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Fundamental Equations of Surface Science: Young
Fundamental Equations of Surface Science: Young
Young
γ SL − γ SV 0 + γ LV cosθ = 0
liquid gas (vapor)
θ
solid
Young-Laplace Kelvin
Hydrophobic defect
Wenzel-Cassie
R
smaller R, larger 𝜹
Critical drop radius
R
Energy transition between Cassie and Wenzel
cosθ c = f1 cosθ1 + f2
http://lotusleafeffect.org/
Fig. 2.2 SEM micrographs (shown at three magnifications) of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaf
surface which consists of microstructure formed by papillose epidermal cells covered with 3D
epicuticular wax tubules on surface, which create nanostructure, and image of water droplet sitting
on the Lotus leaf (Bhushan et al., 2009b)
Contact angle hysteresis is a measure of energy dissipation during the flow of a droplet
along a solid surface.
Low contact angle hysteresis results in a very low water roll-off angle, which denotes the
angle to which a surface may be tilted for roll-off of water drops
Fig. 2.3 Schematic and wetting of the four different surfaces. The largest contact area between
the droplet and the surface is given in flat and microstructured surfaces, but is reduced in
nanostructured surfaces and is minimized in hierarchical structured surfaces
Low water roll-off angle: important in liquid flow applications such as in micro-
/nanochannels and surfaces with self-cleaning ability. It has been reported that all superhydrophobic and self-cleaning leaves consist of
an intrinsic hierarchical structure (Koch et al., 2008, 2009a). Hierarchical structure
provides air pocket formation, leading to the lowest contact area of an applied
water droplet (Fig. 2.3), resulting in the reduction of contact angle hysteresis,
tilt angle, and adhesive force responsible for self-cleaning, low adhesion, and
antifouling (Bhushan and Jung, 2008, 2011; Nosonovsky and Bhushan, 2008a;
Bhushan et al., 2009b; Bixler and Bhushan, 2012).
Other examples of biological objects include water striders (Gerris remigis)
(Gao and Jiang, 2004) and mosquito (Culex pipiens) eyes (Gao et al., 2007).
Their hierarchical structures are responsible for superhydrophobicity. Duck feathers
Rose Petals (rosea Rehd)
Superhydrophobic
High contact angle hysteresis
Rose petal’s microstructures have a larger pitch value than the Lotus leaf
Liquid is allowed to impregnate between the microstructure but partially penetrates into
the nanostructure (Cassie-impregnating wetting regime), in which the wetted surface
area is less than that in the Wenzel regime but greater than that in the Cassie–Baxter
regime
Superhydrophobicity with adhesion
Rose petal Chinese Kafir petal
Sunflower petal
Fig. 8.1 (a) Optical micrographs and (b) SEM micrographs of two roses which have different
adhesion properties on its petals—Rosa Hybrid Tea cv. Bairage (Rosa cv. Bairage) and Rosa
Hybrid Tea cv. Showtime (Rosa cv. Showtime) (Bhushan and Her, 2010)
Two kinds of rose petals with superhydrophobicity were studied by Bhushan and
Her (2010). One is Rosa Hybrid Tea cv. Bairage for surfaces with high adhesion,
and the other is Rosa Hybrid Tea cv. Showtime for low adhesion, referred to as
Rosa cv. Bairage and Rosa cv. Showtime, respectively. Figure 8.1 shows optical and
SEM micrographs of two rose petals. In Fig. 8.9 Schematic illustrations of droplets on hierarchical structure with two nanostructures. As
antheir
example,study, to get stable
mass of n-hexatriacontane changessamples, they (regimes A and B
the density of nanostructure 2
Michael Phelps
28 Medals
As the beak scissors open and shut, each movement propels the water droplet one
step closer to the bird's mouth
Force between the beak and the droplets of water pushes the food from the tip:
contact angle hysteresis
Dependence on the shape of the beak and how fast the drop moves. The fastest it can
move is about 1 meter per second. Long, narrow beaks work best
Capillary ratchet also depends strongly on "wettability". (how well a liquid spreads out
to wet a surface, rather than forming droplets). Oil wets more than water. So if the
beak has oil on it from a spill, the capillary ratchet won't work and the bird can't feed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heEUPbxmYgQ
172 RUBEGAAND OBST [Auk, Vol. 110
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