HANDOUT FOR MLS 2

LESSON 1: THE VISION, Mission, core values AND OBJECTIVES OF THE INSTITUTION
Educational Institution
An educational institution is a place where learners of different ages gain education. There are two types of education: formal and informal.
Formal education – conventional classroom setup where structured methods of learning are administered.
Informal education – anything learned independently outside the conventional classroom setup.
Vision Statement
A vision statement conveys the desired end of an academic institution. It is usually a one-sentence statement that describes the distinct and motivating
long-term desired transformation resulting from institutional programs.
Vision should be clear, memorable and concise with an average length of 14 words.
Mission Statement
A mission statement is a one-sentence relating the intention of your institution existence. This communicates “What you do or Who you do this for”.
Mission must be clear by using simple language with an average of 5 to 20 words.
Comparison between a vision statement and a mission statement

Value Statement
A value statement, or the core values, is a list of fundamental doctrines that guide and direct the educational institution. This sets the moral direction of the
institution and its academic community that guides decision-making and provides a yardstick against any action.
Values statements consider the following questions:
What values are distinct to our educational institution?
What value should direct our institution?
Objectives
Educational Objectives, or goals, are short statements that learners should achieve within or at the end of the course or lesson.
List of Educational objectives set by CHED Memorandum Order No. 14 series of 2006:
• Develop the knowledge, attitudes, and skills in the performance of clinical laboratory procedures needed to help the physician in the proper diagnosis,
treatment, prognosis, and prevention of diseases;
• Develop skills in critical and analytical thinking to advance knowledge in Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science and contribute to the
challenges of the profession;
• Develop leadership skills and promote competence and excellence; and
• Uphold moral and ethical values in the service of society and in the practice of the profession.
LESSON 2: HEALTH SYSTEM
Health System
Health System is “the combination of resources, organization, financing, and management that culminate in the delivery of health services to the
population (Roemer, 1991).
It refers to all the organizations, institutions, resources, and people whose primary purpose is to improve health (WHO, 2000).
Goals and Functions of a Health System
(1) Improving the health of populations
(2) Improving the responsiveness of the health system
(3) Providing fair health financing
 There are 4 vital health system functions:
HEALTH FINANCING

Risk pooling
Financial risk pooling is a form of risk management which aims to spread financial risks from an individual to all pool members. It has two main models: the
Bismarck model and the Beveridge model.
WHO Health System Framework
World Health Report 2000 defines the six building blocks and priorities which are necessary in strengthening health systems and improving the overall health
outcomes.
WHO Health Systems Framework

The Philippine Health System

Leadership and Governance

The Department of Health (DOH) is the lead agency for Philippine health care. According to its mandate (E.O. No. 119, Sec. 3), the DOH is responsible for the
1) formulation and development of national policies, guidelines, standards, and manual of operations for health services and programs;
2) issuance of rules and regulations, licenses, and accreditations;
3) Promulgation of national health standards, goals, priorities, and indicators; and
4) Development of special health programs and projects, and advocacy for legislation on health policies and programs.
Directions of the Philippine Health Sector
(1) The Philippine Health Agenda (DOH Administrative Order 2016-0038)
(2) The Philippine Developmental Plan 2017-2022
(3) NEDA AmBisyon Natin 2040
(4) Sustainable Developmental Goals 2030
LESSON 3: PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE and the Philippine health care delivery system
HEALTH CARE
Health is a fundamental human right as cited in the Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978
Health care system is defined by Miller & Keane (1987) as “an organized plan of health services . 
Health care delivery, as defined by Williams-Tungpalan (1981), is the “rendering of health services to the people.”
Health care delivery system, also as defined by Williams-Tungpalan (1981), is “the network of health facilities and personnel which carries out the task of rendering
health care to the people.”
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
 Primary Health Care (PHC) deals with social policy targets health equity with the ultimate goal of better health for all. The five key elements to achieve
these goal as identified by WHO are as follows:
1. universal coverage to reduce exclusion and social disparities in health;
2. service delivery organized around people's needs and expectations;
3. public policy that integrates health into all sectors;
4. leadership that enhances collaborative models of policy dialogue; and
5. Increased stakeholder participation.
Eight Essential Elements of PHC
1. Education concerning prevailing health problems and the methods of identifying, preventing and controlling them
2. Locally endemic disease prevention and control
3. Expanded program of immunization against major infectious diseases
4. Maternal and child health care including family planning
5. Essential drugs arrangement
6. Nutritional food supplement, an adequate supply of safe and basic nutrition
7. Treatment of communicable and non-communicable disease and promotion of mental health
8. Safe water and sanitation
Other elements of Primary Health Care
1. Expended options of immunizations
2. Reproductive health needs
3. Provision of essential technologies for health
4. Health promotion
5. Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases
6. Food safety and provision of selected food supplements
Principles of Primary Health Care
Basic objectives to launch and sustain PHC:
1. Improve the level of health care of the community
2. Promote favorable population growth structure
3. Reduce the morbidity and mortality rates especially among infants and children
4. Reduce prevalence of preventable, communicable, and other diseases
5. Improve basic sanitation
6. Extend essential health services especially to underserved sectors
7. Develop the capability of the community to become self-reliant
Principles of Primary Health Care (Continuation)
8. Encourage the contribution of other sectors to the social and economic development of the community
9. Provide equitable distribution of health care
10. Ensure community participation and monitor adequacy and distribution of health workers who are supported locally and at the referral levels
11. Recognize that the formal health sector needs other sectors in the promotion of health (multi-sectoral approach)
12. Use the appropriate technology which are accessible, feasible, affordable, and culturally acceptable to the community
Management of Primary Health Care

