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Geodetic Transformations
Geodetic Transformations
Geodetic Transformations
systems
When using GPS measurement data, one always has to transform global geocentric WGS84
coordinates to the desired local coordinate system or projection. Sometimes also the opposite
way is needed, for example when setting up a GPS reference station.
In the following, the necessary steps are explained, together with the use of the Geodetic
”
Transformation“ files for Matlab.
way directly from projection to projection (well, there is, but only for very small transformation
areas...)
2
Satellitengestützte Positionierung
1. Transformations between WGS84 and local coordinate systems
and is performed until no further value changes show up. It converges very fast.
N a ¡ 1 1 Laf 3 1
= (1 + n2 + n4 ) − n(1 − n2 ) sin 2Laf +
m0 1+n 4 64 ̺ 2 8 (1.14)
15 1 35 315 4
+ n2 (1 − n2 ) sin 4Laf − n3 sin 6Laf +
¢
n sin 8Laf − . . .
16 4 48 512
3
Satellitengestützte Positionierung
1. Transformations between WGS84 and local coordinate systems
a2
y = m0 ỹ (1.16)
b
GK-coordinates have a scale m0 = 1 while UTM has 0,9996.
Final easting then is the shortened one plus a constant addition and a meridian ID number;
e.g. using GK coordinates it is
Using UTM, the formula is identical, with 6◦ -zones counting from the date line (zone ID in
Germany e.g. 32 and 33).
La′ 1+n 1 N
= · 1 2 1 4 ·
̺ a 1 + 4 n + 64 n m0
Laf La ′
3 9 1 55 (1.18)
= + n(1 − n2 ) sin 2La′ + n2 (21 − n2 ) sin 4La′ +
̺ ̺ 2 16 16 2
151 3 1097 4
+ n sin 6La′ + n sin 8La′ + . . .
96 512
and the shortened geographic longitude
Vf 1 1
sinh ỹ · 1 − ηf4 ỹ 2 − e′2 ỹ 4
¡ ¢
tan l = (1.19)
cos Laf 6 10
whereby, concerning(1.16),
y·b
ỹ =
m 0 · a2
and finally
Lo = Lo0 + l
Geographic latitude then is
1
tan La = tan Laf cos(Vf · l) · 1 − ηf2 l4
¡ ¢
(1.20)
6
It is often a problem to work with height in this step, because this is a 2D to 3D transformation.
4
Satellitengestützte Positionierung
1. Transformations between WGS84 and local coordinate systems
5
Satellitengestützte Positionierung
1. Transformations between WGS84 and local coordinate systems
center is located close to the transformated area, then it is called Molodensky-Badekas type.
For our example, we write
p3 = d3trafo(p2,Param,[0 0 0])
and therefore get
p3 = [4176603.41608393 855128.245803322 4727824.26461638]
Now we are on the right ellipsoid, Bessel.
The next step is to transform the Cartesian coordinates to ellipsoidal coordinates on the new
Bessel ellipsoid. We simply do this using
p4 = cart2ell(p3,’besseldhdn’)
and get
p4 = [11.5709671367179 48.1486519421174 514.779124955647]
Note, that ’bessel1841’ and ’besseldhdn’ produce the same results down to far less than one
millimeter.
The last step to perform is the projection of the ellipsoidal coordinates on the plane and therefo-
re in Gauss-Kruger coordinates. To use German GK system, you must know in which longitude
band you’re in with your position. There are different bands, located around the reference me-
ridians 6, 9, 12 and 15 with an extension of 1.5 to both sides and an additional overlapping
zone. Here in Munich, we are in the 12-zone. So the proper command is
p5 = ell2proj(p4,12,’gk’)
which results in
p5 = [4468079.26968496 5334501.26735424 514.779124955647]
and gives the final GK-coordinates.