Pharmacology Reviewer
Drugs
 substance that affects how the body
works, some may be even be used
for recreational use .
 Drugs take away control of your
body & mind from YOU.
 Drug is a chemical substance that
takes control of your body or mind
depending on its own inherent
nature
Medicine
 drug that is used in treatment,
diagnosis, or prevention of disease.
Medicines reverse this and restore
the control back to YOU.
Main reason why Generic name
should be written in the prescription
pad and not just the brand name
 The generic name of prescriptions
should be written because for example
if you look for a paracetamol no matter
which part of the world you are in they
know what medicine to give you, brand
name of medicines depends on which
country you are in and what is approved
of by their health/ food and drug
department.
4 processes in the pharmacokinetic
phase of drug metabolism
• Administration
• Distribution
• Metabolism
• Elimination
The hepatic first pass effect is when
absorption passes from intestinal lumen to
the liver via a portal vein. It is important
because some drugs do not take if it does
not pass the liver.
The first-pass metabolism or
the first-pass effect or
presystemic metabolism is the
phenomenon which occurs whenever the
drug is administered orally, enters the liver,
and suffers extensive biotransformation to
such an extent that the bioavailability is
drastically reduced, thus showing
subtherapeutic action 
Main role of liver in drug
metabolism?
 The liver’s hepatic enzymes
convert lipid soluble drugs into
water based drugs since the
liver only accept/absorbs water
based drugs. Most drugs must
pass through the liver, which is
the primary site for drug
metabolism. Once in the liver,
enzymes convert prodrugs to
active metabolites or convert
active drugs to inactive forms.
The liver's primary mechanism
for metabolizing drugs is via a
specific group of cytochrome P-
450 enzymes
Main difference between
pharmacodynamic phase and
pharmacokinetic phase of drug
metabolism
 Pharmacodynamic phase refers to
what the drugs does to the body, it
is where drugs exert their effects on
the body to produce therapeutic
effects or toxic effects that interact
with receptors in the body.
 Pharmacokinetic phase describes
what the body does to a drug, this
phase describes the time course and
disposition of a drug in the body,
based on its absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and elimination.
The Five-Plus-Five Rights of Drug
Administration
• The right patient
• The right drug
• The right time
• The right dose
• The right route
• Assessment
• Documentation
• Education
• Evaluation
• Refuse
SGPT and SGOT and why is it
important?
 SGPT or serum glutamic-
pyruvic transaminase and
SGOT or serum glutamic-
oxaloacetic transaminase
are important because if the
levels of the two are high
you must not give
medication to your client
because that means that
there is damage in his/her
kidneys and may even be
fatal to your client.
- PHARMACOLOGY - is the
science concerned with drugs,
their sources, appearance,
chemistry, actions, and uses.
- is the science concerned with
drugs, their sources,
appearance, chemistry,
actions, and uses.
DRUG - is an agent or substance
intended for use in the :
A. DIAGNOSIS
B. TREATMENT
C. CURE PREVENTION of
disease in humans or in
animals.
THERAPEUTIC DRUGS:
For prevention
and treatment of disease
ILLEGAL DRUGS:
Recreational and
Abused substances
- distinguish product from those of
competitors
Example: Biogesic
Drug Classifications:
Body system affected: Ex: Cardiac
Drugs
Therapeutic use / Clinical Indication:
Ex: Antacid

Drug Nomenclature Physiologic / Chemical Action: Beta-

blockers
CHEMICAL NAME:
A drug taken by mouth goes through
chemical structure
3 different phases:
*complete ID of a compound
1. Pharmaceutic
Example: 2. Pharmacokinetic
3. Pharmacodynamic
N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol
GENERIC NAME:
Active ingredients
 PHARMACOKINETIC
Scientific and international name of
the drug. PHASE (1st phase of drug
action.)
Determined by FDA
Drug becomes a solution so
Example: Paracetamol that it can cross the biologic
membrane.The GI tract cannot
BRAND NAME:
absorb the drugs if it is not in
- proprietary name given by the soluble form or in solution.
manufacturer
 Pharmaceutics