Management Principles in relation to Organizing

1. Authority, responsibility, and accountability
a) Authority refers to the formal and legitimate right of a manager to issue orders, make decisions, and allocate resources to achieve desired
outcomes of the organization.
b) Responsibility is the duty of the employee to perform the assigned tasks and activities.
c) Accountability means reporting and justification of task outcomes to higher management by those people with authority.
2. Types of authority
a) Line authority managers issue orders to their subordinates and are responsible for the results.
b) Functional authority is for managers that have power only over a specific set of activities.
c) Staff authority is given to specialists in their areas of expertise. The staff manager simply advises, recommends, and counsels.
 3. Centralization, decentralization, and formalization
a) Centralization refers to the concentration of planning and decision-making to the top of the organization.
b) Decentralization refers to the delegation of planning and decision-making to the lower branches of the organization.
c) Formalization refers to a written documentation provided for the direct control of the employees.
4. Staffing
a) Assign individuals to respective positions identified in a management plan
b) Assess required competencies through
• identification of the key result areas (KRA’s) per major activity
• determination of competencies and qualifications
c) Recruit qualified personnel
d) Improve existing services and programs by
• reviewing and adjusting the requirements accordingly
• matching the competency requirements vis-a-avis the responsible personnel assigned to the activity

THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

e) The Philippine health care system is ”a complex set of organizations interacting to provide an array of health services.”

f) The Department of Health Mandate (E.O. No. 119, Sec. 3)

g) The DOH has the responsibility to create, plan, implement, and systematize national health policies, advocacies, and programs. The
primary function is to promote, protect, and preserve or restore people’s health by giving health services and by monitoring and motivating
health service providers.

Vision
DOH vision by 2030 states
A global leader for attaining better health outcomes, competitive and responsible health care system, and equitable health financing 
Mission
To guarantee equitable, sustainable and quality health for all Filipinos, especially the poor, and to lead the quest for excellence in health
LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES  
1. Primary level of health care facilities
a) Units operated by the DOH which include the rural health units, their respective sub-centers, chest clinics, malaria eradication units, and schistosomiasis
control units;
b) Puericulture center operated by the League of Puericulture Centers;
c) Units operated by the Philippine Tuberculosis Society such as the tuberculosis clinics and hospitals;
d) Clinics operated by Philippine Medical Association;
e) Clinics operated by large industrial firms for their employees;
f) Health centers and community hospitals operated by the Philippine Medical Care Commission; and
g) Other health facilitates operated by voluntary religious and civic groups.
2. Secondary level of health care facilities
h) These are the smaller, non-departmentalized hospitals. These are emergency and regional hospitals were adequate treatments are offered for patients with
symptomatic stages of diseases.
3. Tertiary level of health care facilities
i) These are the specialized national hospitals which offer highly technological and specialized knowledge, facilities and personnel are treated here.

LEVELS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE WORKERS

LESSON 4: OVERVIEW OF HEALTH INFORMATICS

Health Information Technology is defined as “the area of IT involving the design, development, creation, use, and maintenance of information systems for the
health care industry. (Rouse, 2016)

HEALTH CARE SOFTWARE SYSTEMS

The three fundamental components of the Health information technology structure are: Electronic Health Record (EHR), Personal Health Record (PHR), and Health
Information Exchange (HIE).

There are two widely used types of health information technology that help manage and store patient’s medical images are the Picture Archiving and Communication
Systems (PACS) and Vendor Neutral Archives (VNA).

HEALTH INFORMATION ECOSYSTEM

The Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (2017) defines a health interoperability ecosystem as a composition of individuals, systems, and
processes that share, exchange, and access all forms of health information, including discrete, narrative, and multimedia.

