2.

THERMODYNAMICS PROCESSES (30 MARKS)

When a system changes its state from one equilibrium to equilibrium, then the path of state through which the
system has passed is known as thermodynamic process.

All the process are classified in to two groups

 Flow process
 Non flow process

FLOW PROCESS (In Open System)

The open systems which permit the transfer of mass to and from the system are known as flow process. In this the
energy enters the system and leaves after enhancing energy

The flow process may be steady flow and non-steady flow process.

STEADY FLOW PROCESS: -

In steady flow process the mass flowing in to the system is equal to the mass flowing out of the system in a given
time and there is no change in the storage energy of the system. Ex:- Flow through Nozzles, Turbines, Compressor
etc

NON-STEADY FLOW PROCESS: -

In unsteady flow process the mass flowing in to the system is not equal to the mass flowing out of the system in a
given time and there is change in storage energy. Ex:- Filling or evacuation of vessels.

NON-FLOW PROCESS: (In Closed System)

The closed systems which do not permit the transfer of mass across their boundaries are known as non-flow process.
In non-flow process only the energy cross the boundary in the form of heat and work but there is no mass flow in to
or out of the system.

Reversible non-Flow Process: -A Process that can be reversed resulting in no change in the system or surrounding.
There is no true reversible process.

Ex:- Quasi Static process

Irreversible non-Flow Process: - A process that cannot return both the system and surrounding to their original
condition. Causes for irreversibility is 1) Friction 2) Unrestrained expansion of fluids 3) heat transfer through a finite
temperature difference 4) Mixing of two different substance. (April/May 2017) (Nov/Dec 2017) (April/May 2019)

Ex:-

1. Constant volume process, 4. adiabatic process,

2. Constant pressure process, 5. polytropic process,
3. Isothermal Process, 6. Throttling process
CONSTANT VOLUME OR ISOCHORIC PROCESS (V=C)

Consider a closed system in a rigid container. When the gas is

heated at constant volume, its temperature and pressure will
increase. Since there is no change in its volume, therefore no
work is done by the gas. The heat supplied to the gas is stored
within the gas in the form of internal energy.

Now consider m kg of gas being heated at constant volume from

an initial state 1 to final state 2

Let P1 V1 & T1 be the pressure, volume and temperature at the initial stage 1

Let P2 V2 & T2 be the pressure, volume and temperature at the Final stage 2
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 2. THERMODYNAMICS PROCESSES (30 MARKS)
The constant volume process shown in figure PV and TS Diagram

1.Relation between Pressure, Volume and temperature

PV PV P P
= ⇒ =
T T T T
Volume is constant so V1=V2

2. Work Done W = P(dv) = P (V2 – V1 )

= P (V2 – V1) (V1=V2)

Work Done W = 0

3. We know that Change in Internal Energy dU = m Cv (t2 –t1)

4. Heat supplied Q =
According to first law of thermodynamics

Q – W = dU

Q= dU + W

Q = m Cv (t2 –t1) + 0

Q = m Cv (t2 –t1)

That means in constant volume process work done is zero; heat transfer is equal to change in internal energy. The
heat supplied to the system will store as a internal energy inside the system.

CONSTANT PRESSURE OR ISOBARIC PROCESS (P=C)

When the gas is heated at constant pressure, its

temperature and volume increases. Since there is a change
in its volume therefore the heat supplied to the gas is
utilized to increase the internal energy of the gas and for
doing some external work.

Now consider m kg of gas being heated at constant

pressure from an initial state 1 to final state 2

1. Relation between Pressure, Volume and temperature

PV PV V V
= ⇒ =
T T T T
2. The change in internal energy is dU = m Cv (T2 – T1)
3. Work Done during process W =∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 =P(V2 – V1) = m R (T2 – T1)
4. Heat supplied Q =
From 1st law of thermodynamic Q – W = dU
Q = dU + W
Q = m Cv (T2 – T1) + m R (T2 – T1)
Q = m (T2 – T1) (Cv + R) C −C = R ⇒ C = R+C
Q = m C (T2 – T1)
5. We know that heat supplied at constant pressure is called as enthalpy so dH = Q = m C (T2 – T1)

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 2. THERMODYNAMICS PROCESSES (30 MARKS)
CONSTANT TEMPERATURE OR ISOTHERMAL PROCESS (PV =C) (Oct/Nov 2019)

A process in which the temperature of the working

substance remains constant during its expansion or
compression is called as constant temperature
process. This process happens when the gas is
heated and expanded enough slowly the
temperature remains same.

