Chapter 3

PROBLEMS DISCUSSION
STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION

Week – 4

Aguk Zuhdi M. Fathallah

Dept. of Marine Engineering
INSTRUCTIONS OF 1ST ASSIGNMENT
• DISKUSIKAN DI BREAK OUT PROBLEM-
PROBLEM DIBAWAH
• BUATLAH SOAL-SOAL SEMISAL (DIKETIK
RAPI)
• KERJAKAN SOAL-SOAL TERSEBUT DITULIS
DENGAN HAND WRITING DENGAN TULISAN
YANG JELAS TERBACA OLEH KEBANYAKAN
ORANG
• SUBMIT DI MYITSCLASS PALING LAMBAT 24
JAM SETELAH DISKUSI DI BREAK OUT
SELESAI 2
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Problem
The roof of a house consists of a 15-cm-thick concrete slab
(k = 2 W/m·0C) that is 15 m wide and 20 m long. The
convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer
surfaces of the roof are 5 and 12 W/m2 0C, respectively.
On a clear winter night, the ambient air is reported to be at
10 0C, while the night sky temperature is 100 K. The house
and the interior surfaces of the wall are maintained at a
constant temperature of 20 0C. The emissivity of both
surfaces of the concrete roof is 0.9. Considering both
radiation and convection heat transfers, determine the rate
of heat transfer through the roof, and the inner surface
temperature of the roof.

If the house is heated by a furnace burning natural gas with

an efficiency of 80 percent, and the price of natural gas is
$1.20/therm (1therm=105,500 kJ of energy content),
determine the money lost through the roof that night during
a 14 hours period.

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Assumptions: 1. Steady operating conditions exist, 2
The emissivity and thermal conductivity of the roof are
constant.
Properties: The thermal conductivity of the concrete is k
= 2 W/m⋅°C. The emissivity of both surfaces of the roof is
0.9.

In steady operation, heat transfer from the room to the

roof (by convection and radiation) must be equal to the
heat transfer from the roof to the surroundings (by
convection and radiation), that must be equal to the heat
transfer through the roof by conduction.

Q Qroom to roof, convrad  Qroof, cond  Qroof to surrounding, convrad

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• Taking the inner and outer surface temperatures of the roof to be Ts,in and
Ts,out , respectively

Qroom to roof, conv rad  hi ATroom  Ts ,in    A(Troom

4
 Ts,4in )

 5  30020  Ts ,in   0.9  567 108  300 20  273  Ts ,in  273
4 4

 Ts, in  Ts, out  Ts, in  Ts, out 
Qroof, cond  kA  2  300 
L  0.15 
Qroof to surr., conv rad  ho ATs ,out  Tsurr    A(Ts,4out  T4 )

 12  300Ts ,out  10  0.9  567 108  300 Ts ,out  273  1004
4


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 Solving the equations above simultaneously gives

Q 37440 W, Ts,in  7.3 0C, Ts,out  2.1 0C

• The total amount of natural gas consumption during a 14-hour period is

Qtotal Qt 37.440kJ  14  60  60s   1 therms 

Qgas       22.36 therms
0.80 0.80 0.80  105500 kJ 

• The money lost through the roof

Money lost  22.36 therms  $1.20/therms  $26.8

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Problem
Consider a house that has a 10-m × 20-m base and a 4-m-high wall.
All four walls of the house have an R of 2.31 m2 0C/W. The two 10-m × 4-m walls have no
windows. The third wall has five windows made of 0.5-cm thick glass (k = 0.78 W/m · C),
1.2 m×1.8 m in size. The fourth wall has the same size and number of windows, but they
are double-paned with a 1.5-cm-thick stagnant air space (k=0.026 W/m·0C) enclosed
between two 0.5 cm-thick glass layers.
The thermostat in the house is set at 24 0C and the average temperature outside at that
location is 8 0C during the seven-month long heating season. Disregarding any direct
radiation gain or loss through the windows and taking the heat transfer coefficients at the
inner and outer surfaces of the house to be 7 and 18 W/m2 0C, respectively, determine the
average rate of heat transfer through each wall.
If the house is electrically heated and the price of electricity is $0.08/kWh, determine the
amount of money this household will save per heating season by converting the single-pane
windows to double-pane windows.

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Solution
• Assumptions: 1 Steady heat transfer , 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional,
3 Thermal conductivities of the glass and air are constant. 4 Heat transfer
by radiation is disregarded.
• Properties: k = 0.026 W/m⋅°C for air, and 0.78 W/m⋅°C for glass.
• Analysis:

