, No. 3.
11. IS 456:2000
12. IS 269:1957
13. IS 4031:1988
14. IS 5531:19
15. IS 2386:1977
16. IS 13311:1992
17. IS 516:1959

Carbonation of Concrete

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EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON STRENGTH PARAMETER (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH) OF CONCRETE

DUE TO ACCELARATED CARBONATION TESTING

Chapter TOPIC Page No.

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 1

Figure Name Page No.

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 2

2 Carbonation Depth of Concrete 44

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 3

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 4

Following is the reaction of carbonation:

Carbonates help to carbonation mechanism and dissolve hydration products of cement. By

Natural carbonation takes many years to act on concrete as it is available at low

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 5

Figure 2. Carbonation affecting pH value

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 6

Following are the factors affecting carbonation of concrete:

1. Presence of carbon dioxide present in atmosphere- The primary factor of carbonation

3. Water-cement ratio- Water cement ratio has an effect on carbonation irrespective of

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 7

7. Effect of curing period- Curing of concrete influences many properties of concrete. It

Figure 3. Carbonation Depth of Concrete Using Phenolphthalein

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 8

Figure 4. Carbonation of Concrete along Cracks

Figure 5. Non-carbonated Concrete (L) and Carbonated Concrete(R) using Phenolphthalein

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 9

Figure 6. Partially Carbonated Concrete using Phenolphthalein

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 10

Here are the accelerated carbonation test chambers available in market:

Figure 7. Accelerated Carbonation Chamber

• Size: 600*600*600 (200 liters)

• Capacity: 12 concrete cubes of 150*150*150 mm

• Temperature: 200 C– 600 C

• Humidity: 40- 80% RH

• CO2 concentration: 0- 4% with 3m pipe

• Approximate cost: INR 6.5- 7.8 lac

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 11

Figure 8.Accelerated Carbonation Chamber (Exporters India) [19]

• Size: 600*600*600 (200 liters)

• Capacity: 12 concrete cubes of 150*150*150 mm

• Temperature: 200 C– 650 C

• Humidity: 40- 80% RH

• Approximate cost: INR 6- 7 lac

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 12

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to construct an economical accelerated carbonation test

 To analysis the effect of carbonation on the compressive strength of the concrete in

Chapter2. Literature Review

Highlights previous literature published on carbonation and its effects, accelerated

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 13

Chapter4. Experimental Analysis

Chapter6. Conclusion and Future scope

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 14

This chapter presents a detailed review on the literature related to carbonation of

P. F. Mcgrath (Aug 2014)

Figure 9. Schematic of Accelerated Carbonation Chamber

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 15

N Venkat Rao, T Meena (2017)

The study concluded that:

K.J.C.O.E.M.R, Pune Page 16

Shaik Hussain, Dipendra Bhunia and S.B.Singh Ambuja (Sep 2017)

Test for compression was conducted according to methods suggested in IS 516:1959.

• Size: 600600600 (200 liters)

• Capacity: 12 concrete cubes of 150150150 mm

• Size: 600600600 (200 liters)

• Capacity: 12 concrete cubes of 150150150 mm