Now consider m kg of gas being heated at constant

temperature from an initial state 1 to final state 2

1. Relation between Pressure, Volume and temperature

PV PV
= ⇒ PV = PV
T T
2. Work done by the gas W = PdV (April/May 2017) (April/May 2019)

Integrate the eq with limits 1-2 =∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 (we know that for constant temperature process PV=C so P=C/V)

W=∫ dV = ∫ C = C∫ = C log

W= P V log = 2.3 P V log = 2.3 P V log

3. The change in internal energy is dU = m Cv (T2 – T1) ( when temperature is constant T1 = T2 )

dU = U2 – U1 = m Cv (T2 – T1) = 0
4. Heat supplied Q = du + W
When dU is Zero Q = W
That means heat supplied to the gas is equal to work done
5. Change in enthalpy dH = m CP (T2 – T1) ) ( when temperature is constant T1 = T2 )
dH = H2 – H1 = m CP (T2 – T1) = 0

ADIABATIC OR ISENTROPIC PROCESS OR CONSTANT ENTROPY PROCESS ( 𝐏𝐕 𝛄 = 𝐂)

A process in which the working substance neither receives nor

gives out heat to its surrounding during its expansion or
compression is called adiabatic process. It is possible when the
working substance is completely insulated so that heat flow does
not occur.

Now consider m kg of gas being heated at adiabatic Process from

an initial state 1 to final state 2

1. Relation between Pressure, Volume and temperature

𝑇 𝑃 𝑉
= =
𝑇 𝑃 𝑉
2. Work done by the gas W = PdV (Nov/Dec 2018)

Integrate the eq with limits 1-2 =∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 (we know that for Isentropic process𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶 → 𝑃 = )

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 2. THERMODYNAMICS PROCESSES (30 MARKS)
=∫ dV = C ∫ = C∫ V dV = C

V − V
=C
−γ + 1

PV V − PV V PV − PV
= =
−γ + 1 −γ + 1

PV − PV mR(T − T )
WORK DONE = =
γ−1 γ−1
3. The change in internal energy is dU = m Cv (T2 – T1)
4. Heat supplied Q = du + W
When Q is Zero du = -W (Q=0)
5. Change in enthalpy dH = m CP (T2 – T1)
POLYTROPIC PROCESS (𝐏𝐕 𝐧 = 𝐂)

Now consider m kg of gas being heated at polytrophic Process

from an initial state 1 to final state 2

1. Relation between Pressure, Volume and temperature

𝑇 𝑃 𝑉
= =
𝑇 𝑃 𝑉
2. Work done by the gas W = PdV (Nov/Dec 2017)

Integrate the eq with limits 1-2 =∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 (we know that for Isentropic process𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶 → 𝑃 = )

=∫ dV = C ∫ = C∫ V dV = C

V − V
=C
−n + 1

PV V − PV V PV − PV
= =
−n + 1 −n + 1
PV − PV mR(T − T )
WORK DONE = =
n−1 n−1
3. The change in internal energy is dU = m Cv (T2 – T1)
4. Heat supplied Q = du + W (Nov/Dec 2018)
( )
𝑄= − m CV (T − T ) (We know that 𝐶 = )

mR(T − T ) 𝑅
𝑄= −m (T − T )
n−1 𝛾−1
1 1 𝛾−1−𝑛+1
𝑄 = mR(T − T ) − = mR(T − T )
n−1 𝛾−1 (n − 1)(𝛾 − 1)

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 2. THERMODYNAMICS PROCESSES (30 MARKS)
mR(T − T ) 𝛾 − 𝑛 𝛾−𝑛
𝑄= =𝑊
𝑛−1 𝛾−1 𝛾−1
5. Change in enthalpy dH = m CP (T2 – T1)
THROTTLING PROCESS (Nov/Dec 2017) (Oct/Nov 2019) (Nov/Dec 2018)

The fluid expands from high pressure to low pressure without doing
any work or no heat transfer.

When the gas expands and flows through a orifice (small hole or gap)
such that the final velocity is small, the process is known as throttling
process. In this process enthalpy remains constant.

FREE EXPANSION PROCESS (Nov/Dec 2017)

It is an irreversible non flow process and it occurs

when the fluid is allowed to expand in a vacuum
chamber suddenly.

Consider a chamber A and B which are separated by a

partition as shown in fig below. The chamber A
contains perfect gas with P1,V1 AND T1 , The chamber B
is completely evacuated. When the partition is
removed the gas will expands freely and occupy the
whole space with P2,V2 AND T2

Since there is no expansion of boundary of the system the work done is zero. Thus for free expansion process

Q = 0, W = 0 and dU = 0

GENERAL LAW FOR EXPANSION AND COMPRESSION

The general law of expansion or compression of a perfect gas is 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶. It gives the relationship between
pressure and volume of given gas. The value n may be between zero to infinity.
For constant Volume process
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶
𝐶 𝐶
𝑉= = 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = ∞
𝑃 (𝑃)
𝑉=𝐶
For constant Pressure process
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = 0
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶
𝑃=𝐶
For Isothermal process
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = 1
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
For Adiabatic Process
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = 𝛾
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠

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