1 1
Ri    0.003571 0C/W
hi A 7  10  4
Lwall Lwall / k 2.31
R wall     0.05775 0 C/W
kA A 10  4
1 1
Ro    0.001389 0 C/W
ho A 18  10  4
R total  Ri  Rwall  Ro  0.003571  0.05775  0.001389  0.06271 0C/W
 T1  T2  24  8  255.1 W
Q
10
Rtotal 0.06271
 :
1 1
Ri    0.001786 0 C/W
hi A 7  20  4
Lwall Lwall / k 2.31
R wall     0.033382 0 C/W
kA A 20  4  512 1.8
Lglass 0.005
Rglass    0.002968 0 C/W
kA 0.78  1.2 1.8
1 1 1 1 1
 5  5  R eq  0.000583 0 C/W
R eq Rwall Rglass 0.033382 0.002968
1 1
Ro    0.000694 0 C/W
ho A 18  20  4
R total  Ri  Req  Ro  0.001786  0.000583  0.000694  0.003063 0 C/W
 T1 - T2  24  8  5224 W
Q
R total 0.003063
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 1 1
Ri    0.001786 0 C/W
hi A 7  20  4
Lwall Lwall / k 2.31
R wall     0.033382 0 C/W
kA A 20  4  512 1.8
Lglass 0.005
Rglass    0.002968 0 C/W
kA 0.78  1.2 1.8
Lair 0.015
R air    0.267094 0 C/W
k air A 0.0261.2 1.8
R window  2 Rglass  Rair  2  0.002968  0.267094  0.27303 0 C/W
1 1 1 1 1
 5  5  R eq  0.020717 0 C/W
R eq Rwall Rglass 0.033382 0.27303

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 1 1
Ro    0.000694 0 C/W
ho A 18  20  4
R total  Ri  Req  Ro  0.001786  0.020717  0.000694  0.023197 0C/W
 T1 - T2  24  8  690 W
Q
R total 0.023197

Qsave  Qsinglepane  Qdoublepane  5224  690  4534 W

 4534 
Qsave  Qsavet   kW   7  30  24 hr   22851 kWhr
 1000 
Money savings  Energy saved  unit cost of energy
13  22851 0.08  $1818
Problem

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Solution
• Assumptions: 1. steady state, 2. one-dimensional, 3. Thermal conductivities are
constant. 4 Thermal contact resistances at the interfaces are disregarded.
• Properties: kA = kF = 2, kB = 8, kC = 20, kD = 15, kE = 35 W/m⋅°C.
• Analysis :

 L 0.01
R1  RA      0.04 0 C/W
 kA  A 2  0.12
 L 0.05
R2  R4  RC      0.06 0 C/W
 kA C 20  0.04
 L 0.05
R3  RB      0.16 0C/W
 kA  B 8  0.04
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  L 0.1
R5  RD      0.11 0 C/W
 kA  D 15  0.06
 L 0.1
R6  RE      0.05 0 C/W
 kA  E 35  0.06
 L 0.06
R7  RF      0.25 0 C/W
 kA  F 2  0.12

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
       Requ, mid1  0.0250 C/W
Requ, mid1 R2 R3 R4 0.06 0.16 0.06
1 1 1 1 1
     Requ, mid2  0.0340 C/W
Requ, mid2 R5 R6 0.11 0.05
Rtotal  R1  Requ, mid1  Requ, mid2  R7  0.04  0.025  0.034  025  0.3490 C/W

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  T1  T2 300  100
Q   572 W
R total 0.349

 58
Q total  572  1.91105 W
0.12

Rtotal,1  R 1  R equ,mid1  0.04  0.025  0.065 0 C/W

Then the temperature at the point B, D and F meet
 T1 - T  T  T  Q R
Q  300  572  0.065  263 0
C
1 total,1
R total,1
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  T  R  572  0.25  143 0C
Q  T  Q 7
R7

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Problem
A 3 mm diameter and 5 m long electrical wire is tightly wrapped with a 2 mm
thick plastic cover whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.15 W/m°C. Electrical
measurements indicate that a current of 10A passes through the wire and there
is a voltage drop of 8V along the wire.
If the insulating wire is exposed to a medium at T∞ = 30°C with a heat transfer
coefficient of h = 24 W/m2 °C, find the temperature at the interface of the wire
and the plastic cover in steady state operation. Also, determine the effect of
doubling the thickness of the plastic cover on the interface temperature.

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Solution

1. Heat transfer is steady state.

2. Heat transfer is 1-D,
3. Thermal properties are constant.
4. The thermal contact resistance at the interface is negligible.
5. Heat transfer coefficient accounts for the radiation effects, if any.
6. Heat generation is uniform
Properties:
k= 0.15 W/m0C, h= 12 W/m2 0C

Analysis:

Q We  VI  8 10  80 W

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 • Outer surface Area
A  2r2 L  2  0.0035 5  0.11 m2
• Thermal resistances
1 1
Rconv    0.76 0 C/W
hA2 12  0.11
ln r2 r1  ln 3.5 1.5
Rplastic    0.18 0C/W
2kL 2  0.15  5
R total  Rconv  Rplastic  0.76  018  0.94 0C/W

• The interface temperature can be determined

T -T T - 30
Q 1   80  1  T1  103 0C
Rtotal 0.94

• Critical radius k 0.15

rcr    00125 m  12.5 mm
h 12
• Doubling thickness?
r2,new  6 mm, which is less than rcr
21 Thus increasing the heat transfer until the outer radius reaches rcr
Problem
A 5-mm-diameter spherical ball at 50 0C is covered by a 1-mm-thick
plastic insulation (k=0.13 W/m ·0C). The ball is exposed to a medium
at 15 0C, with a combined convection and radiation heat transfer
coefficient of 20 W/m2·0C.
Determine if the plastic insulation on the ball will help or hurt heat
transfer from the ball.

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 Finish
Chapter 3

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