HEALTH INFORMATICS IN THE CLOUD

HEALTH INFORMATICS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Health Informatics is the application of both technology and systems in a health care setting.

Community Health Information Tracking System (CHITS) is an electronic medical record (EMR) utilized by 111 government facilities. CHITS was developed
through the collaboration of the Information and Communication Technology community and health workers, primarily designed for use in the Philippine health
centers in disadvantages areas.

Despite the development, health informatics in the Philippines still suffers from various issues that hamper progress, one of these is the lack of interest in the field.
Another issue is that the benefits of information technology do not seem apparent to many decision-makers in the health sector.

LESSON 5: HEALTH Information systems

Health informatics is the application of both technology and systems in a healthcare setting.
Health information systems cover different systems that capture, store, manage, and transmit health-related information that can be sourced from individuals or
activities of a health institution.

Role and function of Health Information Systems

1. Easier access to files
2. Better control
3. Easier update
4. Improved communications

COMPONENTS OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS

DIFFERENT DATA SOURCES FOR HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM

LESSON 6: Health MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

HEALTH MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

Health Management Information System (HMIS) is specially designed to assist in the management and planning of health programmes, as opposed to delivery of
care.

An HMIS needs to be complete, clear, simple, cost-effective, accessible, and confidential (Janneh, 2002).

FUNCTIONS OF HMIS

• DETERMINANTS OF HMIS PERFORMANCE AREA

 • Behavioral

• Organizational

• Technical

PRISM FRAMEWORK

Performance of Routine Information System Management (PRISM) is a conceptual framework that broadens the analysis of HMIS or RHIS by including the three
determinants of HMIS performance namely:

1. Behavioral determinants

2. Organizational/environmental determinants

3. Technical determinants

LESSON 7: HMIS MONITORING and evaluation

HMIS MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Monitoring refers to the collection, analysis and use of information from programs for the purpose of learning from the acquired experiences, accounting the
resources used both internal and external, and obtaining results and making decisions.

Evaluation is the systematic assessment of completed programs or policies.

M&E PURPOSE

The robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system is required to assess the effect of an integrated service delivery.

M&E FRAMEWORK

Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is a core component of current efforts to scale up for better health. Global partners and countries have developed a
general framework for M&E of health system strengthening (HSS).

M&E PLAN

An M&E plan addresses the components of the framework and establishes the foundation for regular reviews during the implementation of the plan for the
national level.

HMIS INDICATORS AND HEALTH PROGRAMS

The HMIS indicators should be carefully selected to meet the essential information necessary for monitoring the performance of various health programs
and services and to present an overview of available health resources.

 Maternal Survival Intervention

 Child Mortality and Child Survival Interventions

 STOP TB Program

LESSON 8: HMIS DATA QUALITY

DATA QUALITY

Data quality is the overall utility of a dataset(s) as a function of its ability to be processed easily and analyzed for a database, data warehouse, or data analytics
system. 
Aspects of Data Quality

1. accuracy
2. completeness
3. update status
4. relevance
5. consistency
6. reliability
7. appropriate presentation
8. accessibility

THE LOT QUALITY ASSESSMENT (LQAS)

This is a tool that allows the use of small random samples to distinguish between different groups of data elements (or Lots) with high and low data quality.

The Routine Data Quality Assessment Tool (RDQA) is a simplified version of the Data Quality Audit (DQA) which allows programs and projects to verify and

assess the quality of their reported data. It aims to strengthen their data management and reporting systems. The objectives are as follows:

1. Rapidly verify the quality of reported data for key indicators at selected sites.

2. Implement corrective measures with action plans for strengthening data management and reporting system and improving data quality.

3. Monitor capacity improvements and performance of data management and reporting system to produce quality data.

DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

An Implementation Plan is a project management tool that illustrates how a project is expected to progress at a high level. It is developed through the
following key steps (Smartsheet, 2017):

DATA QUALITY TOOLS

A data quality tool analyzes information and identifies incomplete or incorrect data. Recently, these tools started to focus on Data Quality
Management (DQM), which generally integrate profiling, parsing, standardization, cleansing and matching processes. (Goasdue, Nugier, Duquennoy, and Laboisse,
2007)

ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS

A root cause analysis is a problem solving method that identifies the root causes of the problems or events instead of simply addressing the obvious
symptoms. The aim is to improve the quality of the products by using systematic ways in order to be effective (Bowen, 2011).

TECHNIQUES IN ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS

Midterm Examination is compose of the following:

2 -Essay - worth 10 pts
15 -Multiple Choice - worth 15 pts
15 -True or False - worth 15 pts
20 -Identification -worth 20 pts
Total – 60 pts
Note: There is a bonus if you will read this handout you will see a green color font. That is the bonus.