Merchant’s Circle is a representation of all force acting between tool and workpiece during a machining process.

This circle helps in analysis of cutting forces acting during orthogonal cutting of work.
Merchant circle is a step-by-step process of determining or creating relationship of different cutting parameters like
rake angle, velocity, forces, shear strain etc.

• Advantageous use of Merchant’s circle diagram

1. Easy, quick and reasonably accurate determination of several other forces from a few known forces involved in
machining.
2. Friction at chip tool interface and dynamic yield shear strength can be easily determined.
3. Equations relating the different forces are easily developed.

• Some limitations of use of MCD:

1. Merchant’s circle diagram (MCD) is only valid for orthogonal cutting.

2. By the ratio, F/N, the MCD gives apparent (not actual) coefficient of friction.
3. It is based on single shear plane theory.
 Positive
rake angles
generally:

• Make
the tool
sharper and
more
pointed.
This
reduces the
strength of
the tool, as
the small included angle in the tip may cause it to chip away.
• Reduce cutting forces and power requirements.
• Helps in the formation of continuous chips in ductile materials.
• Can help avoid the formation of a built-up edge.
Negative rake angles generally:

• Increasing the strength of the cutting edge. The tool is blunter.

• Increases the cutting force.
• Increases the power required for a cut.
• Can increase friction, resulting in higher temperatures.
• Can improve surface finish.
Zero rake angles:

• Easier to manufacture.
• Easier to resharpen.
• Less power and cutting forces than a negative raked tool.
• Chip will wear and 'crater' the rake face

To analysis the force we start with find some initial parameter which will in determining the forces in later session.
Determining Chip reduction ratio
Determining Value of Chip reduction Ratio with shear angle
Velocity relationship with angles
Force Calculation
Determining shear force &
Normal Stress