Chapter 11

Energy in Thermal Processes

Chapter Outline
11.1 Heat and Internal Energy (p. 367)
KEY TERMS: internal energy, heat
Units of Heat (p. 368)
KEY TERMS: calorie, British thermal unit (Btu), mechanical equivalent of
heat
Example 11.1: Working Off Breakfast (p. 369)
11.2 Specific Heat (p. 370)
KEY TERM: specific heat
Table 11.1: Specific Heats of Some Materials at Atmospheric Pressure (p.
370)
Example 11.2: Stressing a Strut (p. 371)
11.3 Calorimetry (p. 372)
KEY TERMS: calorimeters, calorimetry
Example 11.3: Finding a Specific Heat (p. 372)
Example 11.4: Calculate an Equilibrium Temperature (p. 375)
11.4 Latent Heat and Phase Change (p. 374)
KEY TERMS: phase change, latent heat, latent heat of fusion (Lf), latent heat
of vaporization (Lv)
Table 11.2: Latent Heats of Fusion and Vaporization (p. 375)
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY: Calorimetry with Phase Changes (p. 377)
Example 11.5: Ice Water (p. 377)
Example 11.6: Partial Melting (p. 378)
Example 11.7: Armageddon! (p. 379)
11.5 Energy Transfer (p. 380)
Thermal Conduction (p. 380)
KEY TERMS: conduction, thermal conductivity
Table 11.3: Thermal Conductivities (p. 381)
Example 11.8: Conductive Losses from the Human Body (p. 382)
Home Insulation (p. 383)
KEY TERM: R-value
Table 11.4: R-Values for Some Common Building Materials (p. 383)
Example 11.9: Construction and Thermal Insulation (p. 384)
Convection (p. 385)
KEY TERMS: convection
Applying Physics 11.1: Body Temperature (p. 387)
Radiation (p. 387)
KEY TERMS: radiation, Stefan’s law, emissivity, ideal absorber, black body,
ideal reflector, thermography, thermogram
Applying Physics 11.2: Thermal Radiation and Night Vision (p. 389)
Example 11.10: Polar Bear Club (p. 389)
Example 11.11: Planet of Alpha Centauri B (p. 390)
The Dewar Flask (p. 391)
KEY TERMS: Dewar flask

38
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Chapter 11 Energy in Thermal Processes 39

11.6 Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases (p. 391)

KEY TERMS: Greenhouse effect

Chapter Objectives
In this chapter, students will explore the various mechanisms of heat transfer in solids,
liquids, and gases.

11.1 Distinguish between internal energy and heat. Convert between calories and
joules of energy. Define the mechanical equivalent of heat and use it to solve
problems.
11.2 Define the relationship between heat and temperature through the specific heat
of a substance. Solve problems involving heat transfer using the concept of
specific heat capacity.
11.3 Relate calorimetry to the principle of conservation of energy to solve problems.
11.4 Define phase change and latent heat. Compute the heat required to change states
of matter of various substances, particularly water.
11.5 Explain the key features of heat transfer via thermal conduction, convection, and
radiation. Cite examples for each mechanism of heat transfer.
11.6 Describe the role and mechanism of greenhouse gases on global warming.

Lesson Plan for AP* Physics 1

AP* Physics 1 Curriculum Framework Components: Chapter 11

None.

The content from Chapter 11 is outside any specific components of the AP Physics 1
Curriculum Framework.

Suggested Time for AP Physics 1

None.

Lesson Plan for AP* Physics 2

AP* Physics 2 Curriculum Framework Components: Chapter 11

LO 1.E.3.1 [SPs 4.1, 4.2, and 5.1]

LO 4.C.3.1 [SP 6.4]
LO 5.B.6.1 [SP 1.2]

Suggested Time for AP Physics 2

8-10 traditional classes or 4-5 blocks. Sections 11.3 and 11.4 can be skimmed as their
content is not specifically listed in the Curriculum Framework. Section 11.6 is an
application that may be also skimmed, although very relevant to many of today’s
environmental discussions.

*AP and Advanced Placement Program are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination
Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.
40 Energy in Thermal Processes Chapter 11

Assessment
Quick Quizzes:
11.1 (p. 371)
11.2 (p. 377)
11.3 (p. 381)
11.4 (p. 381)
11.5 (p. 389)

Quick Quiz answers: Text p. A.35 (answers with explanations, IM p. 372)

Warm-Up Exercises: Text p. 394 (odd-numbered answers, Text p. A.35; answers with
explanations, IM pp. 372–374)

Conceptual Questions: Text pp. 394–395 (odd-numbered answers, Text p. A.35–A.36; even-
numbered answers, IM1 pp. 374–375)

Problems: Text pp. 395–401 (odd-numbered answers, Text p. A.36; even-numbered

answers, IM pp. 375–377; solutions, IM pp. 377–401)

Test Bank: Chapter 11 available on the Instructor's Companion Website

Study Tips
Tip 11.1 Finding ΔT
In Equation 11.3, be sure to remember that ΔT is always the final temperature minus the
initial temperature: ΔT = Tf − Ti.

Tip 11.2 Celsius Versus Kelvin

In equations in which T appears, such as the ideal gas law, the Kelvin temperature must
be used. In equations involving ΔT, such as calorimetry equations, it’s possible to use
either Celsius or Kelvin temperatures because a change in temperature is the same on
both scales. When in doubt, use Kelvin.

Tip 11.3 Signs Are Critical

For phase changes, use the correct explicit sign in Equation 11.6, positive if you are
adding energy to the substance, negative if you’re taking it away.

Tip 11.4 Blankets and Coats in Cold Weather

When you sleep under a blanket in the winter or wear a warm coat outside, the blanket
or coat serves as a layer of material with low thermal conductivity that reduces the
transfer of energy away from your body by heat. The primary insulating medium is
the air trapped in small pockets within the material.

2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or part.